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Abstract: The purpose of the work is to show that the policy of enslaving the natives and/or providing them in the New World is a consequence of the political and legal battles within Spain between the "House of Columbus" and the "House of Trustamara" at the beginning of the XVI century. The result of the work was the analysis of sources and texts of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI in 1493, letters of Catholic kings, laws prepared by the Junta of Burgos in 1512, and their additions - laws prepared by the Junta of Valladolid in 1513, which were translated from Spanish and Latin into Russian and English. The chronological frameworks were compared and considered for the filing of claims by Diego Columbus against the king Ferdinand II of Aragon and the further confrontation between the Crown of Spain and the "House of Columbus". The reasons for the struggle in 1511 in the West Indies between the Franciscan Order and the Dominican Order were investigated. Abstract: The purpose of the work is to show that the policy of enslaving the natives and/or providing them in the New World is a consequence of the political and legal battles within Spain between the "House of Columbus" and the "House of Trustamara" at the beginning of the XVI century. The result of the work was the analysis of sources and texts of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI in 1493, letters of Catholic kings, laws prepared by the Junta of Burgos in 1512, and their additions - laws prepared by the Junta of Valladolid in 1513, which were translated from Spanish and Latin into Russian and English. The chronological frameworks were compared and considered for the filing of claims by Diego Columbus against the king Ferdinand II of Aragon and the further confrontation between the Crown of Spain and the "House of Columbus". The reasons for the struggle in 1511 in the West Indies between the Franciscan Order and the Dominican Order were investigated. ; English version

Abstract
Currently, many of Taiwan's New Southbound Policy reports show that Taiwan's primary motivations are to cooperate with Southeast Asia, the Asia-Pacific, and South Asia to decrease their dependence on mainland China. Taiwan's government aims to leverage Taiwan's assets to enhance regional integration with these countries. However, there is still a lack of research on the purpose behind the policy. Why is Taiwan now seemingly using a policy of confrontation instead of avoidance? This paper argues that the policy intent behind the New Southbound Policy is not to directly confront mainland China, despite Beijing's pressure on Taiwan. This hypothesis will be explored by analysing and comparing the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the New Southbound Policy.

The article presents and analyses the tools of counterpropaganda in the context of a hybrid foreign policy confrontation. The aspects and problems of political communications are presented during the hybrid war in which the Russian Federation was involved in confrontation with the unfriendly and destructive forces of the countries of the collective West, as well as their proxies. The key directions of anti-Russian political communications in the conditions of a hybrid war are described, aspects of their implementation by the enemy are shown, special attention is paid to the problems of countering special information and psychological operations. The importance of counterpropaganda in the effective conduct of information confrontation, aimed at both external and internal audiences, is argued. A set of promising tools for successfully organizing counterpropaganda in the current conditions of the hybrid militarypolitical confrontation between Russia and the collective West is presented and described.

The current United States' aggressive and unilateral trade policy, as well as the rapid rise of the Chinese unique economic system – now challenging the constant rules-based trade's institution and global trading system. In the current on-going US-China trade spat, the European Union (EU) has a substantial interest, even if it has been so far reasonably kept from the United States (US) aggressive trade policy and the reaction of China. In such unpredictable circumstances, I begin to argue that the EU should adopt a practically independent trade policy, which can be made rendering to the contemporary setup and going beyond. Finding that how the EU treated both the US and China, I found that the EU was more adjacent to the US than China, but as China became more open to the world and the EU demand upsurge, the EU today shared an equal interest with both China and the US. I then demonstrate that such situation makes it impossible for the EU to build an extensive trade policy. The EU must make a steady trade policy for protecting its economy; in such case, I never mean that the EU has to make an extensive choice or either siding China or the US, or one against the other – EU to protect its economic market can decide and act henceforth. The EU, even more than China and the US, abide and has a strategic interest in preserving global rules-based organization such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). As the US repeatedly challenged the WTO Appellate Body, I then recommend that the EU should take the leadership for making WTO reforms and negotiation together with other aligned states like China and Japan. The EU must reinforce its domestic tools for addressing present and future challenges, mostly in trade and security related areas. In the time being, I suggest that the EU should prepare itself for a more stringent time; the EU should review and rethink some of its trade policy. In such situations, I believe that the EU parliaments can play a vital role to contest with the current challenges and come up with new trade ...

The geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the United States has always taken place, but now it has become particularly acute, given the transformation of the structure of international relations. Our country, which occupies one-eighth of the globe's landmass and has the second-strongest army in the world, is embroiled in a number of information and hybrid conflicts. The «collective West» has launched an open economic, sanction, technological, and information war against Russia. Combining the capabilities of electronic and cyber warfare, information operations and electronic intelligence, both for offensive and defensive purposes, is a new trend in the industry. It is important to emphasize that global sales of electronic warfare systems will grow by an average of 4.5 % per year by 2027 and reach $ 24 billion. It is expected that as a result of the wider use of cyber technologies, the tactics of warfare will change. Certainly, it is important to try to find a balance between security and proactive foreign policy of the state in the information space. In the new geopolitical conditions, various methods of information warfare, in particular fake news, represent a real ideological danger, and the development of social networks and the emergence of artificial technologies are increasingly reinforcing this phenomenon. The explosion of disinformation regarding the policy of the Russian state, which is flowing into the world media space thanks to Western political technologists, has begun to lead to concerns about the destabilization of democracy and ideological division in the country. However, Russia managed to resist and now needs to develop countermeasures. The influence of virtual space on the regional, national, and international political processes determines the desire of modern states to develop and use new technological resources. The analysis of political research on the problems of information and ideological confrontation led to the conclusion that the information war is aimed at destabilizing society, destroying its mental foundations and traditional guidelines. The main strategic goal of the information war is to lead society to an ideological split and cause an increase in citizens' distrust of the institutions of state power and the army. The authors of this article have identified the key mechanisms of information confrontation and ways of media provocations against Russia in the new geopolitical conditions.