Suchergebnisse

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

International audience ; In France, the heterogeneity of the conditions of education and of school's contexts is viewed as one of the most important aspects of the crisis of schools. But is there only the transfer of the segregation of social circumstances onto school ? Or should one admit that school itself is involved with the definition of various conditions of education ? The following text presents a current synthesis of French research results regarding the question of effects of context, expecially effects of teachers and schools. Thereby the weight lies on the methodologistic problems that appear, on their nuances and on their complexity (the results themselves occur in a fixed context), and the necessity is indicated to differentiate between its effect and fairness. In addition, the contribution delves into the controversies that led to the research results and concludes by pointing to a question of political consequences : is it about the mobilisation of the teaching body, the control of parental demands, or even more fundamentally, the feasibility of schools to offer everybody a pedagogic environment of equal quality ?

In an international context where the American superpower relative weakness has allowed new state actors to emerge and modify the western world order, the integration processes such as the ones occurring in South-America can be interpreted as a way of becoming independent before the world powers. But until now, the countries efforts to fit in have been unsuccessful. Differences of opinion between regional governments, as well as a lack of real political will of sovereignty cession to supranational organizations, challenged the feasibility of existing organizations such as Mercosur or Andean Community. However, despite various failures of regional integration in South America, the emerging countries increased power in the current unimultipolar world, which makes possible a new regionalization process under Brazilian hegemony. This hegemony is actually creating a new geopolitical configuration in South America, through the Unasur. That regional organism reflects the Brazil's desire to integrate itself in the international system in a completely autonomous way by creating, progressively, one of the determining power poles of this new century. ; Dans un contexte international où la faiblesse relative de la superpuissance américaine a permis l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs étatiques qui commencent à modifier l'ordre mondial occidental, les processus d'intégration comme ceux d'Amérique du Sud peuvent être interprétés comme un moyen d'acquérir l'autonomie face aux puissances du monde. Mais jusqu'à présent les efforts des pays pour s'intégrer ont été infructueux. Les divergences entre gouvernements de la région et l'inexistence d'une véritable volonté politique de cession de souveraineté auprès des organismes supranationaux ont remis en cause la faisabilité d'organismes existants comme le Mercosur ou la Communauté Andine. Cependant, malgré plusieurs échecs d'essais d'intégration régionale en Amérique Latine, le pouvoir accru des pays émergents dans l'actuel monde unimultipolaire donne la possibilité d'initier un processus de régionalisation sous l'hégémonie du Brésil. L'hégémonie brésilienne est en train de forger une nouvelle configuration géopolitique en Amérique du Sud, par l'intermédiaire institutionnel de l'Unasur. Cet organisme régional est un reflet de la volonté du Brésil de s'insérer de manière complètement autonome dans le système international, créant ainsi progressivement l'un des pôles de puissance qui donneront sa forme au siècle actuel.

http://pmp.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=19320 ; National audience ; The role of policy evaluation in social experimentation, between instrumentation and instrumentalisation. RSA case study : experimentation and evaluation. This article tackles the issue of policy evaluation in a context of social experimentations through the case studies of the RSA experimentations. It analyzes how the launching of the experimentation and its evaluation, its implementation and its usages are influenced by the liaison of interests, institutional dynamics and beliefs systems. The procedure turns out to be negotiated and invested by the main actors, and the evaluation pressured by political challenges, and therefore altering the knowledge that it produces. As a result, this procedure gives some hard evidence to the decision-makers of the social acceptance of the scheme, of its feasibility, operationality and efficiency. These results represent a crucial political argument that legitimizes the policy making, the experimental scheme and the actors that implement it. Therefore it questions how the instrumentation (or even the instrumentalization) of the experimentation and its evaluation, contributes to modifying the way in which public action is elaborated, legitimated and led. ; Cet article questionne la place de l'évaluation de politique publique dans un contexte d'expérimentations sociales par l'étude de cas des expérimentations du RSA. On analyse comment le lancement de l'expérimentation et de son évaluation, sa mise en œuvre et ses usages sont marqués par des intérêts d'acteurs, des dynamiques institutionnelles et des systèmes de croyances. La démarche se trouve négociée et investie par les acteurs, et l'évaluation contrainte par des enjeux politiques, orientant ainsi la connaissance qu'elle produit. Celle-ci vient alors apporter des preuves de l'acceptabilité sociale du dispositif, de sa faisabilité, de son opérationnalité et de son efficacité auprès des décideurs. Ses résultats constituent un argument politique fort ...

International audience ; [That an open world should tend to the free movement of people is obviously a desirable goal. To show the feasibility of such an objective, the construction of the European Union, and more specifically that of the Schengen area, provides an example of free migration between several countries. The result may be the impression that it would be sufficient to widen the opening of borders between the countries of the European Union to the whole of the planet. However, does the free movement of men and workers, in order to be realized in the general interest, not require policies to regulate migration?] ; Qu'un monde ouvert doive tendre à la libre circulation des personnes est évidemment un objectif souhaitable. Pour montrer la faisabilité d'un tel objectif, la construction de l'Union européenne, et plus précisément celle de l'espace Schengen, fournit un exemple de libre migration entre plusieurs pays. Il peut en résulter l'impression qu'il suffirait d'élargir l'ouverture des frontières réalisée entre les pays de l'Union européenne à la totalité de la planète. Toutefois, la libre circulation des hommes et des travailleurs, pour se réaliser dans l'intérêt général, ne nécessite-t-elle pas des politiques de régulation des migrations ?

International audience ; [That an open world should tend to the free movement of people is obviously a desirable goal. To show the feasibility of such an objective, the construction of the European Union, and more specifically that of the Schengen area, provides an example of free migration between several countries. The result may be the impression that it would be sufficient to widen the opening of borders between the countries of the European Union to the whole of the planet. However, does the free movement of men and workers, in order to be realized in the general interest, not require policies to regulate migration?] ; Qu'un monde ouvert doive tendre à la libre circulation des personnes est évidemment un objectif souhaitable. Pour montrer la faisabilité d'un tel objectif, la construction de l'Union européenne, et plus précisément celle de l'espace Schengen, fournit un exemple de libre migration entre plusieurs pays. Il peut en résulter l'impression qu'il suffirait d'élargir l'ouverture des frontières réalisée entre les pays de l'Union européenne à la totalité de la planète. Toutefois, la libre circulation des hommes et des travailleurs, pour se réaliser dans l'intérêt général, ne nécessite-t-elle pas des politiques de régulation des migrations ?

Cet article revient sur les technologies de communication mondiales dans les structures européennes : du développement des satellites et de l'aérospatiale jusqu'à l'Internet en orbite terrestre et le phénomène associé de convergence des médias. À la complexité technologique due à la convergence des médias (fusion technique et fonctionnelle des réseaux de téléphone et d'Internet, des ordinateurs et des téléphones portables par le biais de réseaux mondiaux de télécommunication assistés par satellites), s'ajoute la possibilité technique d'utiliser la communication par satellites différemment à des fins militaires, économiques et de télécommunication. Des hypothèses systémiques et historiques sur des médias guideront l'analyse de cette combinaison de technologie, d'institutions et de politique, et elles seront interprétées en adoptant une approche critique (de l'idéologie). ; This article focuses on global communication technologies in the context of EU institutions, from satellite and aerospace development to low Earth-orbiting Internet satellites and the associated phenomenon of media convergence. The technological complexities that stem from their convergence (technical and functional merging of telecommunications networks, computers and mobile phones through global satellite networks) are compounded by the technical feasibility of using satellite communication in different ways for military, economic and telecommunications purposes. Hypotheses based on systems and historical approaches were used to guide our combined analysis of the technological, institutional and political dimensions, with the results interpreted through an (ideologically) critical approach.

This study aims to formulate a method for determining the roads with potential for tree planting, based on issues of complexity of plantation, effectiveness in combating urban heat islands and economics. This method is based on a multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the feasibility of planting and a second multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of planting in relation to the cost of the project. The first objective is to be able to prioritise the roads to be greened and to identify sites with potential. The second objective is to be able to evaluate the number of additional trees that can be planted along the roads to meet the political objective of planting 30,000 trees in 6 years to combat urban heat islands. ; Cette étude vise à formuler une méthode de détermination des voies qui présentent du potentiel pour planter des arbres, basée sur des enjeux de complexité, d'efficacité de lutte contre les ilots de chaleurs urbains et économiques. Cette méthode se base sur une analyse multicritères pour évaluer la faisabilité de plantation et sur une seconde analyse multicritères pour évaluer l'efficacité de plantation par rapport au coût du projet. Le premier objectif est de pouvoir hiérarchiser les voies à végétaliser en priorité et repérer des sites avec du potentiel. Le second objectif est de pouvoir évaluer le nombre d'arbres supplémentaires plantables en accompagnement de voirie pour répondre à l'objectif politique de planter 30 000 arbres en 6 ans tout en luttant contre les ilots de chaleur urbains.

Background: Heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) can improve the condition of heroin addicts resistant to other treatment. A new trial compared HAT and methadone treatment with HAT limited to 12 months in order to assess its feasibility and efficacy in Belgium. Methods: TADAM (Treatment Assisted by Diacetylmorphine) was an open label randomised controlled trial. The experimental treatment was based upon the Swiss model of HAT developed in 1994. The primary efficacy criterion was determined by an improvement in street heroin use or in (physical or mental) health or a decrease in criminal involvement. Participants were assessed every 3 months. Self-reported data were complemented with toxicological analyses and criminal proceedings. Findings: 74 participants were randomised in the trial: 36 in the experimental group and 38 in the control group. The experimental group counted 30% of responders more than the control group at 3 months (p<0.05), 6 months (p<0.05), and 9 months (p<0.01). At 12 months, the number of responders was still higher in the experimental group (11%) but the difference was no longer significant (p=0.35). Street heroin use increased in the experimental group at the 12-month assessment just before the end of HAT. Conclusion: HAT is feasible and effective. However, HAT should not have a predetermined duration for heroin users for which heroin addiction became a chronic relapsing disease. Other data: In addition to the outcomes of the randomised controlled trial, the report contains other exploratory data and analysis: satisfaction of in treatment, criminological data, opinion of heroin users not included in the trial, opinion of caregivers and field workers (in the HAT centre, in the partner centres, and in other centres in the addiction field), impact of the HAT centre on its neighbourhood and a socio-economic evaluation. Funding: The TADAM trial was funded at 80% by the Federal Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health. It was also funded the City and the University of Liège. ; Een vertaling in het Nederlands van het document met de samenvattingen is hieronder beschikbaar.

The urban community Perpignan Méditerranée is decided to answer to the third national invitation to make projects about "Public Transport in Reserved Site" proposed on 7th of May 2013. This memory was wrotten in this context. It aims to question the relevance of the proposal High Level Service Network presented by the transport authority. This analytical work is based mainly on internship production in the Bus-Tram Department. It is based on facts and internal documents. It first looks at the consistency of the project from to political point of view, which is a key element for its feasibility. Then it provides a retrospective about the objectives and choices of service, and assesses their suitability with territorial needs. In the last part, we study the sustainability of the project to a financial aspect. This memory proposes a thought about the benefits of a deployment of High Level Service Network in Perpignan Méditerranée, as regard with territorial specificities. ; La communauté d'agglomération Perpignan Méditerranée s'est engagée à répondre au 3e appel à projets national « Transports en Commun en Site Propre » lancé le 7 mai 2013. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été réalisé ce mémoire de stage qui vise à interroger la pertinence du projet de Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service présenté par l'AOTU. Ce travail d'analyse s'appuie notamment sur des productions du stage à la Cellule Bus-Tram, d'éléments factuels et de documents internes. Il s'intéresse tout d'abord à la cohérence du projet d'un point de vue politique, élément déterminant pour sa faisabilité. Il propose ensuite une rétrospective des objectifs poursuivis et des choix de desserte, et évalue leur adéquation avec les besoins territoriaux. Une dernière partie permet d'étudier la soutenabilité du projet d'un point de vue financier. Ce mémoire invite ainsi à une réflexion sur l'intérêt du déploiement, dans l'agglomération perpignanaise, d'un Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service, tel qu'il est conçu pour ce 3e appel à projets TCSP et au regard des spécificités territoriales.

The urban community Perpignan Méditerranée is decided to answer to the third national invitation to make projects about "Public Transport in Reserved Site" proposed on 7th of May 2013. This memory was wrotten in this context. It aims to question the relevance of the proposal High Level Service Network presented by the transport authority. This analytical work is based mainly on internship production in the Bus-Tram Department. It is based on facts and internal documents. It first looks at the consistency of the project from to political point of view, which is a key element for its feasibility. Then it provides a retrospective about the objectives and choices of service, and assesses their suitability with territorial needs. In the last part, we study the sustainability of the project to a financial aspect. This memory proposes a thought about the benefits of a deployment of High Level Service Network in Perpignan Méditerranée, as regard with territorial specificities. ; La communauté d'agglomération Perpignan Méditerranée s'est engagée à répondre au 3e appel à projets national « Transports en Commun en Site Propre » lancé le 7 mai 2013. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été réalisé ce mémoire de stage qui vise à interroger la pertinence du projet de Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service présenté par l'AOTU. Ce travail d'analyse s'appuie notamment sur des productions du stage à la Cellule Bus-Tram, d'éléments factuels et de documents internes. Il s'intéresse tout d'abord à la cohérence du projet d'un point de vue politique, élément déterminant pour sa faisabilité. Il propose ensuite une rétrospective des objectifs poursuivis et des choix de desserte, et évalue leur adéquation avec les besoins territoriaux. Une dernière partie permet d'étudier la soutenabilité du projet d'un point de vue financier. Ce mémoire invite ainsi à une réflexion sur l'intérêt du déploiement, dans l'agglomération perpignanaise, d'un Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service, tel qu'il est conçu pour ce 3e appel à projets TCSP et au regard des spécificités territoriales.

The urban community Perpignan Méditerranée is decided to answer to the third national invitation to make projects about "Public Transport in Reserved Site" proposed on 7th of May 2013. This memory was wrotten in this context. It aims to question the relevance of the proposal High Level Service Network presented by the transport authority. This analytical work is based mainly on internship production in the Bus-Tram Department. It is based on facts and internal documents. It first looks at the consistency of the project from to political point of view, which is a key element for its feasibility. Then it provides a retrospective about the objectives and choices of service, and assesses their suitability with territorial needs. In the last part, we study the sustainability of the project to a financial aspect. This memory proposes a thought about the benefits of a deployment of High Level Service Network in Perpignan Méditerranée, as regard with territorial specificities. ; La communauté d'agglomération Perpignan Méditerranée s'est engagée à répondre au 3e appel à projets national « Transports en Commun en Site Propre » lancé le 7 mai 2013. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été réalisé ce mémoire de stage qui vise à interroger la pertinence du projet de Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service présenté par l'AOTU. Ce travail d'analyse s'appuie notamment sur des productions du stage à la Cellule Bus-Tram, d'éléments factuels et de documents internes. Il s'intéresse tout d'abord à la cohérence du projet d'un point de vue politique, élément déterminant pour sa faisabilité. Il propose ensuite une rétrospective des objectifs poursuivis et des choix de desserte, et évalue leur adéquation avec les besoins territoriaux. Une dernière partie permet d'étudier la soutenabilité du projet d'un point de vue financier. Ce mémoire invite ainsi à une réflexion sur l'intérêt du déploiement, dans l'agglomération perpignanaise, d'un Réseau à Haut Niveau de Service, tel qu'il est conçu pour ce 3e appel à projets TCSP et au regard des spécificités territoriales.

This dissertation deals with the concept of medical desert. Despite widespread use of the word by the media and political representatives, identifying medical deserts is far from easy for public authorities. Spotting inequalities in access to health services requires to identify users' needs wherever they live. However, health needs are individualized. Besides, an individual does not fully know his needs. We must therefore understand how public authorities themselves appreciate this object and how they design actions accordingly to regulate care access. This is our purpose in this dissertation. We led an action research with the Regional Health Agency of Corsica in order to analyze how public actions are designed to regulate care access inequalities. We show in particular how the care pathway approach can highlight the diversity of inequalities in a medical desert thanks to a more global modeling of health needs. Fighting medical deserts is no longer limited to guaranteeing the presence of health professionals locally. It also relies on ensuring equality between citizens in the continuity of their care pathway. Yet, territories and individuals specificities suggest a strong heterogeneity between these pathways, which is difficult to manage at a national level. We then evaluate feasibility of a bottom-up innovative public action to reduce inequalities in care access. Through a slow, fragile and complex process, local actions can still address territorial specificities without ignoring a national regulatory and institutional framework. However, multiplying these proximity experiments requires new national-level criteria to select and rank projects. Hence, we recommend methods often used to manage the exploration of the unknown. ; Cette thèse traite du concept de désert médical. Malgré un usage très marqué du terme par les médias et les représentants politiques, l'existence et l'identification des déserts médicaux posent question pour les pouvoirs publics. Cerner des inégalités d'accès à des services de santé ...