Suchergebnisse

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى واقع الثقافة الديمقراطية لدى أعضاء اتحاد الطلبة في الجامعات الأردنية الحكومية، والكشف عن أهم الفروق في مستوى الثقافة الديمقراطية لدى أعضاء اتحاد طلبة الجامعات الأردنية وفقا للجنس والكلية والمستوى الدراسي لدى أعضاء اتحاد الطلبة. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي المسحي، وتكوّن مجتمّع الدراسة من جميع طلبة الاتحاد في الجامعة الأردنية، وجامعة اليرموك، وجامعة مؤتة خلال العام الدراسي الجامعي 2015/2016 وعددهم (242) طالباً وطالبة، وشكلت عينة الدراسة نفس مجتمع الدراسة الأصلي. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن واقع الثقافة الديمقراطية لدى أعضاء اتحاد الطلبة في الجامعات الأردنية الحكومية من وجهة نظر الطلبة جاء بدرجة متوسطة، كما أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05≥ α) في مستوى الثقافة الديمقراطية لدى أعضاء اتحاد الطلبة تعزى لمتغير الجنس، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05≥ α) في مستوى الثقافة الديمقراطية لدى أعضاء اتحاد الطلبة تعزى لمتغيرات الكلية ولصالح الكليات الإنسانية، وفي المستوى الدراسي لصالح طلبة السنة الرابعة. أوصت الدراسة بضرورة التدريب على الممارسة الديمقراطية، من خلال إنشاء ناد للمناظرات الطلابية، والتأكيد على دور الجامعات في تأصيل السلوك الديمقراطي لدى طلبتها، من خلال التنشئة السياسية ونشر الثقافة والقيم الديمقراطية بين الطلبة وتعزيز الممارسة الديمقراطية. ; This study aimed to identify the reality of the democratic culture among the members of Students 'Union in the Jordanian public universities, as well as to identify the differences in the level of democratic culture among the members of students 'Union depending on the (sex, faculty, and academic level) among members of the students' Union. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive survey, and developed a questionnaire depending on theoretical literature in this area. The study population consisted of all Union students in the following universities: University of Jordan, Yarmouk University, and the University of Mutah during the academic year 2015/2016. the number was (242) students, and the study sample was the same as study population. The study found that the reality of the democratic culture among the members of the Students 'Union in the Jordanian public universities from the perspective of the students was moderate. The results also showed no statistically significant differences at (0.05 ≥ α) in the level of democratic culture among the members of the Students' Union due to sex, and the presence of statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05≥ α) in the level of democratic culture among the members of the students' Union due to the variables of (Faculty and the academic level). The study recommended the need for training in the practice of democracy, through the establishment of a student debates club, and the emphasis on the role of universities in the rooting of democratic behavior among students, through political socialization and dissemination of culture and democratic values among students and to promote the practice of democracy.

Business is using artificial intelligence in essentially all sectors of the economy: machine learning is employed to generate knowledge out of big (consumer) data, to optimize processes and to undertake new, previously impossible tasks. This might come with benefits for the consumers and the society, but definitely poses numerous challenges. In this short note, we provide an overview of challenges for EU consumer law and policy stemming from the business's use of AI, and sketch a plan for action. We argue that AI will need to be tackled case-by-case, bottom-up, though with the big picture in mind. It needs to be tackled soon, but we do need to take our time to reconsider the assumptions that have been challenged, and not rush to political conclusions. Moreover, we argue that the role of law is not just to minimize the risks, but also to enable developments in consumer-empowering AI tools. These tools, however, will not be given to us by business. Civil society must take action and fight for them. We cluster the challenges and takeaways by the type of actors that are affected by the business's use of AI. Consumers face the risk of undue influence on their behavior (by targeted personalized commercial practices), exclusion from access to goods and services (ad delivery & price discrimination) and lower quality of information and services in the interaction with artificial agents. Regulators need to revise their governance toolbox, taking into account the specificity of AI's operations (stealth infringement, wide-spread-by-minor damage, automation of reasoning). Also, regulation needs to strike a correct balance between specific cases and the bigger picture, and between commanding and enabling. In EU consumer law, the concepts of unfair commercial practices and unfair contractual terms should be revisited, to take into account the reality of business using AI. In addition, we should consider the usefulness of adopting special data protection rules to supplement the GDPR, by stating what purposes of data processing are lawful in what markets. Civil society should strive to seize the opportunities of AI in the medium-term, making the best use of the exiting legal instruments (UCPD, UCTD, GDPR) in the short-term, and lobby for societal and legal change in the long-term. Finally, academia, in particular legal scholars, must re-consider their role in the debate on AI governance: they should ground their research in empirical findings, acknowledge the limitations of sectoral knowledge and remedy such limitations by engaging in an interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder dialogue. We argue that the competitive advantage of scholars goes beyond offering concrete policy recommendations. Instead, it concerns a critical reflection on the ways in which the mass deployment of AI challenges the basic assumptions and presuppositions of the existing legal and regulatory theory and practice.

In the dog days of August 2008, a column of Russian tanks and troops rolled across the Republic of Georgias northern border and into South Ossetia, sparking a war that was over almost before it began. The war, while not insignificant, lasted all of five days. The number of casualties did not exceed one thousand, the threshold most political scientists use to classify a war, although thousands of Georgians were displaced. By historical comparison, when Soviet tanks entered Hungary in 1956 and Afghanistan in 197989, the fatalities totaled 2,500 and roughly 14,000 respectively.1 The Russia-Georgia conflict was a limited war with limited objectives, yet it was arguably a watershed in the annals of modern war. It marked the first invasion by Russian ground forces into a sovereign nation since the Cold War. It also marked a breakthrough in the integration of cyberwarfare and other nonkinetic tools into a conventional strategy what some observers in the West have termed hybrid warfare. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, it provided a stark preview of what was to come in Ukraine in 2014. Russian peacekeepers, including unmarked Russian special forcesor Spetsnazstationed in the region carried out an armed incursion. That is, Russia used separatist violence as a convenient pretext to launch a full-scale multidomain invasion to annex territory, a type of aggression that many analysts in the West thought was a relic of the twentieth century. The 2008 Russia-Georgia War highlights not a new form of conflict but rather the incorporation of a new dimension to that conflict: cyberspace. Where states once tried to control the radio waves, broadcast television channels, newspapers, or other forms of communications, they now add to these sources of information control cyberspace and its component aspects, websites, and social media.2 This allows Russia to influence audiences around the world. Propaganda, disinformation, and the manipulation of the informational aspects of both conflict and nonconflict settings has been a persistent attribute of state behavior.3 The new dimension added to the conduct of hostilities created by cyberspace is both a challenge to conventional hybrid information manipulation tactics and a benefit. Even though the tactical gains achieved through cyberspace in Georgia by Russian non-state actors had limited impact, the strategic and psychological effects were robust. The plausibly deniable nature of the cyber side of conflict should not be understated and adds a new dimension to hybrid warfare that once required state resources to accomplish. Now, managed through forums and social media, decentralized noncombatants can join the fight. Arguably, the inclusion of cyber means into a kinetic battle, not as a standalone effect but rather as a force multiplier, constitutes a logical progression to the natural evolution of conflict and demonstrates the value of information operations (IO) during conflict. ; Published (Publication status)

In both Chile and France, the public interest in violence against women within the couple has resulted in the creation of a public policy. For example, laws, programs for victims and public communication campaigns have emerged.We are interested in the public communication campaigns chaired by Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010) and the French government under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012). During the years 2006-2012, the two countries produced communication campaigns which became true components of public action. In both cases we observe a mode of operation of the campaigns: first, those that seek to shock individuals through pathemic messages. Then, once the public was shocked, governments put in place information and prevention campaigns. In this case, the aim is no longer to attract the attention of the governed, but to make them understand the magnitude of the phenomenon. In view of the importance of information in these campaigns, it is through information about the phenomenon (the number of dead women, or the number of women victims, for example) that people will gradually reduce the tolerance for this behavior. It is thus possible to observe the establishment of governmentality.Our work is part of the work in Information and Communication Sciences, which focuses on the "communicative dimension of public action", developed by researchers working on public and political communication. ; Tant au Chili qu'en France, l'intérêt public pour la violence faites aux femmes au sein du couple s'est concrétisé par la création d'une politique publique. Ainsi, des lois, des programmes adressés aux victimes et des campagnes de communication publique ont vu le jour. Nous sommes intéressés par les campagnes de communication publiques réalisées par les gouvernements chilien, présidé par Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010), et le gouvernement français, sous la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012). Au cours des années 2006-2012, les deux pays ont produit des campagnes de communication qui sont devenues des véritables composantes de l'action publique. Dans les deux cas on observe un mode opératoire des campagnes : d'abord, celles qui cherchent à choquer les individus à travers des messages pathémiques. Ensuite, une fois que le public a été choqué, les gouvernements ont mis en place des campagnes d'information et de prévention. Dans ce cas, l'objectif n'est plus celui d'attirer l'attention des gouvernés, sinon de les faire comprendre l'ampleur du phénomène. Delà l'importance de l'information dans ces campagnes : c'est à travers des informations sur le phénomène (le nombre des femmes mortes, ou le nombre des femmes victimes, par exemple) que les gens pourront progressivement diminuer le seuil de tolérance à ce type de comportements. C'est ainsi que il est possible d'observer la mise en place de la gouvernementalité.Notre s'inscrive dans les travaux en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication que portent sur "la dimension communicative de l'action publique", développé par des chercheurs travaillant sur la communication publique et politique.

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el estatus actual y tendencia a futuro del sector inmobiliario en la China para poder definir concretamente las áreas de oportunidad que tiene el inversor. El motivo de elegir este tema fue para hacer de él no solo un trabajo de fin de Master sino también para poder aplicar toda la información útil para la inversión. Esto nos ayuda a comprender mejor el sector del mercado inmobiliario en China donde pretendo colaborar como profesional los próximos años. Para el desarrollo del trabajo aplico algunos de los temas que he visto durante el curso: investigación de mercados, globalización y construcción, dirección financiera y el negocio inmobiliario, entre otros. A través de esta investigación se plantea conocer el sector inmobiliario en las ciudades principales en China, realizando un análisis profundo sobre todo aspecto del mercado inmobiliario en el país. Se estudian puntos como el comportamiento sectorial de los últimos años y las tendencias de crecimiento a futuro. Se analizan todos los factores que influyen: económicos, demográficos, socio-culturales, políticos, geográficos y comercio exterior. Se realiza esta investigación teniendo en cuenta que, para cualquier urbanización de China y proyectos de inmuebles, es necesaria la inversión de las ciudades principales, la cual se divide en dos grupos importantes que son la inversión pública y privada. ; The objective of this research is to know the current status and future trend of the sector real estate in China in order to be able to concretely define the areas of opportunity that the investor has. The reason for choosing this theme was to make it not only a master's job but also to be able to apply all the information that I will analyze that will be useful for the investment, this helps us to understand better the sector of the real estate market in China where I will collaborate as a professional in the next years for the development of the work apply some of the themes Which I have seen during the course; Market research, globalization and construction, financial management and the real estate business among others. And through this research it is proposed to know the real estate sector in the main cities in China, conducting an in-depth analysis on every aspect of the real estate market in China. We study points such as the behavior of recent years and what are the future growth trends of the sector. All factors influencing were analyzed; Economic, socio-cultural, political, geographical and foreign trade. It will carry out this investigation taking into account that for any urbanization of China and real estate projects, it is necessary the investment of the main cities which is divided in two important groups that are the public and private investment.

This dissertation focuses on dietary intake patterns of children from low-income communities, and specifically the relationships of diet to food insecurity and school nutrition programs, respectively. The dissertation is divided into two parts. Part I discusses issues surrounding the measurement of food insecurity among children and provides support for the use of self-reported food insecurity measures, and for investigating effects that may differ by gender. Paper 1 explores the relationship between self-reported food insecurity and diet separately for boys and girls, using a dataset of 3,582 fourth and fifth grade students from San Diego area elementary schools. It concludes that among food-insecure children, gender may interact with food insecurity to influence eating behavior, with girls more prone than boys to alter their eating. Findings support a rationale to reduce child food insecurity and to address eating patterns that may place girls at greater risk for energy imbalances during critical periods of development.Part II focuses on the role of school nutrition programs in reducing food insecurity and improving dietary intake among participants. It introduces the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), discusses relevant legislation and political trends, and provides a conceptual framework for hypothesized pathways through which CEP may influence student outcomes. Paper 2 examines associations between CEP and school meal participation among students who are eligible for free or reduced-price meals (FRPM), near the eligibility cutoff but possibly eligible, or above the cutoff and ineligible, using a difference-in-difference framework and a cross-sectional national sample of 2,305 students from grades K-8. It finds that CEP is associated with higher participation in school breakfast and lunch, particularly among those who were above the cutoff and would not have had access to free or reduced-price meals through a 3-tiered application and certification model. Paper 3 investigates associations among school meal participation, CEP, and dietary intake patterns using a larger sample of 4,124 students from grades K-8. It uses a regression framework to identify whether CEP is an effect modifier of relationships between school meal participation and dietary measures. It concludes that CEP is modestly associated with improved dietary intakes and may help reduce nutritional disparities for students in high-poverty schools. Finally, a special supplemental section explores the extent to which endogeneity in meal participation at CEP schools is a potential threat to these conclusions, using an instrumental variable approach to help control for omitted variables. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that the dietary effects identified in Paper 3 resulted from shifting the source of student meals from home to school for the subset of students whose participation was induced by CEP. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of alternative explanations for the relationships found.

The Philippines and Japan have evolved a security partnership in the face of China's maritime expansion in the South and East China Seas. The two countries pursue this security partnership through regular bilateral consultations among Philippine and Japanese heads of states, political leaders, defense ministry officials, and high-ranking military officers; joint naval exercises; and exploratory discussions for arms transfers and negotiations for a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between Japan and the Philippines. Initially, Article 9 of Japan's 1947 Constitution hindered this security partnership. However, a recent reinterpretation of the pacifist constitution now allows Japan a collective self-defense "particularly to export arms to its allies and security partners and to deploy the JSDF overseas when necessary. Now, the challenge for Japan and the Philippines is to ensure the viability of their security partnership in the light of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's efforts to improve his country's relations with China. - Confronted by an expansionist China in the second decade of the 21st century, the Philippines and Japan have forged a security partnership, creating a link between these two U.S. alliances. In early June 2015, then President Benigno Aquino III made his first state visit to Japan and discussed with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe how they could enhance the Japan-Philippine strategic partnership in the face of China's aggressive behavior in the South and East China Seas. Before he returned to Manila, former President Aquino announced that the two countries would soon start negotiations for a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) to give the Japan Self-Defense Forces' (JSDF) access to Philippine military bases. A few weeks later, a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) naval reconnaissance plane took part in a training exercise with the Philippine Navy (PN) on the island of Palawan. On this joint training, then Philippine Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin commented that there had been an increasing convergence of security concerns between the Philippines and Japan. Apropos then Secretary Gazmin's statement, Professor Sheldon Simon opined: "Of all Southeast Asian countries, Japan's security relations with the Philippines are the most advanced. Because it is a close ally of U.S., Japan is seen by Manila as an important security partner.". - This article examines the evolving security partnership between the Philippines and Japan. It addresses these two interrelated problems: (1) What are the factors that account for the increasing security cooperation between the Philippines and Japan? And (2) How is this new security partnership evolving? The article also looks into these relevant issues: What are the origins of the U.S-Japan alliance and U.S.-Philippine alliance? How has China's maritime expansion in East Asia affected these two alliances? What are the components of the Philippine-Japan security partnership? And finally, what is the future of this evolving security partnership? (Asian Aff/GIGA)

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el estatus actual y tendencia a futuro del sector inmobiliario en la China para poder definir concretamente las áreas de oportunidad que tiene el inversor. El motivo de elegir este tema fue para hacer de él no solo un trabajo de fin de Master sino también para poder aplicar toda la información útil para la inversión. Esto nos ayuda a comprender mejor el sector del mercado inmobiliario en China donde pretendo colaborar como profesional los próximos años. Para el desarrollo del trabajo aplico algunos de los temas que he visto durante el curso: investigación de mercados, globalización y construcción, dirección financiera y el negocio inmobiliario, entre otros. A través de esta investigación se plantea conocer el sector inmobiliario en las ciudades principales en China, realizando un análisis profundo sobre todo aspecto del mercado inmobiliario en el país. Se estudian puntos como el comportamiento sectorial de los últimos años y las tendencias de crecimiento a futuro. Se analizan todos los factores que influyen: económicos, demográficos, socio-culturales, políticos, geográficos y comercio exterior. Se realiza esta investigación teniendo en cuenta que, para cualquier urbanización de China y proyectos de inmuebles, es necesaria la inversión de las ciudades principales, la cual se divide en dos grupos importantes que son la inversión pública y privada. ; The objective of this research is to know the current status and future trend of the sector real estate in China in order to be able to concretely define the areas of opportunity that the investor has. The reason for choosing this theme was to make it not only a master's job but also to be able to apply all the information that I will analyze that will be useful for the investment, this helps us to understand better the sector of the real estate market in China where I will collaborate as a professional in the next years for the development of the work apply some of the themes Which I have seen during the course; Market research, globalization and construction, financial management and the real estate business among others. And through this research it is proposed to know the real estate sector in the main cities in China, conducting an in-depth analysis on every aspect of the real estate market in China. We study points such as the behavior of recent years and what are the future growth trends of the sector. All factors influencing were analyzed; Economic, socio-cultural, political, geographical and foreign trade. It will carry out this investigation taking into account that for any urbanization of China and real estate projects, it is necessary the investment of the main cities which is divided in two important groups that are the public and private investment.

La planeación territorial se ha venido realizando de manera muy desligada al presupuesto según Horvarth y Sauter debido a la carencia de análisis de variables que no son deíndole financiero y que se interrelacionan dentro del territorio (Horvath and Sauter, 2004). El territorio, a su vez, puede ser entendido como un sistema que integra variables y comportamientos, tiene un propósito claro, y genera interrelaciones en su interior gracias a variables sociales, culturales, políticas y económicas, que a la vez se afectan por los fenómenos externos o exógenos al sistema mismo. Es por este motivo que se hace necesario el planteamiento de nuevas herramientas y metodologías, que permiten simular sistemas sociales y dinámicos, para plantear y generar planes de desarrollo que permitan una potenciación en las capacidades de las regiones y un mayor crecimiento y aprovechamiento de su territorio. La Dinámica de Sistemas, como metodología de aproximación al comportamiento de las variables y la prospectiva estratégica permite generar escenarios a futuro con el fin de disminuir la incertidumbre; se convierten entonces en herramientas factibles de ser usadas en planeación en un mundo que cada vez es más exigente y solicita nuevos mecanismos debido a la globalización. Es de esta manera que la Prospectiva Estratégica y la Dinámica de Sistemas resurgen en un modelo integrado para elegir variables importantes en el desarrollo de las naciones, encontrar sus interrelaciones y simularlas; permitiendo planear y medir políticas. ; Abstract: Territorial planning has developed efficiently due to the lack of analysis of variables that no child will give financially and that are interrelated within the territory, according to Horvarth and Sauter (Horvath and Sauter, 2004). Territory, in turn, can be understood as a system that integrates variables and behaviors, has a clear purpose, and generates interrelations within it through social, cultural, political and economic variables. This systems are also affected by External phenomenas or exogenous variables to the system itself. That is the reason why it is necessary to approach new tools and methodologies that allow simulation of social and dynamic systems and to propose and generate development plans that permits a strengthening of the capacities of the regions and a greater growth and exploitation of their territory. Systems Dynamics, as a methodology of approach to the behavior of the variables, and Strategic Prospective leads to generate scenarios in the future in order to reduce uncertainty. They become feasible tools to be used in planning in a world that is increasingly demanding and requests new mechanisms due to globalization. It is in this way that the Strategic Prospective and the Systems Dynamics resurge in an integrated model in order to choose important variables in the development of the nations, to find their interrelationships and to simulate them; enabling planning and policy measurement. ; Maestría

Abstrak - Penelitian ini meliputi cross defence study yang menggabungkan ilmu politik dan ilmu pertahanan dengan membahas mengenai Pancasila sebagai resolusi konflik. Pertahanan dibagi menjadi hard power dan soft power. Melalui Tesis ini Pancasila sebagai ideologi mampu memperluas spektrum aksiologis pada resolusi konflik yang terjadi pada relasi kuasa, agama, dan antar etnis di Indonesia pasca reformasi. Bagaimana peran Pancasila sebagai resolusi konflik dan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh Pancasila. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dan studi pustaka.Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teori resolusi konflik, moral conflict theory oleh Christie, terlebih pada resolusi konflik yang berawal dari terciptanya konsensus. kemudian teori politik identitas dan teori relasi kuasa yang dikemukakan oleh Foucault. Lokasi wilayah penelitian di Jakarta, Bandung dan Surabaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pancasila memberikan nilai-nilai operasional sang secara luas digunakan untuk meresolusi konflik. Resolusi konflik yang meliputi early warning and early system serta forecasting. Yang kedua Pancasila adalah sebagai konsensus nilai dan sumber ilmu, peran ini sesuai dengan butir-butir nilai Pancasila yang secara sequential menjadi landasan perilaku dalam berbangsa dan bernegara. Sedangkan tantangan yang dihadapi Pancasila adalah sebagai dasar negara dan sebagai ideologi Pancasila belum secara populis digunakan sebagai metode meresolusi konflik melalui daur metodologi transformatif. Simpulan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah Pancasila berperan menjadi metanarasi kebangsaan dan konsensus perdamaian.Kata kunci: Pancasila, Resolusi konflik, relasi kuasa, etnis, agama.Abstract - This research study covers cross defense that combines political science and the science of defense to discuss the Pancasila as conflict resolution. Defense divided into hard power and soft power. Through this thesis Pancasila as an ideology capable of expanding the spectrum Axiological on conflict resolution that occurs in power relations, religion, and ethnic in Indonesia after the reform. What is the role of Pancasila as conflict resolution and the challenges faced by Pancasila. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Data obtained from interviews and literature. The theory used in this research is the theory of conflict resolution, conflict moral theory by Christie, especially on conflict resolution originated from the consensus. then the theory of identity politics and power relations theory proposed by Foucault. The location area of research in Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya. The results showed Pancasila provides the operational values are widely used for meresolusi conflict. Conflict resolution and early include early warning and forecasting system. The second is the Pancasila as the consensus value and a source of knowledge, this role in accordance with a grain of Pancasila values that sequentially form the basis of behavior in the state and nation. While the challenges faced is the Pancasila as the state ideology Pancasila and as yet to be populist used as a method of recycling methodologies meresolusi conflict through transformative. The conclusions of this research is the role to be metanarrative Pancasila national peace and consensus.Key words: Pancasila, Conflict Resolution, Power relations, Ethnic group, Religion

The increasing demand for food and fiber, the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as for environmental protection impose severe challenges on land systems worldwide. Solutions to support the transformation towards a sustainable development of land systems are needed. One response to the multiple challenges is the introduction of policy options aimed at steering land use activities towards a bundle of societal goals. However, it is difficult to empirically foresee the effectiveness and unintended consequences of policy options prior to their deployment. A second response is environmental education because human consumption behavior, among other factors, strongly influences natural ecosystems. However, it is a non-trivial task to develop effective communication strategies for complex topics such as sustainable land management. In both cases, modeling can help to overcome the different obstacles along the way. In this thesis, dynamic process-based social-ecological models at the individual scale are developed and analyzed to study effectiveness and unintended side effects of policy options, which promote agricultural management strategies and were intentionally designed to cope with multiple societal challenges. Two case studies of political intervention are investigated: the promotion of perennial woody crops in European agricultural landscapes for a sustainable bioeconomy and governmental supplementary feeding programs to cope with climate risks in pastoral systems in drylands. These two case studies are complemented by the development of a serious online game on sustainable land management in general that bridges the gap between land use modeling and environmental education. Simulation results of this thesis provide insights into (i) the performance of the politically promoted agricultural management strategies in meeting various intended goals such as poverty alleviation or the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services, (ii) the emergence of unintended (environmental and social) side effects such as land use conflicts, land degradation or cost explosion and (iii) the mitigation of such side effects by appropriately adjusting the design of the policy options. These insights are enabled by representing temporal as well as spatial variability in the developed models. Furthermore, different mechanistic approaches of transferability analyses based on stylized landscapes are developed and applied. They enable to check whether and in what respect policy impacts actually differ substantially between regional contexts, to identify what regional factors steer the impact and to derive indicators for grouping regions of similar policy impacts. Finally, based on a conducted survey-based evaluation and experiences from various applications, the value of the developed serious game for environmental education is revealed and discussed.Altogether, this thesis contributes to model-based decision support for steering transformation towards the sustainable development of land systems in an appropriate way. This is done by developing appropriate social-ecological modeling approaches, by performing specific policy impact analyses in two transformative agricultural systems using these models and by providing a model-based communication tool for environmental education.

Questo lavoro etnografico parte dalle convinzioni, dai valori, dagli atteggiamenti e dalle aspettative di docenti di inglese di tre diverse realtà educative a Salvador, Brasile e prende in considerazione i vantaggi e gli specifici svantaggi di ciascun contesto. Il lavoro ha avuto come obiettivo principale quello di indagare la percezione che i docenti brasiliani di inglese hanno della loro professionalità e la consapevolezza che essi hanno dei principi e delle implicazioni della condizione dell'inglese come lingua franca internazionale o globale. Lo studio indaga inoltre quanto la pratica quotidiana di questi docenti e il loro comportamento riflettano tali convinzioni.I dati sono stati raccolti tramite un questionario, osservazioni etnografiche delle classi e video registrazioni di interviste di gruppo semi-strutturate, dove argomenti come ELF/EIL (McKay, 2002; Seidlhofer, 2004; Jenkins, 2007), competenza interculturale (Byram 1997; Guilherme 2002) e pedagogia critica (Freire 1970; Crookes 2010) sono stati affrontati e discussi in una prospettiva più dinamica e democratica. I risultati e le considerazioni sono stati utili e rilevanti non solo per la discussione sulle implicazioni metodologiche e politico-ideologiche inerenti l'istruzione odierna in inglese, ma soprattutto per la riflessione su istanze che possono contribuire alla (ri)costruzione di un profilo più adeguato di insegnanti di inglese non nativi che propongono, tra altre cose, l'adozione di una pedagogia interculturale appropriata e critica, capace di incoraggiare gli insegnanti locali affinché cerchino soluzioni locali alle sfide che l'educazione linguistica contemporanea ha posto loro in modo sempre più pressante. Departing from beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations of English teachers from three educational realities in Salvador, Brazil, and taking into consideration the competitive advantages and peculiar adversities of each context, this ethnographic work had as its main goal to investigate how Brazilian EFL teachers see themselves as contemporary language professionals, to which extent they are aware of principles and implications related to the condition of English as an international or global lingua franca, and whether their daily practice and behavior reflect these beliefs. The data were collected through a questionnaire, ethnographic class observations, and video recordings of semi-structured group interviews where topics like ELF/EIL (McKay, 2002; Seidlhofer, 2004; Jenkins, 2007), intercultural competence (Byram 1997; Guilherme 2002), and critical pedagogy (Freire 1970; Crookes 2010) were discussed and approached under a more dynamic and democratic perspective. Results and considerations have proven useful and relevant not only to the discussion of methodological and political-ideological implications inherent to English education today, but especially to the reflection on issues which may contribute to the (re)construction of a more adequate profile of non-native English teachers, proposing, among other things, the adoption of an appropriate critical intercultural pedagogy capable of empowering local teachers in order to search for local solutions to the challenges contemporary linguistic education has been intensively posing to them.

В статье на базе опубликованных и архивных документов, научно-исследовательской литературы рассмотрены оценки, данные нелегальной печатью сибирских организаций ПСР различным аспектам деятельности III Государственной Думы в 1907-1912 гг. На основе изучения нелегальных изданий эсеров автор выяснила их позицию по отношению к выборам в Думу третьего созыва. В статье процитированы нелегальные издания сибирских эсеров, характеризующие социальный и партийный состав депутатского корпуса, видных представителей разных фракций, их поведение в стенах парламента. Подробно изложено содержание изданий сибирских эсеров, посвященных оценкам различных сторон законотворческой деятельности III Думы: утверждение государственного бюджета, аграрное и рабочее законодательство и др. Приведены оценки эсеров аграрным преобразованиям П.А. Столыпина. Раскрыты причины нараставшего равнодушного отношения населения к деятельности III Думы. В статье сделан вывод о том, что сибирские эсеры в своей нелегальной печати достаточно адекватно оценили социальный и партийный состав III Думы, господствовавшие в ней консервативные идеи, проправительственную ориентацию большинства депутатов, сползание вправо позиций кадетов. По мнению членов ПСР, российский парламент практически не представлял широких масс населения. Эсеровские авторы считали нерезультативной законодательную деятельность Думы, справедливо отмечая, что III Дума не сумела выполнить свою главную задачу выразить политическую волю населения в форме законодательства. Поэтому во всех своих изданиях социалисты-революционеры призывали граждан бороться за Учредительное собрание, которое, по их мнению, могло разрешить все народные нужды. ; In article on basis of published and archival documents, research literature estimations given by an illegal press of Siberian organizations of PSR, to various aspects of activity of III State Duma per 1907-1912 are considered. On the basis of studying illegal editions of socialists-revolutionaries author has found out their position in relation to elections in Duma of third convocation. In article illegal editions of Siberian socialists-revolutionaries, describing social and party structure of the deputy case, prominent representatives of different fractions, and their behavior within precincts of parliament are quoted. The maintenance of editions of Siberian socialists-revolutionaries, various parties of legislative activity of III Duma, devoted to estimations is in detail stated: statement of state budget, agrarian and working legislation, etc. Estimations of socialists-revolutionaries to P.A. Stolypin's agrarian transformations are resulted. The reasons of accrued indifferent attitude of population to activity of III Duma are opened. In article it is drawn a conclusion, that Siberian socialists-revolutionaries in illegal press III Dumas dominated over it conservative ideas have adequately enough estimated social and party structure, progovernmental orientation of majority of deputies, slipping to right positions of cadets. In opinion of members of PSR, Russian parliament practically did not represent broad masses of population. Esser's authors considered not productive legislative activity of Duma, fairly marking, that III Duma has not managed to execute main task to express political will of population in form of legislation. Therefore in all editions socialists-revolutionaries called citizens to struggle for Constituent assembly which, in their opinion, could resolve all national needs.

Brazilian labor markets have performed very strongly for most of the last 15 years, with dramatic increases in the employment rate of unskilled workers and significant declines in the overall unemployment rate. However, the economic and political developments and fiscal crisis of the last sixteen months in Brazil have resulted in a substantial decline in the rate of economic activity , a dramatic slowdown in the rate of new job creation a devaluation of the domestic currency and increasing concerns about the sustainability of the gains in poverty reduction and inequality accomplished during the years of the commodity boom. The decline in economic activity has raised concerns again about increasing unemployment rates, and the extent to which these developments will have an adverse impact on specific age and gender groups. Efforts to maintain or increase the proportion of the population employed in the aggregate or within any specific demographic group must take into consideration how the unemployment rate and the labor force participation rate of the group vary with changes in the level of economic activity. The sensitivity of the proportion of the population employed to changes in the level of aggregate demand is a key parameter informing the design of an appropriate and effective labor market policy. Specifically, teenagers and young women between 20-34 years of age comprise only 25 percent of the adult population, but they account for more than 50 percent of the cyclical variation in employment. In contrast, adult men between 26 and 64 years of age, who comprise 32.6 per cent of the population in the US account for only 23.6 percent of the change in the cyclical variation in employment. Estimates of the sensitivity of the proportion of the population employed to changes in the level of aggregate demand based on data from recent years that reflect the prevailing structural relationships between labor demand and employment and labor supply, labor force participation and unemployment are more useful for predicting how labor force participation is likely to react to the downturn in economic activity since the end of the commodity boom and the onset of the economic crisis in Brazil. The purpose of this paper is to examine two inter-related questions about the behavior of the labor market in Brazil. The first question is about the direction and sensitivity of the labor force participation rate, and the employment rate to changes in the level of aggregate demand. The second question relates to the differences in the cyclical sensitivity of these key variables across age and gender groups.The next section of the paper discusses the recent macroeconomic context, and some of the limitations associated with using Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) data to predict changes in the on the labor force participation rate of different age gender and skill groups during the crisis. Section 3 discusses the data and the model used

With billions of users, Online Social Networks(OSNs) are amongst the largest scale communication applications on the Internet. OSNs enable users to easily access news from local and worldwide, as well as share information publicly and interact with friends. On the negative side, OSNs are also abused by spammers to distribute ads or malicious information, such as scams, fraud, and even manipulate public political opinions. Having achieved significant commercial success with large amount of user information, OSNs do treat the security and privacy of their users seriously and provide several mechanisms to reinforce their account security and information privacy. However, the efficacy of those measures is either not thoroughly validated or in need to be improved. In sight of cyber criminals and potential privacy threats on OSNs, we focus on the evaluations and improvements of OSN user privacy configurations, account security protection mechanisms, and trending topic security in this dissertation. We first examine the effectiveness of OSN privacy settings on protecting user privacy. Given each privacy configuration, we propose a corresponding scheme to reveal the target user's basic profile and connection information starting from some leaked connections on the user's homepage. Based on the dataset we collected on Facebook, we calculate the privacy exposure in each privacy setting type and measure the accuracy of our privacy inference schemes with different amount of public information. The evaluation results show that (1) a user's private basic profile can be inferred with high accuracy and (2) connections can be revealed in a significant portion based on even a small number of directly leaked connections. Secondly, we propose a behavioral-profile-based method to detect OSN user account compromisation in a timely manner. Specifically, we propose eight behavioral features to portray a user's social behavior. A user's statistical distributions of those feature values comprise its behavioral profile. Based on the sample data we collected from Facebook, we observe that each user's activities are highly likely to conform to its behavioral profile while two different user's profile tend to diverge from each other, which can be employed for compromisation detection. The evaluation result shows that the more complete and accurate a user's behavioral profile can be built the more accurately compromisation can be detected. Finally, we investigate the manipulation of OSN trending topics. Based on the dataset we collected from Twitter, we manifest the manipulation of trending and a suspect spamming infrastructure. We then measure how accurately the five factors (popularity, coverage, transmission, potential coverage, and reputation) can predict trending using an SVM classifier. We further study the interaction patterns between authenticated accounts and malicious accounts in trending. at last we demonstrate the threats of compromised accounts and sybil accounts to trending through simulation and discuss countermeasures against trending manipulation.