Suchergebnisse

Various hyp' have been advanced with the view toward analyzing contemporary history with the 19th cent considered the military age & the 20th as one where the pol'al aspect is primary. The military age had its beginnings in the formation of the nation-states of Europe, built upon an army & military service. It gave the army its philosopher (Clausewitz) & reached its peak in the war of 1914-1918. The unification of Italy & of Germany was the height of nationalism. German militarism found its explanation & justification in the importance attributed in the 19th cent to an army which accomplished something a parliament had been incapable of achieving By the end of the 19th cent, the army constitued an end in itself. WWI was the peak of militarism. In divorcing itself from the war, the Oct Revolution inaugurated the pol'al age. The notion of a balance of power is no longer possible. The pol'al age is one in which a view is developing which transcends the pol'al views of individual interests; its duty is to crush Communism to serve the interests of world wide human society. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The US & the USSR, so opposite in appearance, are yet in reality alike on many points. Their phsycial & natural set's are presently at the same level & the notion of a bourgeois sci finds little support. The 2 systems of educ are becoming more alike. The sociol'ts, while they look at problems differently, are nonetheless using a common language. The ethical structures as well as the basis of law are the same. As for the arts, they are more & more divorcing themselves from socialist reality in the USSR while US citizens are reading Soviet authors & seeing Soviet films. As for philosophy, the USSR has not established a monopoly on materialism & still reflects many traces of idealism. Soc & econ institutions in the 2 countries are becoming more & more alike, & their diff's reside in their various forms of soc relations. Finally, on the pol'al level, the USSR is becoming more liberal, while during the last few decades militarism & the ideology of intolerance have appeared in the US. Tr by J. A.Broussard from IPSA.

Es handelt sich um die Bedeutungs-Analyse des "Image" - einer Weiterentwicklung des Begriffes der "Stereotypie" von Adenauer und Ollenhauer auf Grund von 142 ausführlichen qualitativen Interviews aus dem Frühjahr 1958. Die Vorstellungen von beiden Politikern wurden auf ihre Eigenart, ihre Struktur und ihren symbolischen Bedeutungsgehalt untersucht.

Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung über das nationale Selbstbild der Deutschschweizer werden vorgetragen. Besprochen werden die Images von Bern und Zürich, die Vorstellungen vom typischen Schweizer, vom Verlauf
der Schweizer Geschichte und von der gegenwärtigen Lage der Schweiz in politischer, wirtschaftlicher und militärischer Hinsicht. Eine Analyse der Struktur der Selbstbilder zeigt einen potentiell aggressiven und deshalb bedrohlichen äußeren Bereich, gegen den man sich durch eine klar markierte Grenze, deren Erhaltung beständige eigene Aktivität fordert, abkapselt, um das Ich zu sichern.

A common complaint today is youth's lack of interest in public life, & its lack of ideals. In reality, the following statements can be made regarding Germany. The 'generations' succeed each other rapidly. The youth of the immediate post-WWII period were very diff from the youth of today: in effect, the psychol'al & pol'al context has changed. Variations of attitude are therefore very rapid (a precise study shows how the notion of 'blame' is becoming more important with the stabilization of the society). Furthermore, all studies show a relatively strong interest in public affiars, or more exactly, a more highly developed feeling of co-responsibility, for example, than in the US. Finally, it is interesting to note the constancy of reactions over a 25 yr interval (the author repeated a poll in 1952 as the 'valorization' of labor with the same questionaire used in a 1929 investigation & got essentially similar results). But most important is this; it is in the most highly developed & most highly institutionalized countries that 'private' values are most prevalent among the youth, while among, the youth of new countries, 'national' values are most compelling. IPSA. Adapted from the source document.

Legitimacy should not be confused with authority, since the latter is a gov based upon law both in terms of the source of its power & the time when it can be exercised. In various pol'al philosophies is difficult to separate & reconcile legitimacy with universal justice, & with the socio-pol'al structure of a given culture. The classification of Max Weber is an important though unsuccessful attempt to resolve this dilemma. Charisma, in particular, cannot be considered a form of legitimacy. Weber's error is that he started with an ambiguous definition of rationality. A possible classification is: legitimacy based upon religion, legitimacy based upon philosophicolegality, traditional legitimacy & legitimacy through success. The true index of legitimacy is always the conviction of the members of the soc body that the power is true & just, even though other values may be opposed. 3 consequences are a result: legitimate power is more efficacious than illegitimate power, legitimacy is the major aspiration of all gov's & citizens are as aware of their responsibilities as they are certain of the legitimacy of their gov' s. Tr by J. A.Broussard from IPSA.

The notion of nat'l consciousness has not been fully explained. We do not know its criteria, since any item can become a symbol for integration to a nation despite any external appearance of such a symbol. Nat'l consciousness is, by definition, an artificial product (of a culture); it is a recent development limited to the Judaeo- Christian world. As for its forms of expression, it should be noted that the nation is always considered a unique & irreplaceable model of the just, moral & free society. The most striking example of such a view is found in the US, which is closed to immigration but is expansionist & proselytizing. Germany, in contrast, is an example of a society where the idea of nationalism was not associated with a humane soc consciousness. The evolution of nat'l sentiment in Germany is presented handicapped by uncertainty concerning what Germany will be which can give rise to reactions of panic. Germany is threatened by idealism which would express itself in the name of the West, as a foe against materialism. The only future possibilities for the development of nationalism lie in soc consciousness, in structures which are at the same time more liberal & more integrating. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The survival of the French race in Canada since the Peace of Paris in 1763 seems to be almost miraculous. A brief, retrospective history makes it possible to see to what extent the French Canadians have always consisted of a cultural elite. However, the very structure of this group faces difficulties as a result of a sociol'al & econ revolution. In 1901, the Ru pop represented 60.33% of the (total - sum) pop of Quebec. In 1956, the % had fallen to 29.98%. The evolution of the way of life can be studied by observing the nature of the houses & stores, but also in the literature & language in which can be found terms which are not used in France as well as neologisms borrowed from Americans. The system of educ, & esp the action of the U's of Quebec & Montreal-whose rectors are both ecclesiastics-tries to preserve a humanistic culture. It is characteristic of this system that, of the 83 Coll's in the province, 80 are Coll's devoted to the study of the classics while only 3 are modern ones. Many reforms must be made in order to overcome the unquestionable intellectual crisis which is afflicting French Canada & in order for that country to truly live up to the statement of one of her sons: 'Strong, radiant & beautiful, the spiritual hearth, the dynamic pole for all of French America.' Tr from IPSA by J. A. Broussard.