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This essay reveals the foundations of an unconventional form of social organization observed in Brazil's South region, the Faxinal. Methodologically, from the perspective that the Faxinal community embodies a traditional form of organization that has decreased dramatically in recent decades and that many of its original features have changed, we decided to adopt a historical approach. This was a means used to grasp traits and characteristics that, although lost or abandoned, may be instructive regarding the study objectives. Historically, capitalism has taken a position of higher order, by disseminating ideological principles and rationality as possibilities of evolution and better life when compared to the traditional foundations of social organization. The hegemonic view of the dominant model, with determinations imposed by instrumental rationality, pose limits to the richness deriving from the multiplicity of beliefs, traditions, particular customs and practices of the Faxinais, as it supports the generation of ideas and thoughts aimed at maintaining the rationale of development and progress. Thus, substantive organizational phenomena, such as the Faxinais, are situated in a historical process of construction, subject to the local social context of Brazilian regions marginalized by the urbanization and rationalization process of the capitalist economy, which has led their members to devise ways of organizing the social, economic, and political life based on principles different from those that support ideologically the capitalist organizational model. Therefore, the characteristics of the Faxinais point out Unconventional Form of Organization that break with the assumptions of the Organizational Studies. ; Este ensayo revela los fundamentos de una forma no convencional de organización social que se observa en la región Sur de Brasil, los Faxinais. Metodológicamente, desde la perspectiva de que la comunidad de Faxinais encarna una forma tradicional de organización que ha disminuido drásticamente en las últimas décadas y de que muchas de sus características originales han cambiado, decidimos adoptar un abordaje histórico. Este fue un medio utilizado para captar los rasgos y las características que, aunque perdidos o abandonados, pueden ser instructivos con respecto a los objetivos del estudio. Históricamente, el capitalismo ha tomado una posición de orden superior, mediante la difusión de principios ideológicos y la racionalidad como posibilidades de evolución y mejora de vida en comparación con los fundamentos tradicionales de organización social. La visión hegemónica del modelo dominante, con determinaciones impuestas por la racionalidad instrumental, plantean límites a la riqueza que se deriva de la multiplicidad de creencias, tradiciones, costumbres particulares y prácticas de los Faxinais, ya que apoya la generalización de ideas y pensamientos dirigidos a mantener la lógica de desarrollo y progreso. Fenómenos organizativos sustantivos, como los Faxinais, están, así, insertados en un proceso histórico de construcción, con sujeción al contexto social local de las regiones brasileñas marginadas por el proceso de urbanización y racionalización de la economía capitalista, lo que ha llevado a sus miembros a idear formas de organización de la vida social, económica y política basadas en principios diferentes a los que apoyan ideológicamente el modelo de organización capitalista. Por lo tanto, las características de los Faxinais señalan Formas No Convencionales de Organización que rompen con los supuestos del pensamiento científico dominante de los Estudios Organizacionales. ; Este ensaio revela as bases de uma forma de organização não convencional encontrada no Sul do Brasil, os Faxinais. Metodologicamente, sob a perspectiva de que a comunidade de Faxinal engloba uma forma tradicional de organização que têm diminuído drasticamente nas últimas décadas e de que muitas de suas características originais têm mudado, decidimos adotar uma abordagem histórica. Esse foi um meio utilizado para apreender traços e características que, apesar de perdidos ou abandonados, podem ser instrutivas quanto aos objetivos do estudo. Historicamente, o capitalismo tem adotado uma posição de ordem superior, disseminando princípios ideológicos e a racionalidade como possibilidades de evolução e melhoria de vida em comparação às bases tradicionais de organização social. A visão hegemônica do modelo dominante, com determinações impostas pela racionalidade instrumental, impõe limites à riqueza resultante da multiplicidade de crenças, tradições, costumes particulares e práticas dos Faxinais, à medida que apoia a generalização de ideias e pensamentos voltados à manutenção da lógica de desenvolvimento e progresso. Fenômenos organizacionais substantivos, como os Faxinais, estão, assim, inseridos em um processo histórico de construção, condicionados ao contexto social local de regiões do Brasil marginalizadas pelo processo de urbanização e racionalização da economia capitalista, o que fez com que seus membros desenvolvessem formas de organização da vida social, econômica e política baseadas em princípios diferentes daqueles que suportam ideologicamente o modelo organizacional capitalista. Portanto, as características dos Faxinais apontam Formas Não Convencionais de Organização que rompem com as premissas do pensamento cientifico dominante em Estudos Organizacionais.

ABSTRACThis thesis discuss strategy Pontianak City Police in maintaining order on the organization of elections (Presidential Election Study 2014). In order to secure the implementation of the Presidential Election 2014 Police Pontianak organizing internally that is organizing the parts and units Operational Police Pontianak become a united force and coordinated properly it is also necessary organizing externally that the City Government of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Pontianak city Supervisory Committee, Organizing Committee for the 2014 presidential election and Community Potential in an integrated and coordinated systematically according to the task, role, functions and responsibilities of each in relation to the implementation pemelihan pressiden 2014. The dominant factor affecting the implementation of the 2014 Presidential Elections Police Pontianak and public order are primed in Pontianak Police region are: geographical conditions very broad Pontianak City 107.82 km2, with a population of 550 304 inhabitants. While the number of Police personnel Pontianak just as much as 1331 personnel, is certainly not sufficient to Pontianak Police efforts in protecting, nurturing and serving the people of the city of Pontianak in the face of the organization of the election year 2014.Kondisi jobs in Pontianak are still limited or not comparable with the needs of the population to get decent work in various sectors of life, has the potential to create interference in the administration of the 2014 presidential election in the City of Pontianak.Kondisi socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural in Pontianak are still vulnerable to the dynamics of democratic life that deviate from the values of moral, religious, social, and applicable laws and regulations, can trigger horizontal conflict and / or crime-impact kontijensi.Strategi strategy lakukakan by Pontianak City Police in maintaining maintaining order on the implementation of the 2014 presidential election through prevention, deterrence and prevention of crime to support the implementation of the general election president in 2014 conducive manner: Improving the implementation of the policing function optimally, a partnership Police with the City of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Panwaslu Pontianak City and related institutions, establish partnerships Police with the Community, as well as improve the ability, character, identity and professionalism Police personnel on an ongoing basis. Doing deterrence, the condition of the "threshold interference" with the objective to reduce the social order "chance factor" and lower "faith factor" through regulation, guard, escort and patrol. Enforcing the law against "real threat" kamtibmas explicitly, consequently and consistently under the provisions of applicable law.Keywords: Policing Strategy, the implementation of the presidential election.2ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah strategi Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum (Studi Pemilihan Umum Presiden 2014) . Dalam rangka pengamanan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak melakukan pengorganisasian secara intern yaitu pengorganisasian bagian-bagian dan satuan-satuan operasional Polresta Pontianak menjadi suatu kekuatan yang utuh dan terkoordinir dengan baik perlu juga dilakukan pengorganisasian secara ekstern yaitu dengan Pemerintahan Kota Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak, Panwaslu Kota Pontianak, Panitia Penyelenggara Pilpres 2014 dan Potensi Masyarakat secara terpadu dan terkoordinir secara sistimatis sesuai tugas, peran dan fungsi serta tanggung jawabnya masing-masing dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemelihan pressiden tahun 2014. Faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak dan ketertiban masyarakat yang prima di wilayah Polresta Pontianak adalah: Kondisi geografis Kota Pontianak yang sangat luas 107,82 km2, dengan jumlah penduduk 550.304 jiwa. Sedangkan jumlah personil Polresta Pontianak hanya sebanyak 1331 personil, tentunya tidak memadai dengan upaya Polresta Pontianak dalam melindungi, mengayomi dan melayani masyarakat kota Pontianak dalam menghadapi penyelenggaraan pilpres tahun 2014.Kondisi lapangan kerja di Kota Pontianak yang masih terbatas atau belum sebanding dengan kebutuhan penduduk untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak diberbagai sektor kehidupan, berpotensi untuk menciptakan gangguan dalam penyelenggaraan Pilpres 2014 di Kota Pontianak.Kondisi sosial ekonomi, sosial politik dan sosial budaya di Kota Pontianak yang masih rawan terhadap dinamika kehidupan demokrasi yang menyimpang dari nilai-nilai moral, agama, sosial, dan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku, dapat memicu terjadinya konflik horizontal dan/atau kejahatan berdampak kontijensi.Strategi-Strategi yang lakukakan oleh Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum presiden 2014 melalui pencegahan, penangkalan dan penanggulangan kejahatan untuk menopang terlaksananya pemilihan umum presiden tahun 2014 yang kondusif dengan cara :Meningkatkan pelaksanaan fungsi kepolisian secara optimal, menjalin kemitraan Polri dengan Pemerintah Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak,Panwaslu Kota Pontianak dan Instansi terkait, memantapkan kemitraan Polri dengan Masyarakat, serta meningkatkan kemampuan, watak, jati diri dan profesionalitas personil Polri secara berkelanjutan. Melakukan penangkalan, terhadap kondisi "ambang gangguan" kamtibmas dengan sasaran untuk mengurangi "faktor kesempatan" dan menurunkan "faktor niat" melalui pengaturan, penjagaan, pengawalan, dan patroli. Melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap "ancaman nyata" kamtibmas secara tegas, konsekuen dan konsisten berdasarkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku.Kata Kunci: Strategi Kepolisian, penyelenggaraan pemilihan president.

All over the world, the rapid spread of app-based private for-hire transport services competing with the traditional taxis has taken regulators by surprise and faced massive and sometimes violent reaction from the taxi drivers and taxi licence owners. Everywhere, politicians are pressed to legislate. And they face a dilemma: whether to satisfy the social demands of taxis for protection against this new competition or whether to support change so as to cater for the tremendous popularity of these new services.The social and political reasons for responding to the claims of the traditional taxi industry are well grounded but they are mostly short-term. We are here more interested by a longer-term perspective and propose to present some principles for the regulation of for-hire road passenger transportation services based on economic considerations.Some of these principles have already been partly applied by regulators in some countries; in some other countries they have been wilfully ignored. We draw examples from both to identify feasibility and pitfalls of some principles we put forward.For nearly four centuries, taxicab regulation was justified by two market failures that largely disappeared with the advent of smartphones. However, the fact that taxicab regulations were rendered obsolete does not mean that the for-hire road passenger transportation services do not need to be regulated, much to the contrary. There must first be regulations regarding the vehicles, the drivers and the operators. The principles underlying most of these regulations are now well established, drawing on the experience of cities like London.But the smartphone revolution brought a new actor in the field: the app-based platform that dispatches drivers to the potential riders. Although some of these firms present themselves as a mere market place that allows buyers, i.e. passengers, and sellers, i.e. drivers, to meet, the truth is quite different. The "equilibrium" prices are in fact set by the platform with a wide propensity to manipulation, as recent price wars have demonstrated.It is our opinion that this new market is prone to natural monopolies. We have shown some of the potential drawback of these monopolies and proposed some policy tools to prevent their emergence. Some of our recommendation may seem farfetched and much too premature. We believe that it is easier to implement them now that they still have little bearing. It will give time to adjust them to a situation that is rapidly evolving. ; Partout dans le monde, le développement rapide des plateformes de mise en relation entre clients et transport public particulier de personnes (TPPP) concurrençant les taxis traditionnels a surpris les régulateurs. Partout il a provoqué une réaction massive et parfois violente des chauffeurs de taxi et des propriétaires de licences de taxi. Partout, les politiciens sont pressés de légiférer. Et ils sont confrontés à un dilemme: répondre aux demandes sociales des taxis pour les protéger contre cette nouvelle concurrence ou bien accompagner le changement afin de répondre à l'énorme popularité de ces nouveaux services.Les raisons sociales et politiques pour répondre aux revendications de l'industrie traditionnelle du taxi sont bien fondées, mais elles sont pour la plupart à court terme. Nous sommes ici plus intéressés par une perspective à plus long terme et proposons de présenter quelques principes pour la réglementation des services de TPPP basés sur des considérations économiques.Certains de ces principes ont déjà été appliqués en partie par les régulateurs de certains pays; dans d'autres pays, on les a délibérément ignorés. Nous en tirons des exemples pour évaluer la faisabilité de certains principes que nous proposons.Pendant près de quatre siècles, la réglementation des taxis a été justifiée par deux défaillances du marché qui ont largement disparu avec l'arrivée des smartphones. Toutefois, le fait que la réglementation des taxis soit obsolète ne signifie pas que les services de TPPP n'ont pas besoin d'être réglementés, bien au contraire. Il doit d'abord y avoir des règlements concernant les véhicules, les conducteurs et les opérateurs. Les principes sous-jacents à la plupart de ces règlements sont maintenant bien établis, en s'appuyant sur l'expérience de villes comme Londres.Mais la révolution smartphone a apporté un nouvel acteur dans le domaine: la plate-forme qui met en relation les chauffeurs avec leurs clients potentiels. Bien que certaines de ces entreprises se présentent comme un simple marché qui permet aux acheteurs, c'est-à-dire aux passagers et aux vendeurs, c'est-à-dire aux conducteurs, de se rencontrer, la vérité est tout à fait différente. Les prix « d'équilibre » sont en fait fixés par la plate-forme avec une large propension à la manipulation, comme les récentes guerres de prix ont démontré.Nous sommes d'avis que ce nouveau marché est sujet aux monopoles naturels. Nous avons montré quelques-uns des inconvénients potentiels de ces monopoles et proposé certains instruments de politique pour empêcher leur émergence.

The active ageing concept, which implies individual and broader social
benefits, is defined for mitigating the negative effects of intensive
population ageing. It redefines the perception of ageing in accordance with
the positive trends in terms of health and life span of older persons' life.
One of the factors which has certain impact on some aspects of active ageing
is education. The researches confirm its influence on the health and vitality
of the elderly, as well as on their economic activity. It is important not
only as a dimension of socio-economic status, but also from the perspective
of certain behavior, the availability of learning, the possibility of
adopting valid information and the use of new technological achievements for
the purpose of healthy lifestyle. The top ten countries in 2015 regarding
Active Ageing Index have up to four times higher shares of highly educated
persons among those aged 50 or over (between 23% and 34%), compared to the
countries which are at the back of the AAI list. However, Italy is ranked
second, regarding the participation in society despite the fact that less
than 10% of persons aged 50 or over are highly educated. By contrast, Estonia
has only high index in employment, while in relation to the other spheres is
very low ranking, regardless there are 34% of highly educated among persons
aged 50 or over. The first example shows that it is possible to achieve
partial progress despite low prevalence of high education. Another indicates
that the attainment in active ageing can be limited by other factors despite
high proportion of highly educated. It is possible to conclude that in either
of these two cases high education did not impact, but that these
characteristics of active ageing are the consequences of other factors.
Participation in society, in addition to volunteering and political
engagement, implies caring for children or the elderly. It is possible that
the incidence of these activities have more important influence on the
positioning of Italy in this sphere. Relatively high index of employment
could be explained by the influence of socio-economic conditions and the
necessity of working engagement of older persons due to social security and
living standards of households. This could be said for Estonia because it is
placed into the group of countries with lower GDP per capita. The research
regarding the time use in Serbia, used in this paper as the framework for
studying the lifestyle of older people, shows that the paid work is the most
evident differentiation between those who have entered the older age (65 or
older) and those who are on the threshold of this limit (55-64 years).
Regarding leisure time, it is clear that more passive forms (watching
television and resting) prevail. Reading, walking, visiting, spending time
with family and the provision of informal help partially mitigate this
picture. However, weak commitment to cultural events and physical activity,
poor involvement in different spheres of social life, almost the absence of
voluntary work and additional training undermine the concept of active
ageing. Highly educated persons have the most of leisure time but, in
relation to persons with lower educational levels, there is no substantial
differentiation regarding the activities that mark active ageing. In
comparison with others, they spent less time watching TV and movies as well
as resting, but more time walking, visiting, reading, using a computer or
providing informal support. Tertiary education has proved to be a point of
differentiation among females who approach the entry into older age. It does
not only mean more time in paid work, but also less time in unpaid
activities, compared to women with lower educational levels. In addition,
highly educated women aged 65 or over more frequently perform paid jobs than
those with primary education. It is not the specificity of male population.
High education did not eliminate the specificities of overpowering cultural
pattern of gender roles. Men more engage in paid jobs and have more leisure
time, while women spend more time in performing household tasks. Women more
devote to reading books, going to the cinema, volunteering, and the
participation in religious activities as compared to men. Male respondents
spend more time resting, exercising and visiting sport events. However, in
both cases passive forms of leisure time prevail, although there are some
specificities. In comparison with those who had lower educational levels,
highly educated persons evaluated their health as good or very good two times
more frequently, but it has not resulted in significant difference in terms
of commitment to the activities that mark active ageing. The widespread of
tertiary education does not mean unconditional acceptance of this model. In
addition to social conditions, living circumstances and cultural norms,
lifestyle is important as an advantage or a disadvantage for the realization
of active ageing. Lower education levels are an additional challenge in terms
of advancing all preconditions for accepting and spreading the model of
active aging.

At the end of the 16th Century the authorities in Canton allowed a Spanish vessel to stay in the port of 'Pinhal'. She had been sent by the governor of Manila with the likely aim of opening a direct channel of communication and trade between Guangdong and the Philippines. Macao reacted immediately, vigorously albeit cautiously, considering this a threat to its role as intermediary in China's contacts with the exterior. It was the climax in the heightening tension between the Portuguese, who had reached the Far East almost a century earlier, and the Spanish who had recently settled on the island of Luzon. Although a brief, inconsequent period, it nevertheless assumed great importance within the framework of the disputes between the Portuguese and the Spanish in Asia, but also of the relationship between them, China and Japan. This article attempts to analyse the 'Pinhal episode' in the light of the unstable, complex political and diplomatic context of the time and of the region, presenting an attempted reconstitution of the events in view of the available sources and linking this unusual event to various issues involving Macao's role and function and the effects of Castilian competition on access to several routes, ports and markets of the Far East. ; Nos finais do século XVI, as autoridades de Cantão autorizaram a fixação de um navio castelhano no porto de "Pinhal", que fora enviado pelo governador de Manila com o objectivo provável de abrir um canal directo de comunicação e de comércio entre o Guangdong e as Filipinas. Este facto suscitou de imediato uma viva, embora cautelosa, reacção por parte de Macau, que viu ameaçado o seu papel de intermediário nos contactos da China com o exterior. Foi o clímax do crescendo de tensão entre os portugueses, chegados às águas do Extremo Oriente quase um século antes, e os castelhanos recém-‑instalados na ilha de Luzón. Tratou-se, contudo, de um episódio breve e inconsequente, mas que assumiu uma grande relevância no quadro das disputas entre portugueses e castelhanos na Ásia, mas também do relacionamento entre ambos, a China e o Japão. Este artigo tenta analisar o "episódio do Pinhal" à luz do instável e complexo quadro político-diplomático da época e da região, apresentando uma tentativa de reconstituição dos eventos à luz das fontes disponíveis e relacionando este insólito evento com diversas questões envolvendo o papel e a função de Macau e os efeitos da competição castelhana no acesso a diversas rotas, portos e mercados do Extremo Oriente. ; 16世紀末、広東の官憲たちはピニャル港(東涌)へのカスティーリャ船の停泊を許可した。その船はマニラ総督が広東=フィリピン間 の直接の修好通商を目的として派遣したものであると考えられる。この事実は、中国=外国間の接触における仲介者としての役割を脅 かすものであるとして、慎重ではあるが素早いマカオ側の反応を 引き起こした。それは1世紀近くも前に極東の海へ到達していたポ ルトガル人とルソン島に定住をはじめてまもないカスティーリャ 人との間の緊張が最高点に達した時期であったと考えられる。本稿では、些細で一貫性がないながらも、アジアにおけるポルトガル人とカスティーリャ人間の紛争と、それをめぐる中国や日本との関係図において重要であると思われるエピソードを紹介する。本稿は上記「ピニャル港のエピソード」について、不安定で複雑なこの地域の政治外交図に焦点を当てて考察するものである。そこではこの問題に関する諸史料を用いて状況を再構築するとともに、マカオの役割に関する諸問題や様々な極東の海路、港、市場への接近におけるカスティーリャ人と(ポルトガル人)の競争の結果等をともに論じる。

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; The performance of the global routing system is vital to thousands of entities operating the Autonomous Systems (ASes) which make up the Internet. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is currently responsible for the exchange of reachability information and the selection of paths according to their specified routing policies. BGP thus enables traffic to flow from any point to another connected to the Internet. The manner traffic flows if often influenced by entities in the Internet according to their preferences. The latter are implemented in the form of routing policies by tweaking BGP configurations. Routing policies are usually complex and aim to achieve a myriad goals, including technical, economic and political purposes. Additionally, individual network managers need to permanently adapt to the interdomain routing changes and, by engineering the Internet traffic, optimize the use of their network. Despite the flexibility offered, the implementation of routing policies is a complicated process in itself, involving fine-tuning operations. Thus, it is an error-prone task and operators might end up with faulty configurations that impact the efficacy of their strategies or, more importantly, their revenues. Withal, even when correctly defining legitimate routing policies, unforeseen interactions between ASes have been observed to cause important disruptions that affect the global routing system. The main reason behind this resides in the fact that the actual inter-domain routing is the result of the interplay of many routing policies from ASes across the Internet, possibly bringing about a different outcome than the one expected. In this thesis, we perform an extensive analysis of the intricacies emerging from the complex netting of routing policies at the interdomain level, in the context of the current operational status of the Internet. Abundant implications on the way traffic flows in the Internet arise from the convolution of routing policies at a global scale, at times resulting in ASes using suboptimal ill-favored paths or in the undetected propagation of configuration errors in routing system. We argue here that monitoring prefix visibility at the interdomain level can be used to detect cases of faulty configurations or backfired routing policies, which disrupt the functionality of the routing system. We show that the lack of global prefix visibility can offer early warning signs for anomalous events which, despite their impact, often remain hidden from state of the art tools. Additionally, we show that such unintended Internet behavior not only degrades the efficacy of the routing policies implemented by operators, causing their traffic to follow ill-favored paths, but can also point out problems in the global connectivity of prefixes. We further observe that majority of prefixes suffering from limited visibility at the interdomain level is a set of more-specific prefixes, often used by network operators to fulfill binding traffic engineering needs. One important task achieved through the use of routing policies for traffic engineering is the control and optimization of the routing function in order to allow the ASes to engineer the incoming traffic. The advertisement of more-specific prefixes, also known as prefix deaggregation, provides network operators with a fine-grained method to control the interdomain ingress traffic, given that the longest-prefix match rule over-rides any other routing policy applied to the covering lessspecific prefixes. Nevertheless, however efficient, this traffic engineering tool comes with a cost, which is usually externalized to the entire Internet community. Prefix deaggregation is a known reason for the artificial inflation of the BGP routing table, which can further affect the scalability of the global routing system. Looking past the main motivation for deploying deaggregation in the first place, we identify and analyze here the economic impact of this type of strategy. We propose a general Internet model to analyze the effect that advertising more-specific prefixes has on the incoming transit traffic burstiness. We show that deaggregation combined with selective advertisements (further defined as strategic deaggregation) has a traffic stabilization side-effect, which translates into a decrease of the transit traffic bill. Next, we develop a methodology for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to monitor general occurrences of deaggregation within their customer base. Furthermore, the ISPs can detect selective advertisements of deaggregated prefixes, and thus identify customers which may impact the business of their providers. We apply the proposed methodology on a complete set of data including routing, traffic, topological and billing information provided by an operational ISP and we discuss the obtained results. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Telemática ; Presidente: Arturo Azcorra Saloña.- Secretario: Steffano Vissichio.- Vocal: Kc. Claffy

The purpose of the following article is to draw attention to main problems of scientific values as they were stated by Paul Feyerabend. Various philosophers and epistemologists have always tried to prove chosen principles and objectives, but only few dared to jeopardize their fundamentals. Stereotypes of searching for ultimate truth ceased to hold; however, scientific coordinates are still not qualified. Underlying ambiguities often remain unarticulated. Among those who ventured to shed light on them were the philosophers of post-positivistic branch. One of those who questioned science values in social, cultural, and philosophical approaches the most rigidly was Paul Feyerabend. By means of typical political concepts (such as ideology and propaganda) he detected basic objectives of scientists. Our main methodological tools in this research are comparative analyses of the sources and immanent critique of Feyerabend's arguments. The scientific novelty is based on our core objective to clarify substantial obstacles for homogeneity of science. Does such homogeneity or unity exist at any level? Feyerabend's answer is a weak "yes". He accepts such unity only as a useful assumption or a myth. In one of his latest books, Conquest of Abundance, he calls it a "flag" for the "people doing science." As Feyerabend diagnosed faults of relativism, instrumentalism, and realism – all of them are threatened by the same menace of being invalid to response the world "at face value" – we have to deal somehow with topics denounced by him. In conclusion, we show important implications for the creation of a specific worldview at the intersection of philosophy and science. Considering a number of negatives, in the article we elicit fruitful ideas of Feyerabend, and contextually question them without resorting to a superficial reproach. ; Цель данной статьи – привлечь внимание к сформированным Полом Фейерабендом ключевым проблемам, касающимся научных ценностей. Философы и эпистемологи всегда пытались доказать собственные принципы и задачи, но лишь немногие из них отваживались рискнуть собственными фундаментальными основами. Стереотипы поиска окончательной истины не оправдались, а координаты для науки до сих пор не обозначены. Неоднозначности зачастую остаются не до конца выясненными. Среди тех, кто имел смелость пролить на них свет, – философы-позитивисты. Одним из тех, кто наиболее жестко проблематизировал ценности науки в социальном, культурном и философском плане, был Пол Фейерабенд. При помощи типично политических концептов (таких как идеология или пропаганда) он изобличил главные задачи ученых. Главные методологические инструменты, используемые в исследовании, – это компаративный анализ первоисточников и имманентная критика философствования Фейерабенда. Научная новизна состоит в обозначении существенных препятствий, которые мешают гомогенности науки. Существует ли гомогенность или единство на любом уровне? Фейерабенд предполагает, что «да», но лишь до определенной степени. Такое единство он воспринимает только на уровне полезного допущения или мифа. В одной из своих поздних книг, «Покорение излишества», он называет это «флагом» для «людей, практикующих науку». Поскольку Фейерабенд предначертал ошибки релятивизма, инструментализма и реализма – все одни стоят под одной и той же угрозой неспособности соответствовать действительному миру – наше задание состоит в том, чтобы определиться, как относится к темам, затронутым им. В заключении показаны важные основания для появления специфичного мировоззрения на границе философии и науки. В статье мы раскрываем плодотворные идеи Фейерабенда, рассматриваем недостатки и проблематизируем их, не прибегая к поверхностному критицизму. ; Метою даної статті є привернення уваги до сформульованих Полом Феєрабендом головних проблем, які стосуються наукових цінностей. Філософи й епістемологи завжди намагалися довести обрані принципи й завдання, але небагато з них зважувалися поставити під ризик власні фундаментальні підвалини. Стереотипи пошуку остаточної істини не справдилися, а координати для науки досі не створені. Невизначеності часто лишаються не до кінця проясненими. Серед тих, хто ризикнув пролити на останні світло, – філософи-постпозитивісти. Одним з тих, хто найбільш жорстко проблематизував цінності науки в соціальному, культурному й філософському плані, був Пол Феєрабенд. За допомогою типово політичних концептів (таких як ідеологія чи пропаганда) він викрив головні завдання науковців. Головний методологічний інструментарій дослідження – компаративний аналіз першоджерел та іманентна критика філософування Феєрабенда. Наукова новизна полягає у висвітленні суттєвих перешкод, які стоять на заваді гомогенності науки. Чи така гомогенність або єдність узагалі існує на будь-якому рівні? Феєрабенд припускає, що лише до певної міри «так». Цю єдність він сприймає тільки як корисне припущення чи міф. В одній зі своїх пізніх книжок, «Підкорення надміру», називає це «прапором» для «людей, які займаються наукою». Оскільки Феєрабенд визначив хиби релятивізму, інструменталізму і реалізму – усі вони перебувають під однаковою загрозою неспроможності відповідати дійсному світові – наше завдання в тому, щоб визначитися, як працювати з порушеними ним темами. У висновку показано важливі підстави для постання специфічного світогляду на межі філософії та науки. У статті ми висвітлюємо плідні ідеї Феєрабенда, враховуючи недоліки і проблематизуємо їх без поверхового критицизму.

This dissertation is an exploration of the role of informality in the housing market in southeast Los Angeles County. While informality has long been the subject of scholarship in cases from the Global South, and increasingly in the United States, examinations of housing informality in the US thus far have largely been situated in rural and peri-urban areas. This work seeks to interrogate informality in housing processes unfolding within the very heart of northern North America's leading industrial metropolis. After a brief preface, the dissertation's second chapter reviews literature on various aspects of informality and on Accessory Dwelling Units, or additions or conversions of living quarters on residential properties. Chapter 3 introduces the work's methodological pillars, and describes the four major, mixed methods relied upon. These are a survey of code enforcement officers; interviews and direct observation; and analyses of rental and property sales markets. Two other, minor, methods employed are an analysis of building footprints and the analysis of secondary data.Chapter 4 introduces the single case used in the dissertation. This is a group of 14 communities, with a total population of 700,000, that are collectively referred to via the neologism City of Gateway . Next follows a historical overview of the area. Following a discussion of the 1965 Watts riots as a historical watershed, trends in the City of Gateway's economy and population that have driven a dramatic informalization of the housing stock since that time are examined. Chapter 5 describes the physical expression of the informal housing market in the City of Gateway, in seven extralegal modes that involve either the conversion of existing space or the addition of new space, and the tactics used to effect them. Chapter 5 closes with a quantification and discussion of the consequences of the characteristic urban form produced by the informal housing market, horizontal density , which is the addition of density by more intensively covering lots with buildings rather than building upwards. Chapter 6 describes the "nuts and bolts" of the informal housing market. It presents evidence that extralegal rentals are, on balance, generally (though not always) cheaper for their occupants than formal market alternatives. It examines presale ordinances that some cities have passed to try to disrupt the informal housing market by intervening in the sale of residential property. It discusses the important role of appraisers in providing or denying mortgage credit to current or would-be homeowners with extralegal space. An analysis of property sales transactions provides evidence that extralegal space does not appear to be capitalized in property values. Finally, the chapter discusses barriers imposed by the current US mortgage system to financing the construction of rentable space on residential properties. Chapter 7 is an examination of the role played by code enforcement in shaping the informal housing market in the City of Gateway. Specifically, it examines how code enforcement departments allocate their time and effort given that there are far more potential enforcement actions than their capacity allows. The chapter presents arguments that code enforcement reshapes the informal housing market while failing to suppress it; that it is applied unevenly; and that it paradoxically helps maintain the informal order of the informal housing market. Chapter 8 begins by arguing that issues related to informal housing, when they are discussed at all in the local political sphere, tend to be filtered through the reductive frame of law and order . The chapter presents reasons for this state of affairs, both ones specific to the City of Gateway and others that are more general and potentially applicable to other places in the US. Chapter 8 closes with a summary of high-profile local debates in which informal housing's influence is considerable but rarely acknowledged: fair share housing, water and sewer utility capacity, parking, and school crowding. The conclusion, Chapter 9, begins by assessing the positive and negative attributes of the informal housing system. A normative judgment is made that the former outweigh the latter, although the drawbacks are considerable and in need of urgent attention. A multiscalar palette of policy interventions intended to usefully and justly intervene in the informal housing system is put forth. Many of these are within the ambit of local government, but action in other spheres--in state and even federal government, and within the housing NGO sector--is needed. Next, lessons for advocates, policymakers, and researchers drawn from the broader implications of this dissertation are presented. After that follows a speculative discussion about the role of culture in comparison with economic necessity in driving the informal housing market in the City of Gateway. Next, informed speculation about the future of the City of Gateway's housing market is presented. The dissertation closes with a discussion of these trends' implications for the City of Gateway's continued existence as that increasingly rare of type of place, a working class enclave in the heart of a vast global metropolis.

Deals with modern features and trends shaping values of students as a factor of its creative and personality development. Based on the realities of our time and the modern requirements of the process of education of students, defines the socio-professional of values. The study identified and trends that suggest that, in the study of occupational choice students in high schools and colleges it is necessary to study more deeply the different combination of objective and subjective factors of professional choice of modern students.Experimental way, you revealed the dynamics of professional choice of students in vocational schools and count Ledge shows the role and importance of values influencing this choice. Emphasizes the special role of the teacher in the formation of personal creative development . It is argued that the socio-professional values of students, acting as a factor of its creative and personal development necessitate problem solving in several areas, in particular: - study in depth the real political, economic and social situation, which affects the development of modern youth - identify and analyze the specifics of the formation of social and professional values of a young man at all stages of its formation: - impregnated with young people's information culture for the purpose of minimizing the risks of the Internet, reducing its negative impact on their mind - to teach them to learn preparedness STI world with a judicious combination of natural and humanitarian knowledge, - to seek ways of transition to active learning based on the type of search and creative activity of pupils, including design, engineering, forecasting with emphasis on their creativity - to maximize the opportunities of the cultural development of the people , the growth their morals and high moral qualities - use the practice- oriented training of the teacher for help in the present situation. ; Рассматриваются современные особенности и тенденции формирования сациально-профессиональных ценностей учащейся молодежи как фактора её творческого и личностного развития. Исходя из реалий нашего времени и современных требований к процессу воспитания учащейся молодёжи, даётся определение социально-профессиональным ценностям. В ходе исследования были выявлены и тенденции, которые позволяют говорить о том, что, при исследовании профессионального выбора учащихся лицеев и колледжей необходимо более глубоко изучать разные комбинации объективных и субъективных факторов профессионального выбора современных учащихся. Экспериментальным путем выявлена динамика профессионального выбора учащихся профессиональных лицеев и колледжей, показаны роль и значение ценностей, влияющих на этот выбор. Подчеркивается особая роль педагога в формировании творчески развитой личности. Утверждается, что социально-профессиональные ценности учащейся молодёжи, выступающие как фактор её творческого и личностного развития, обуславливают необходимость решения задач по нескольким на-правлениям, в частности: - глубоко изучать реальную политическую, экономическую и социальную ситуацию, влияющую на развитие современной молодёжи; - выявлять и анализировать специфику процесса формирования социально-профессиональных ценностей молодого человека на всех стадиях его становления: - воспитывать у молодых людей информационную культуру с целью минимизирования рисков Интернета, уменьшения его негативного воздействия на их сознание; - учить их готовности познавать мир при разумном сочетании естественнонаучных и гуманитарных знаний, - искать пути перехода к активному типу обучению на основе поисково-творческой деятельности учащихся, включая конструирование, проектирование, прогнозирование при ориентации на их креативность; - максимально использовать возможности культурного развития людей, роста их нравственности и высокоморальных качеств; - использовать практико-ориентированный поиск подготовки педагога в современной ситуации. ; Розглядаються сучасні особливості та тенденції формування соціально - професійних цінностей учнівської молоді як фактора її творчого та особистісного розвитку. Виходячи з реалій нашого часу і сучасних вимог до процесу виховання учнівської молоді, дається визначення соціально-професійними цінностям. У ході дослідження були виявлені і тенденції, які дозволяють говорити про те, що, при дослідженні професійного вибору учнів ліцеїв і коледжів, необхідно більш глибоко вивчати різні комбінації об'єктивних і суб'єктивних факторів професійного вибору сучасних учнів.Експериментальним шляхом виявлена динаміка професійного вибору учнів професійних ліцеїв і коледжів, показані роль і значення цінностей, що впливають на цей вибір. Підкреслюється особлива роль педагога у формуванні творчо розвиненої особистості. Стверджується, що соціально-професійні цінності учнівської молоді, що виступають як фактор її творчого та особистісного розвитку, зумовлюють необхідність вирішення завдань по декількох напрямках, зокрема:- Глибоко вивчати реальну політичну, економічну та соціальну ситуацію, яка впливає на розвиток сучасної молоді;- Виявляти і аналізувати специфіку процесу формування соціально-професійних цінностей молодої людини на всіх стадіях його становлення:- Виховувати у молодих людей інформаційну культуру з метою мінімізації ризиків Інтернету, зменшення його негативного впливу на їх свідомість;- Вчити їх готовності пізнавати світ при розумному поєднанні природничих і гуманітарних знань,- Шукати шляхи переходу до активного типу навчання на основі пошуково-творчої діяльності учнів, включаючи конструювання, проектування, прогнозування при орієнтації на їх креативність;- Максимально використовувати можливості культурного розвитку людей, зростання їх моральності і високоморальних якостей;- Використовувати практико -орієнтований пошук підготовки педагога в сучасній ситуації.

本文以清代宮廷演劇制度的完善與興替、宮廷大戲《昭代簫韶》的創作與演出為中心,探討其中帝王性情、意識形態的投射與帝國形象的建構;試圖對宮廷演劇繁盛與變遷的原因、《昭代簫韶》文本與演出的意涵、宮廷與民間演劇的交流與影響等問題,作出新的解釋。 ; 現有研究強調清朝帝后喜好戲曲娛樂、宮廷舞臺壯麗輝煌,以及晚清宮廷演劇變革等等。本文認為,清代宮廷演劇實有更多豐富的內涵有待更深入的研討。帝后的倡導及參與,自是推動清代宮廷演劇繁盛的重要原因,但在滿足帝后娛樂的同時,宮廷演劇也用於朝廷儀典;戲曲教化與國家儀式的功能相互結合。 ; 清代宮廷演劇,在元明清雜劇傳奇及亂彈之外,還有適應現實需要而奉旨編演的大戲與節戲。宮廷大戲,規模龐大,情節複雜,排場繁縟,在中國戲曲史上十分獨特。創作於乾嘉之際的《昭代簫韶》,取材於明代演義小說《北宋志傳》,鋪寫楊家將輔宋抗遼事。通過特定情節與人物穿戴,《昭代簫韶》參與了清代正統華夷的論述,並含有重評歷史與訓諭臣民的深意。此部大戲將褒忠誅奸的昇仙入地與軍陣鬥法的神道描寫,與觀劇現場的君臣秩序相結合,形成舞臺上、下戲曲與現實的呼應,道德教化寓意明顯。 ; 本文對清代宮廷演劇制度變遷與宮廷大戲《昭代簫韶》演出史的考察,還特別關注戲曲在宮廷與民間的流動與影響。尤其是外學伶人進入與退出宮廷,使得宮廷伶人的規模與組成發生改變,這不僅影響到大戲的演出形式與藝術呈現,也使得宮廷演劇處於對外開放與吸收融合的狀態。清代戲劇便在宮廷、文人與民間三方面,均臻繁盛。 ; Theatrical performance played an important role in the Qing court culture. This thesis discusses the evolution and change of the court theatre institution throughout the Qing Dynasty. In the contexts of court entertainment, political activities and cultural policy, the creation and performance history of the grand theatre piece, Zhaodai xiaoshao, or The Glorious Music of a Brilliant Age, from the Qianlong-Jiaqing to the Guangxu period serve as an adequate example. In this case study, we can explore the nature of the Qing emperors and Empress Dowager Cixi, state ideology and the construction of the Empire's image. ; Most existing research in Qing court drama and theatre focuses on the Qing emperors' great passion for theatre, the three-tiered grand stage in the imperial palace and the wealth of props and costumes, as well as the repertoire change in the late Qing, especially the formation and development of Jingju or Peking Opera. This thesis arguesthat given its rich contents and relevant contexts, the Qing court theatre deserves far more research both in breadth and in depth. The participation of the imperial power undoubtedly promoted court theatre. Theatrical performances at court became not only private entertainment for the imperial family; they also appeared in state ceremonies with special ritual significance. In addition, the grand plays like the 240-scened Glorious Music of a ...

The present issue of the JOURNAL OF SOCIOCYBERNETICS is the last edition under my responsibility. In January 2015 the quite recently elected board of the ISA-Research Committee 51 will take up its work and Fabio Giglietto, Professor at the Department of Communication and Human Studies of the University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" (http://www.uniurb.it) and research fellow of the Center for Sociocybernetics Studies (http://www.sociocybernetics.eu), will commence as the new journal editor. During the last four years Fabio Giglietto, already was a member of the editorial board of our Journal. I wish him and the new board continued success and all the best for the upcoming period. The current edition includes articles applying several theoretical aspects of complexity analysis on different empirical cases. In their article "Reflections on the Complexity of Ancient Social Heterarchies: Toward New Models of Social Self-Organization in Pre-Hispanic Colombia" Nathalie Mezza-Garcia, Tom Froese and Nelson Fernández face the limitations which hierarchical and centrally controlled systems have in their information processes with respect to manage large-scale crisis and challenges. With reference to historical examples in pre-Hispanic Colombia, specifically the cultures of the Zenú, the Muiscas and the Tayronas, the authors propose that creating and analyzing computer models of their heterarchically and decentralized processes of management could provide a broader perspective on the possibilities of self-organized political systems. In his article "The Paradox of Social Ties after the ICT Revolution: A Second-Order Observation" Saburo Akahori explores what kinds of distinctions are used when the change of social systems is observed. His analysis refers on the question of significance of social ties in Japan, which has repeatedly been emphasized in recent years. One example is the frequency of use of the Japanese word kizuna which means bond. It sounds odd because conventionally kizuna indicates intimate, continuous relationships, not temporary relationships. Even though the word kizuna means strong ties, now it also implies weak ties. Here the author asks for the reason why the strange usage of the word kizuna has become acceptable. Patricia E. Almaguer-Kalixto, José A. Amozurrutia, Chaime Marcuello Servós present in their paper "Policy Processes as Complex Systems: The case of Mesoamerican Sustainable Development Initiative" a research methodology for analyzing policy processes that are defined at the global level but implemented locally. The interrelations between these two levels pose great conceptual challenges in explaining the changes, transformations and continuations occurring in this complex process based on empirical information. Understanding the policy process as a complex system, the paper proposes analyzing macro, meso and micro levels as subsystems of the total process, identifying the interrelations between policy action, actors and discourses. The paper takes the example of the Mesoamerican Sustainable Development Initiative (MSDI) of the Puebla Panama Plan (PPP), a regional integration plan for a new 'Mesoamerica' that originally included the seven Central American countries and the southern states of Mexico. In her paper "Sustainable Technology Assessment and Sustainable Scenarios of Techno Social Phenomena" Michiko Amemiya-Ramírez describes sustainable technology as a technological subsystem with marginal or no negative impacts on other technological systems, as well as the environment, the society and the economy. To identify such technologies it is necessary to describe their behavior and their present and future interactions with those systems. Due to social dynamics, a complete assessment to identify sustainable technologies requires a hard systems analysis and a soft system analysis. A hard system analysis is useful to assess the interactions, behavior and characteristics of the technology quantitatively. A soft system analysis is convenient to describe other characteristics and interactions through qualitative and non measurable characteristics. For further issues of the JOURNAL OF SOCIOCYBERNETICS we invite scholars who have their background in the field of systems theory, sociocybernetics, information- and communication science and who apply this for studying various social phenomena regarding their complexity and dynamics, to submit articles for publication in the JOURNAL OF SOCIOCYBERNETICS. For submitting articles authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting. People who want to register have the option to register as a reader or as an author. Every reader or author can register by themselve using the journal's website. After clicking the register item they will be guided through the registration process. After registration they will be able to login by username and password and then authors may submit their papers. The system will immediately confirm the submission and will automatically trigger the review process. 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ABSTRAKMoney laundering (Pencucian uang) merupakan salah satu aspek dari perbuatan kejahatan, yang merupakan salah satu dampak dari perkembangan teknologi di bidang transaksi keuangan dan berkaitan dengan latar belakang dari perolehan sejumlah uang yang sifatnya gelap, haram atau kotor, lalu sejumlah uang kotor ini kemudian dikelola dengan aktivitas-aktivitas tertentu seperti dengan membentuk usaha, mentransfer atau mengkonversikannya ke bank atau valuta asing sebagai langkah untuk menghilangkan latar belakang dari dana kotor tersebut.Kemajuan sistem cyberspace (internet), dapat menyuburkan praktek money laundering dimana pembayaran melalui bank secara elektronik (cyberpayment) dapat dilakukan. Begitu pula seseorang pelaku money laundering bisa mendepositokan uang kotor (dirty money, hot money) kepada suatu bank tanpa mencantumkan identitasnya.Upaya penanggulangan pencucian uang dapat ditempuh, Pertama, berupa langkah-langkah kriminalisasi dan peningkatan pengaturan acara pidana hingga kepada perluasan yurisdiksi (extra territorial jurisdiction) dan bersentuhan langsung daengan sistem peradilan pidana. Kedua, melalui langkah preventif dengan meningkatkan kewapadaan lembaga keuangan, meningkatkan peranan financial intelegence dan supervisory authority, dan termasuk di dalam langkah ini dengan membentuk kerjasama internasional, sehingga permasalahan yang diteliti: Bagaimana latar belakang Indonesia menjadi sebuah negara yang ikut beperan serta dalam memerangi tindak pidana pencucian uang?; Bagaimanakah kebijakan hukum Kriminal di Indonesia dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana pencucian uang? Dan Masalah-masalah apa yang menjadi penghambat dalam pelaksanaan menghadapi kejahatan pencucian uang Kebijakan kriminal perlu dilakukan sebagai langkah pengaturan dalam hukum pidana. Kebijakan kriminal (criminal policy) adalah usaha yang rasional untuk menanggulangi kejahatan. Politik kriminal ini merupakan bagian politik penegakan hukum dalam arti luas. Pencucian uang sebagai suatu aktivitas yang menimbulkan kerugian, yakni kerugian ekonomi antar negara,selain pula memicu aktivitas yang illegal. Begitu besar angka pencucian uang di seluruh dunia telah memperlihatkan pentingnya dilakukan kriminalisasi pencucian uang.Suatu langkah penting dari kebijakan pemidanaan ialah dengan memformulasi sistem-sistem menjadi bagian dari hukum pidana. Formulasi sistem demikian mengarah kepada prinsip keseimbangan kepentingan yang dikenal dengan daad-daderstraafrecht. Secara kebijakan hukum pidana, dikenal pembaruan dan ekstensifikasi asas legalitas, yang berkembang dari asas legalitas yang bersifat formil ke asas legalitas yang bersifat materiel.Tindak Pidana Money laundering diatur dalam Undang-Undang No 15 Tahun 2002 dan diubah dengan Undang-Undang No 25 Tahun 2003 ditemukan beberapa kelemahan sehingga memerlukan formulasi ulang yang dikenal dengan kebijakan kriminal karena kegiatan pencucian uang tidak terbatas pada skala nasional saja, namun sudah memasuki wilayah regional, trans-nasional ataupun internasional.ABSTRACTMoney laundering ( Money laundrying) be one of aspect from badness deed, which is one of impact of technological development in monetary transaction area and relates to background from acquirement a number of moneys that is in character dark, illicit or dirty, then a number of this dirty moneys then is managed with certain activitys like by forming business, transfers or converts it to bank or foreign currency as step of eliminate background from the dirty fund.Progress of system cyberspace ( internet), can fertilize practice of money laundering where payment through bank in electronic ( cyberpayment) can be done. So also perpetrator someone money laundering dirty money deposit can ( dirty money, hot money) to a bank without mentioning its(the identity.Effort penanggulangan of money laundrying can be gone through, Firstly, in the form of kriminalisation stages;steps and improvement of arrangement of event of finite crime to jurisdiction extension ( extra territorial jurisdiction) and comes into contact with direct with crime system of judicature. Second, through step of preventif by increasing kewapadaan financial institution, increases role of financial intelegence and supervisory authority, and is including in stepping this by forming international cooperation, so that problems that is accurate: What reasoning of Indonesia becomes a state is following beperan and in fighting money laundrying crime?; How policy of law Kriminal in Indonesia in overcoming money laundrying crime? And Problems what becoming resistor in execution faces money laundrying badness ?Criminal policy need to be done as step of arrangement in criminal law. Criminal policy ( criminal policy) be rational business to overcome badness. This political crime is part of politics straightening of law in meaning of wide. Money laundrying as an activity generating loss, namely economic loss between negara,selain also triggers activity which illegal. Money laundrying number so big in the world has showed the importance of done [by] kriminalisation of money laundrying.An important step from policy of crime is with formulation of systems becomes part of criminal law. formulation of System that way leads to importance balance principle recognized as daad-daderstraafrecht. In criminal law policy, recognized renewaland ekstensifikasi legality ground, is growing from legality ground having the character of formal to legality ground having the character of materiel.Crime Money laundering arranged in inviting No 15 The year 2002 and changed with invitors No 25 The year 2003 found [by] some weakness causing requires re-formulation recognized as criminal policy because activity of unlimited money laundrying at national scale only, but has entered region regional, trans-nasional or international.

This study explores primary school curriculum development in Tanzania. Curriculum development is part of a wider socio-political discussion within a society, and has powerful implications in overall educational planning. Therefore, the actors and influences that have the power in curriculum development should be approached critically. With the help of the case study of Tanzania, national curriculum theorising is situated in a transnational and global discussion. Two predominant Western curriculum traditions, the Anglo-American curriculum and the European-Scandinavian Bildung-Didaktik, are used to test the theories of curriculum development in Tanzania. The aspects of curriculum politicisation and the decentralisation process in education are used to help to identify who holds curricular power in the national curriculum development process in Tanzania. The study is based on a case study methodology as it aims to build a holistic picture of the Tanzanian curriculum development process and uses Tanzania as a specific case. The case study methodology draws on general qualitative research and the data is gathered and analysed with methods used in many qualitative research projects. The primary data was gathered during fieldwork in Tanzania. The primary data includes fifteen interviews that were conducted with stakeholders in Tanzanian curriculum development. Simultaneously, the study encompasses features from theoretical research, as it incorporates the curriculum theories into the analyses. The reason for this lies in the opportunity to analyse the questions of curricular power on a general level, and to distinct certain transnational features in Tanzanian curriculum planning. The Tanzanian curriculum development process is currently marked by the lack of access to the curriculum document and the overall lack of knowledge about the curriculum development process. The curriculum is developed at a central level while there is a rising need to involve teachers and other local stakeholders in the development process. The findings of the research demonstrate that curriculum development in Tanzania is strongly influenced by international forces. The international influences guide the curriculum to follow transnational and global curriculum traditions that draw deeply on the Anglo-American curriculum. Simultaneously, due to strong post-independent self-reliance policies, a strong need for a national curriculum can be distinguished in Tanzanian curriculum theorising. This calls for strong local involvement in the curriculum in order to maintain a self-reliant Tanzania, in which education serves the nation and its population. With reference to the theoretical analysis, the findings demonstrate that traces from both of the two transnational curriculum traditions can be distinguished in the Tanzanian curriculum theorising. The presence of these transnational features should not guide the interpretations of the Tanzanian curriculum development process towards a narrow global interpretation of curriculum development. Rather, the findings show that Tanzanian national curriculum development can be situated into a larger global discussion of curriculum, in order to identify the actors and forces that eventually are influential in curriculum theorising. TIIVISTELMÄ Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on perehtyä Tansanian perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman suunnitteluun. Opetussuunnitelman suunnittelu on osa laajempaa sosiopoliittista keskustelua ja sillä on suuret vaikutukset yhteiskunnan opetusjärjestelmään. Tämän vuoksi opetussuunnitelman suunnitteluun vaikuttavien tahojen ja toimijoiden valtaa tulee lähestyä kriittisesti. Tansania tapaustutkimuksenaan, tämä tutkimus tarkastelee valtiollista opetussuunnitelma teoretisointia suhteessa ylikansalliseen ja globaaliin keskusteluun. Länsimaisessa opetussuunnitelmateoriassa vaikuttaa vahvasti kaksi opetussuunnitelma traditiota, angloamerikkalainen opetussuunnitelma ja eurooppa-skandinaavinen Bildung-didaktik traditio, joiden ilmenemistä ja vaikutteita tarkastellaan Tansanian opetussuunnitelman yhteydessä. Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelun valtaa pitävät tahot pyritään selvittämään opetussuunnitelman politisoinnin ja desentralisaatio prosessin avulla. Tutkimus perustuu tapaustutkimuksen metodologiaan ja sen tavoitteena on muodostaa holistinen kuva Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelusta ja käyttää Tansaniaa tapaustutkimuksena. Tapaustutkimuksen metodologia perustuu laadullisen tutkimuksen pohjalle ja tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty ja analysoitu laadullisen tutkimuksen metodien avulla. Aineisto kerättiin tutkimusmatkan aikana Tansaniasta. Tämä aineisto sisälsi viisitoista haastattelua eri sidosryhmän jäsenten kanssa. Samanaikaisesti tutkimus muodostuu osittain teoreettisen tutkimuksen muotoon, sillä aineistonanalyysi yhdistää Tansanian tapaustutkimuksen aineiston ja opetussuunnitelmateorian teoreettista kirjallisuutta. Tutkimustulokset mahdollistavat sekä yleisemmän opetussuunnitelman tarkastelun että Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelun tarkastelun suhteessa ylikansalliseen opetussuunnitelmateoriaan. Tämän hetkistä Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelua hankaloittaa se, että opetussuunnitelma ei ole saatavilla. Lisäksi tietämys opetussuunnitelman suunnittelusta on vähäistä. Opetussuunnitelman suunnittelu on keskitettyä, vaikka tarve sisällyttää opettajat ja paikallisia sidosryhmiä suunnitteluprosessiin on vahva. Tulokset osoittavat, että Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnitteluun vaikuttaa kansainväliset virtaukset. Tansanian opetussuunnitelma seuraa ylikansallisia ja globaaleja malleja, jotka pohjautuvat angloamerikkalaiseen opetussuunnitelma traditioon. Samanaikaisesti itsenäistymisen jälkeen omaksutut self-reliance ohjelmat vaikuttavat yhä Tansanian koulutussuunnittelussa ja vaativat kansallista opetussuunnitelmaa. Tästä johtuen opetussuunnitelma suunnitteluun kaivataan myös vahvaa paikallista osaamista, joka mahdollistaa Tansanian omavaraisuuden koulutussuunnitellussa ja edesauttaa koko yhteiskunnan osaamista ja hyvinvointia. Ylikansallisten virtausten näkymisen Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelussa ei tule johdattaa tulkintoja kohti kapeakatseista opetussuunnitelman suunnittelua. Sen sijaan tulokset osoittavat, että ylikansallisia piirteitä voidaan havaita myös Tansanian opetussuunnitelman suunnittelusta ja tätä tietoa voidaan hyödyntää, kun pyritään selvittämään mitkä tahot ja toimijat ovat oikeasti vallassa opetussuunnitelman teoretisoinnissa.

The impact on the human psyche, body and emotions in those who endure major traumatic events is well documented, regardless of whether trauma is human induced or the result of natural disasters. In particular, symptoms leading to depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been linked to traumatic events. PTSD was developed in the United States initially following the documentation of traumatic symptoms in Vietnam veterans after they returned home from the war. Similarly, the diagnosis of PTSD is widely used across Asian countries, and in Cambodia specifically. PTSD diagnoses are reinforced in medical, clinical and academic training programmes, as well as in research designs and outcomes. More profoundly, the diagnosis of PTSD was highlighted by foreign experts after their psychiatric, forensic evaluation of survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide; their findings underscored testimonies during hearings in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). This study set out initially to determine the discrepancy between descriptive analyses of PTSD, and lived experiences of Cambodian survivors of the Khmer Rouge. Despite studies on idioms of distress in non-Western cultures, few ethno-cultural studies capture fully the trauma response set of symptoms in the context of Cambodians' postgenocide history. Given the dearth of assessment infrastructure for the Cambodian context, this study was designed with three objectives: 1) to explore the meaning of trauma and the ethnocultural range of responses to distress, including baksbat (broken courage) for those living inside Cambodia; 2) to develop and validate an inventory to measure ethno-cultural conditions and expressions of baksbat; and 3) to increase the cultural competency in particular on baksbat to local and foreign mental health workers who are practicing and researching in Cambodia. This study used a progression of qualitative and quantitative mixed-methods that started with ethnographic interviews and focus groups in order to unfold the ethno-cultural meaning of trauma; validation of the inventory followed. The focus group discussions were conducted with 53 experts in order to understand the baksbat domain from their overlapping and individual perspectives of context, content, and process. Thematic analysis of the interview data assisted the item development of the first inventory designed to measure the baksbat complex. That inventory for baksbat was administered to a clinical sample inside Cambodia in order to validate the clustering of items. Cambodian psychiatric research is validated mostly on former refugee populations residing outside Cambodia, so a baseline sample taken from inside the country was essential to its cultural reliability. From these objectives, the author published three related articles in peer reviewed journals that are attached inside the thesis. The first article was about the understanding and the analysis of the ethno-cultural concept of baksbat from a social, historical, political, medical and etymological perspective. The author also compared the overlapping symptoms between baksbat and PTSD in terms of symptomatology, causation, and treatment. The second article described the development and validation of the baksbat inventory using statistical measures, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore the factor loading, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the validity of the inventory. This article establishes the development and validation of the baksbat inventory. The third article was written about the application of baksbat as an ethno-cultural condition. Herein, its use offered real practice potential in forensic, clinical, research, and education about transcultural trauma in Cambodia. The author cautioned that foreign experts used PTSD criteria to support their forensic evidence, but because of the lack of cultural sensitivity of PTSD criteria, it may have failed to capture trauma symptoms among survivors. In his third article, the author recommends the use of baksbat together with PTSD criteria in giving forensic evidence; also, the author demonstrated its use when testifying as an expert witness on psychological trauma on survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) on the 4th and 5th June 2013. The three published articles presented in this thesis correspond to the three broad aims of this study. This study was exploratory and confirmatory, as there have been no prior systematic and in depth studies conducted on this topic among the Khmer population in Cambodia. The findings show that PTSD and baksbat criteria combined represent better Cambodian survivors descriptive symptoms of trauma. This ethno-cultural syndrome, baksbat provides new knowledge for application on cultural aspects of trauma and mental health in Cambodia. In addition, there is broad scope for other former Cambodian refugees who are living abroad, and for others living in non-Western or Buddhist contexts. These findings bring us another step closer to representing human experience more fully in this long journey across the fields of transcultural psychiatry and traumatic studies.

Allama Iqbal called Afghanistan the 'heart of Asia'. He predicted that if Afghanistan is in turmoil, entire Asia would be. To a greater extent, he was right due to Afghanistan's uncanny geo-political importance. Afghanistan as an organized nation state was born in 1709 when the Hotaki dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by Ahmad Shah Abdali rise to power in 1747.For the last four thousand years, Afghanistan act as a buffer or gateway for the invaders who want to reach India. Its inhabitants, the valiant Pashtuns or Afghans had effectively administered Indian subcontinent for the last several centuries. In 18th century, it was the only nation in the Indian Subcontinent that successfully checked the British advancement in Central Asia. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the 'Great Game' between the British and Russian empires. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 and the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, King Amanullah started modernization of the country. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community and, following a 1927–28 tour of Europe and Turkey, introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation. A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi, an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's 1923 constitution, which made elementary education compulsory. Up to Soviet invasion Afghanistan bloomed as an educated and technologically advanced nation with remarkable literacy ratio.During the Cold War, after the withdrawal of the British from neighboring India in 1947, the United States and the Soviet Union began spreading their influences in Afghanistan. Between 1979 and 1989, the country experienced a major war between the US-backed mujahedeen forces and the Soviet-backed Afghan government in which over a million Afghans lost their lives. This was followed by the 1990s Afghan civil war, the rise and fall of the Taliban government and the 2001–present war. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security in Afghanistan and assist the Karzai administration.The decades of war made Afghanistan the world's most dangerous country including the largest producer of refugees and asylum seekers. While the international community is rebuilding war-torn Afghanistan, terrorist groups backed by ISI as well as other global powers are actively involved in a nationwide insurgency which includes hundreds of assassinations and suicide attacks. In addition to this, the regular intervention of Afghanistan's neighboring nations in its internal politics has been one of the major reasons for the destabilization of the nation as well as mushrooming of terrorist activities in South Asia. The neighboring nations are culturing terrorists in order to gain a level of influence in the god forsaken nation. According to the United Nations; the insurgents were responsible for 80% of civilian casualties in 2011 and 2012.As far as the issues of Corruption and mal-governance are considered, it arises due to regular foreign intervention (in one way or the other) and civil war for the past 35 years which almost destroyed the very basic framework of the nation. The Soviet invasion indirectly gives rise to Warlordism which ultimately proved fatal for the common Afghan. Infinite number of travelogues and writings by western intellectual claims the fact that corruption in pre 1979 Afghanistan was far lower as compared to Iran and highly corrupt Pakistan. Ironically, the U.S. led occupation in the name of ensuring liberty and freedom to common Afghans proved instrumental in turning Afghanistan as one of the most corrupt nations on the planet. The Americans have failed in almost everything to made Afghanistan a peaceful state. The fundamental needs of common men were never addressed satisfactorily. Anthony H. Cordesman(September 2010), national security expert and a former Reagan Pentagon official, in a Center for Strategic and International Studies report entitled 'How America Corrupted Afghanistan' clearly stated that 'It is time that we as Americans — in government, in the media, and as analysts and academics — took a hard look at the causes of corruption in Afghanistan. The fact is that we are at least as much to blame for what has happened as the Afghans, and we have been grindingly slow to either admit our efforts or correct them.'In a nutshell, this paper will zero in on the deterioration of Afghanistan from a modern state to a collapsed corrupt nation. The paper will try to review its past, present as well as future and will try to search the answers that how a modern peaceful nation becomes the most chaotic and corrupt nation on the planet. As the nation has been heavily exploited by foreigners as well as the selfish rulers, a peaceful, strong and corruption free Afghanistan will be a boon for peace and prosperity in the South Asian region. Besides, the paper will made a rigorous attempt to explore the different forms of corruption prevalent in the contemporary Afghanistan and what steps must be taken to counter it.