Suchergebnisse

This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) discussed the June 1992 elections from the point of view of Slovakia, anticipating a major political destabilisation in Slovakia, accompanied by major economic problems and "moral chaos". Mr Patočka (ČSAV) looked at the attitude of local elites to the transition, including retraining issues and different adaptation processes. ; International audience ; This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) ...

This round table of 21 April 1992 organised by CEFRES aimed to analyse the social transformations brought about by Czech economic reform. S. Trinh first focused on the social actors involved in economic reform, and then J. Musil looked at the social institutions needed for such a reform. I. Mucha later analyses the social impact of new legislation, while Z. Strmiska looks at political and social culture in the transformation of post-communist societies, and V. Krivy on socio-cultural models of economic transformation. Finally, J. Večerník was interested in changes in social conditions and living standards, and P. Kucha" was concerned with those affecting social and employment status following economic reforms. ; International audience ; This round table of 21 April 1992 organised by CEFRES aimed to analyse the social transformations brought about by Czech economic reform. S. Trinh first focused on the social actors involved in economic reform, and then J. Musil looked at the social institutions needed for such a reform. I. Mucha later analyses the social impact of new legislation, while Z. Strmiska looks at political and social culture in the transformation of post-communist societies, and V. Krivy on socio-cultural models of economic transformation. Finally, J. Večerník was interested in changes in social conditions and living standards, and P. Kucha" was concerned with those affecting social and employment status following economic reforms. ; Cette table ronde du 21 avril 1992 organisée par le CEFRES avait pour objet d'analyser les transformations sociales provoquées par la réforme économique tchèque. S. Trinh s'intéresse tout d'abord aux acteurs sociaux de la réforme économique, puis J. Musil se penche sur les institutions sociales nécessaires à une telle réforme. I. Mucha analyse par la suite l'impact social des nouvelles législations, tandis que Z. Strmiska se penche sur la culture politique et sociale dans la transformation des sociétés post-communistes, et V. Krivy sur les modèles socio-culturels de la ...

Most of the developing countries engaged in structural adjustment programs are progressively withdrawing from the management of large scale public irrigation systems. A number of recent studies have highlighted the political difficulties faced by Governments to implement such reforms, raising the question of their political feasibility. After reviewing the irrigation management reforms undertaken in other countries, this research focuses on the Pakistan case, where such a reform has been initiated in 1993. The analysis of 50 years of agricultural policy in Pakistan reveals that most cases of reform failure that have occurred in the past can be attributed to the resistance of powerful interest groups, and more specifically to the coalition of the rural elite with the public administration. In order to understand the opposition of these groups to the proposed irrigation management reform, we analyse the actual functioning of an irrigation system at the local level. A case study is conducted in Southern Punjab to quantify the economic value of the rents threatened by the reform. This study shows that the rents are shared between actors belonging to the private and the public sectors, through a system of administrative and political corruption. The functioning of this system is formalised using a game theoretical framework, and the conclusions derived from this model are empirically validated with an econometric study. The qualitative and quantitative information collected as well the theoretical model are then used to develop a prospective view of the reform. We identify several factors that may generate a significant risk of reform failure and suggest a few measures that could be implemented to mitigate this risk. ; Dans la mouvance des programme d'ajustement structurel, l'Etat se désengage progressivement de la gestion des grands périmètres irrigués publics dans la plupart des pays en développement. Le constat des difficultés politiques rencontrées par les gouvernements pour mettre en ouvre ces réformes soulève ...

The loss of interest in socialist ideals over the past 2 decades has cleared the way for the elaboration of a radical liberal response for resolving the ecological crisis. This environmental position proposes a more comprehensive extension of the procedures of private appropriation over the domain of natural resources. This approach stems from two schools of thought -- free-market environmentalism & libertarianism -- that are rarely differentiated in the literature. Such a distinction is indeed significant in evaluating privatization as an option because theoretical divergences translate into conflicting options in the area of environmental management. An examination of their respective proposals demonstrates that both options are prone to problems of feasibility & philosophical objections concerning the definition of a just society. As such, even if the practical difficulties inherent to a pure capitalist system could be generally resolved, the question of reconciling the needs of the environment with market principles remains unanswered. Adapted from the source document.

Switzerland is the first country in which heroin has been prescribed to a relatively large number of people under experimental conditions and with the intention of introducing heroin as a medical treatment for seriously dependent addicts. The article examines the cultural, social and political processes which contributed to the feasibility of these experiments. Empirical analysis showed three influences to be at work: 1) a public discourse on drugs, starting during the 1980s, which provided legitimacy for national initiatives on prescribing heroin; 2) innovatory practices by local agencies in the German-speaking towns where the seriousness of the problem had promoted a search for alternatives to criminalisation; 3) groups of experts at the national level for whom the medical approach was the preferred one.

Central Europe and European Unions : The double differentiation.
The commitment to enlarge the EU by taking in a second group of 15 member- states from central, eastern and southern Europe is sometimes far ahead of its actual, rapid and widespread implementation at this turn of a new century. True, everything seems to fit into the agreed-upon calendar. And most political leaders present this doubling of the number of member-states as something to be taken for granted - to the point that any doubts about the feasibility of such a tremendous geopolitical transformation on the continent seem unwarranted. But some factors call for caution : the real economic and (especially) political situation in certain applicant countries ; and the serious questions that such changes raise about the nature and operation of the EU itself. We should not make a mistake about the sources of quite real difficulties. In each case, we must identify the options that depend on the EU and the variables that depend on the states applying for membership. Sorting out the various factors is a prerequisite for analyzing the system of complex interaction that the Europe for tomorrow already forms today.

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

Given the huge demand for economic housing in developing countries which is currently estimated at tens of millions of units, land-based construction can provide relevant solutions in both the informal and formal sectors. With regard to the transfer of land-based construction technology, France is able to make a very diverse contribution covering the entire register of competences. The French potential is rich in experience gained over the last 40 years on a variety of land, and capitalises on know-how that is probably not similar in other countries. France can and must invest in this sector, which is to become a leading sector, provided that its 'earth network' is organised and valued in line with the challenges and the international challenge posed today. The study evaluates the French supply in this sector, in addition to a reply to a questionnaire systematically sent to the identified partners, and develops a reasoned analysis enabling the potential and prospects for the efficient operation of the earth network to be clearly identified, while ensuring certain economic benefits in the long term. In the field of earthquake construction, the French network is expected to play a privileged role at international level. The various partners must also be aware of the importance of this and the earth network should not be reduced to the existence of a limited number of second-hand "specialists", "predators" benefiting from an exceptional pattern and climate of disparate interests, or representatives of technical, political or administrative bodies involved "very high quality".Study commissions, exploratory missions and feasibility studies must now be relayed by training and achievements. It is clear that the French earth network is currently suffering from a lack of genuinely operational designers and builders that the T.F.E. training activities of ENTPE, CEAA 'Architecture de Terre' of the Grenoble Academy of Architecture, DEA Géosciences of the USMG, are still too limited and are still at their premise. It also ...