Suchergebnisse

This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) discussed the June 1992 elections from the point of view of Slovakia, anticipating a major political destabilisation in Slovakia, accompanied by major economic problems and "moral chaos". Mr Patočka (ČSAV) looked at the attitude of local elites to the transition, including retraining issues and different adaptation processes. ; International audience ; This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) ...

This round table of 21 April 1992 organised by CEFRES aimed to analyse the social transformations brought about by Czech economic reform. S. Trinh first focused on the social actors involved in economic reform, and then J. Musil looked at the social institutions needed for such a reform. I. Mucha later analyses the social impact of new legislation, while Z. Strmiska looks at political and social culture in the transformation of post-communist societies, and V. Krivy on socio-cultural models of economic transformation. Finally, J. Večerník was interested in changes in social conditions and living standards, and P. Kucha" was concerned with those affecting social and employment status following economic reforms. ; International audience ; This round table of 21 April 1992 organised by CEFRES aimed to analyse the social transformations brought about by Czech economic reform. S. Trinh first focused on the social actors involved in economic reform, and then J. Musil looked at the social institutions needed for such a reform. I. Mucha later analyses the social impact of new legislation, while Z. Strmiska looks at political and social culture in the transformation of post-communist societies, and V. Krivy on socio-cultural models of economic transformation. Finally, J. Večerník was interested in changes in social conditions and living standards, and P. Kucha" was concerned with those affecting social and employment status following economic reforms. ; Cette table ronde du 21 avril 1992 organisée par le CEFRES avait pour objet d'analyser les transformations sociales provoquées par la réforme économique tchèque. S. Trinh s'intéresse tout d'abord aux acteurs sociaux de la réforme économique, puis J. Musil se penche sur les institutions sociales nécessaires à une telle réforme. I. Mucha analyse par la suite l'impact social des nouvelles législations, tandis que Z. Strmiska se penche sur la culture politique et sociale dans la transformation des sociétés post-communistes, et V. Krivy sur les modèles socio-culturels de la ...

Most of the developing countries engaged in structural adjustment programs are progressively withdrawing from the management of large scale public irrigation systems. A number of recent studies have highlighted the political difficulties faced by Governments to implement such reforms, raising the question of their political feasibility. After reviewing the irrigation management reforms undertaken in other countries, this research focuses on the Pakistan case, where such a reform has been initiated in 1993. The analysis of 50 years of agricultural policy in Pakistan reveals that most cases of reform failure that have occurred in the past can be attributed to the resistance of powerful interest groups, and more specifically to the coalition of the rural elite with the public administration. In order to understand the opposition of these groups to the proposed irrigation management reform, we analyse the actual functioning of an irrigation system at the local level. A case study is conducted in Southern Punjab to quantify the economic value of the rents threatened by the reform. This study shows that the rents are shared between actors belonging to the private and the public sectors, through a system of administrative and political corruption. The functioning of this system is formalised using a game theoretical framework, and the conclusions derived from this model are empirically validated with an econometric study. The qualitative and quantitative information collected as well the theoretical model are then used to develop a prospective view of the reform. We identify several factors that may generate a significant risk of reform failure and suggest a few measures that could be implemented to mitigate this risk. ; Dans la mouvance des programme d'ajustement structurel, l'Etat se désengage progressivement de la gestion des grands périmètres irrigués publics dans la plupart des pays en développement. Le constat des difficultés politiques rencontrées par les gouvernements pour mettre en ouvre ces réformes soulève ...

International audience ; The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

International audience The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

International audience ; The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

International audience ; This article discusses the socio-technical feasibility context within a large energy company in a digital hybridization situation. Indeed, the mediation carried out by information and communication technologies is increasing exponentially, as is the political influence of the information systems department in charge of these technical devices. It is then necessary to better understand how this hybridization takes place in an industrial company. To do this, we mobilize a three-year participant observation from which the data presented and analyzed in the socio-technical feasibility grid are extracted. ; Cet article revient sur le contexte de faisabilité sociotechnique au sein d'une grande entreprise de l'énergie dans une situation d'hybridation numérique. En effet, la médiation opérée par les technologies de l'information et de la communication s'accentue de manière exponentielle, de même que l'influence politique de la direction des systèmes d'information en charge de ces dispositifs techniques. Il est alors nécessaire de mieux appréhender le contexte contribuant à cette hybridation dans une entreprise industrielle. Pour cela, nous mobilisons une observation participante de trois ans d'où sont extraites les données présentées et analysées dans une grille de faisabilité sociotechnique de sorte à identifier des effets de l'hybridation de l'organisation au regard de la médiation des pratiques sociales ou encore de la temporalité.

The paper examines deals with the possibility to keep the 'acquis' of the Constitutional Treaty in terms of simplification of the EC-EU treaties and of rationalisation of the EU legal system if the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe were not to be ratified in the form it has been signed on 29 October 2004. The basic assumption of the paper is that contrary to what is too often said, not only the length of the treaty may not be seen as a primary cause of its rejection in the French and Dutch referendums of 2005, but also that a shorter treaty might not serve better the objective of clarity than a longer one. Five basic elements are being identified as the European Convention's 'acquis' which should be maintained in the future: the suppression of the pillar structure, the integration of the Charter of fundamental right in the EU fundamental treaty, the reorganisation of the treaties - as done in part III of the Constitution for Europe - the typology of legal instruments of the Union and the typology of competences. While acknowledging that a number of formal, technical and political improvements could further be added to the existing text, which could also formally be split in two if necessary, the paper is rather sceptical about the political feasibility of scenarios which would not be based on the ratification of the existing European Constitution's content.

Every utterance is composed of an implicit or an explicit message which highlights the speaker's aims and steers the interlocutor towards a response or an interpretation intended by the speaker. In the field of political discourse, the objective of the politician's discourse is to make the interlocutor and the spectator take a partisan view. Consequently, the language used is often persuasive. Studies have shown that communication is not exclusively verbal. They reveal the role of cognition in all forms of communication. A formalist approach does not take into account the psychological dimension of communication, while a psychological approach fails to account for cognition by not addressing communication within a sufficiently detailed linguistic context. In the framework that we have chosen, the cognitive domain is located within a conceptual approach. As a result, it is necessary to analyse both verbal and non-verbal communication. To what extent is the spoken message transmitted through other means? Our analysis will highlight the paralinguistic dimension of language both in space and time – gesture, gaze and posture. The electoral success of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom in 2010 gave rise to the first British coalition government since 1945. The role played by the party's opponent, the Liberal Democrats, has led to many debates about the feasibility of a coalition due to the ideological divide. It is therefore essential to examine the political context with regard to the type of discourse. In order to achieve this, we have chosen a cognitive approach to discourse analysis. To what extent are the linguistic and paralinguistic phenomena intended or unintended? To what extent is there any coherence between these different observable phenomena? A multimodal approach will help us to identify the link between semantics, lexis and grammar in order to determine the relevance of the discourse. A number of theories of cognitive linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis form the basis of our conceptual ...

Economic calculation applied to the choice of road investments, developed by the economists engineers of roads and bridges, is a tool to enlighten the choices of policymakers. But the effectiveness of this tool does not result in the choices, policy makers referring to a wider rationality that involved the desirability and political feasibility. Also, the economic calculations remain despite attempts by experts to correct its incompleteness, insufficiently embedded in the decision process. However, recognition of economic expertise as an "exclusive" attribute of the Ponts et Chaussées (highways department), as well as technical expertise, will allow it in the mid-1960s to be given "ownership" of the highway case. With this dual recognition, it can design its own solutions, have them validated and implemented. Simple tool for rationalizing choices, economic calculation becomes an instrument of power to serve the ambitions of this department. But in the late 1980s, the economic maturity of the highway network being reached, the Ministry of Finance, based on the expertise of the direction of the Forecast, will interfere in the selection motorway making use of a strategy that will join the Court of Auditors and the General Planning Commission, following a subtle "instrumentation" window, to "destabilize" the direction of the Equipment Department of Roads from the shortcomings of its methods. In the context unfavorable to highway investments of the 1990s, economic calculation will become a tool for streamlining the decision process, the direction of the Routes to adapt to its environment to going on rolling out the "ribbon" highway.This thesis offers a new light on the role played by the Ministry of Finance, the "sponsor" of economic calculation. It is also more widely sociology of administration through the power relations between departments and thought on the introduction of economics as a science of government.This thesis offers a new light on the role played by the Ministry of Finance, the "sponsor" of economic ...

Economic calculation applied to the choice of road investments, developed by the economists engineers of roads and bridges, is a tool to enlighten the choices of policymakers. But the effectiveness of this tool does not result in the choices, policy makers referring to a wider rationality that involved the desirability and political feasibility. Also, the economic calculations remain despite attempts by experts to correct its incompleteness, insufficiently embedded in the decision process. However, recognition of economic expertise as an "exclusive" attribute of the Ponts et Chaussées (highways department), as well as technical expertise, will allow it in the mid-1960s to be given "ownership" of the highway case. With this dual recognition, it can design its own solutions, have them validated and implemented. Simple tool for rationalizing choices, economic calculation becomes an instrument of power to serve the ambitions of this department. But in the late 1980s, the economic maturity of the highway network being reached, the Ministry of Finance, based on the expertise of the direction of the Forecast, will interfere in the selection motorway making use of a strategy that will join the Court of Auditors and the General Planning Commission, following a subtle "instrumentation" window, to "destabilize" the direction of the Equipment Department of Roads from the shortcomings of its methods. In the context unfavorable to highway investments of the 1990s, economic calculation will become a tool for streamlining the decision process, the direction of the Routes to adapt to its environment to going on rolling out the "ribbon" highway.This thesis offers a new light on the role played by the Ministry of Finance, the "sponsor" of economic calculation. It is also more widely sociology of administration through the power relations between departments and thought on the introduction of economics as a science of government.This thesis offers a new light on the role played by the Ministry of Finance, the "sponsor" of economic ...

This thesis is an evaluation of the overall technical and economic mitigation potential in China agriculture and the conditions of putting a carbon price in this sector. The research scope is cropland emissions and particularly those related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The thesis is articulated around the construction of a bottom-up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) which offers a rational framework for combining biophysical and economic data to reflect mitigation costs. This tool allows the aggregation of the mitigation potential arising from the application of a subset of cost-effective measures above a notional baseline level. An analysis of Chinese climate policies reveals that agriculture is nearly absent in the current national mitigation strategy. We therefore intend to assess the technical, economic and political feasibility of integrating agriculture into domestic mitigation policies. In the first place, the emissions trends and calculation methods are assessed to determine a rigorous approach to build baseline scenarios from projected business-as-usual activities to 2020. Secondly, we identify nine cropland mitigation measures, evaluate their abatement rates and future applicability beyond the baseline scenario to conclude a total feasible technical mitigation potential. The translation to the economic potential is then made by comparing the implementation costs of different mitigation options relative to conventional farming practices. The MACC results show that agriculture provides significant mitigation potential to be able to offset about one-third of baseline emissions and realisation of one-third of the potential is cost-negative for farmers. We finally examine the conditions of using economic instruments to reduce emissions at the lowest cost for the agricultural sector. Given the institutional, behaviour and socials obstacles, we strongly suggest a reform in agriculture fertilizer subsidies to send a clear political signal from central planning. Scaling-up offset projects using ...

This thesis is an evaluation of the overall technical and economic mitigation potential in China agriculture and the conditions of putting a carbon price in this sector. The research scope is cropland emissions and particularly those related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The thesis is articulated around the construction of a bottom-up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) which offers a rational framework for combining biophysical and economic data to reflect mitigation costs. This tool allows the aggregation of the mitigation potential arising from the application of a subset of cost-effective measures above a notional baseline level. An analysis of Chinese climate policies reveals that agriculture is nearly absent in the current national mitigation strategy. We therefore intend to assess the technical, economic and political feasibility of integrating agriculture into domestic mitigation policies. In the first place, the emissions trends and calculation methods are assessed to determine a rigorous approach to build baseline scenarios from projected business-as-usual activities to 2020. Secondly, we identify nine cropland mitigation measures, evaluate their abatement rates and future applicability beyond the baseline scenario to conclude a total feasible technical mitigation potential. The translation to the economic potential is then made by comparing the implementation costs of different mitigation options relative to conventional farming practices. The MACC results show that agriculture provides significant mitigation potential to be able to offset about one-third of baseline emissions and realisation of one-third of the potential is cost-negative for farmers. We finally examine the conditions of using economic instruments to reduce emissions at the lowest cost for the agricultural sector. Given the institutional, behaviour and socials obstacles, we strongly suggest a reform in agriculture fertilizer subsidies to send a clear political signal from central planning. Scaling-up offset projects using ...

Among several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a "political window" which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice. ; Parmi les nombreuses activités exercées sur les systèmes socio-écologiques littoraux, la pêche récréative a connu un essor important devenant ainsi un enjeu de développement durable. En France, les défauts de gouvernance de l'État dans la gestion du DPM invitent à s'interroger sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de ces pratiques de loisir. Ce ...

Among several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a "political window" which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice. ; Parmi les nombreuses activités exercées sur les systèmes socio-écologiques littoraux, la pêche récréative a connu un essor important devenant ainsi un enjeu de développement durable. En France, les défauts de gouvernance de l'État dans la gestion du DPM invitent à s'interroger sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de ces pratiques de loisir. Ce ...