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A dictator's motivation for using repression is fairly clear, but why some repress more than others or favor particular types of repressive strategies is less obvious. Using statistical analysis, this article demonstrates that a dictator's reliance on co-optation fundamentally alters how repression is used. Specifically, it finds that co-optation through the use of political parties and a legislature creates incentives that lead dictators to decrease empowerment rights restrictions, like censorship, while increasing physical integrity rights violations, like torture and political imprisonment. This occurs because, by creating parties and a legislature, a dictator draws his potential opposition out of the general public and into state institutions, making it easier to identify who these opponents are, to monitor their activities, and to gauge the extent of their popular support. This reduces the need to impose broad types of repressive measures, like empowerment rights restrictions, that breed discontent within the overall population. At the same time, co-optation creates the risk that rivals, once co-opted, will use their positions within the system to build their own bases of support from which to seek the dictator's overthrow, generating incentives for dictators to increase physical integrity violations to limit the threat posed by these individuals.

This title explores ways in which bureaucracy may not only be compatible with democracy but, more ambitiously, the conditions under which it can enhance it, examining the systems and institutions of the Korean bureaucracy: the National Election Commission, the police force, local government, the ceiling recruitment strategy, and procurement policy.

The extreme right hate speech propagated currently in Brazil addresses a broad social spectrum, from feminist movements to traditional communities. The academic community and higher education institutions are also targets, as they are identified as poles of democratic resistance. Specific hate speech towards academy in Brazil is the subject of this paper. The persecution of academic community and knowledge itself occurs through the discursive dispute especially on social networks, and thus in this analytical exercise, we looked up at Facebook's largest bolsonarista's group - the "Jair Bolsonaro Presidency Support Group", which brings together 317,000 members. We analyzed the memetic discourse on the page, focusing memes that were published between April and June 2019, thematizing higher public education, and presenting a bimodal verb-visual composition. These criteria led to the collection of 115 memes analyzed with the support of a QDA package. Analysis reveals the disqualification of university institutions and their actors through ironies, negative associations including stereotypes, simplification of debate to the shallower. Students are often associated with nudity as immorality, professors of indoctrination and ridicule, protesters of ignorance, or bad character. Political debate is reduced to extreme left-right polarization, with the criminalization of the left.

Gender equality is fundamentally related to sustainable development, and globally accepted as a necessity for the promotion of human rights. Gender empowerment is determined by active participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spaces and activities taken in decision-making. In the context of local government, gender equality is critical as women and men face different challenges in full participation, representation and decent work opportunities. Though the constitution provides women the right to be elected in political and public representative institutions, such as parliament and local government bodies, gender inequality, as a collection of interlinked problems existed in the political arena too. Today the representation of women in politics has been increased considerably but due to their low participation, their issues and problems are generally unseen and unnoticed. Participation of women in the decision-making levels not only enhances their social, political and economic status, but also strengthens democratic institutions and even perhaps change the nature of the democratic process. Thus, the present study analyzed the gender challenges, gender influence in leadership styles, gender role and responsibilities of the elected panchayat leaders in Sivagangai district. The sample size of the study is 50 and the Harvard Analytical Framework has been used as a tool for data collection. Findings of the study assisted in the framing of strategies for the effective role performance of women in rural local governance and for the promotion of Gender Responsive Governance.

Luigi Einaudi produced an extensive series of writings dedicated to European federation spanning from 1897 to 1959. In these works, he designs the policies and the institutions of European federation, anticipating the future developments of the European integration process. Several of his proposals are now embedded in the various treaties which have landmarked the history of uniting Europe. However, a number of other proposals have yet to be realised, and could represent a source of inspiration in designing the future of the EU. Einaudi is shown here to be the architect of what we call today t

Die USA verstehen - institutionelle Zusammenhänge mit aktuellen und historischen Daten. Der nunmehr in dritter Auflage erscheinende Band ist als eine wissenschaftlich-systematische Einführung in das Regierungssystem der USA konzipiert. Er macht die besonderen Bedingungen des innen- und außenpolitischen Prozesses in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika für seine Leserinnen und Leser verständlich. Im Vordergrund der Betrachtungen stehen die Verfassungsordnung und die politischen Institutionen sowie die sie tragenden und beeinflussenden Kräfte. In 21 Kapiteln bieten die Autorinnen und Autoren einen umfassenden Überblick aller relevanten Kräfte in der amerikanischen Politik. Von sozialen Bewegungen über die Medien zur Gewaltenverschränkung zwischen Präsident, Kongress und Oberstem Gerichtshof, von den einzelstaatlichen Regierungssystemen zur bundesstaatlichen Außenpolitik finden alle Aspekte und Akteure Berücksichtigung. Das üppige Informationsangebot des Bandes erschöpft sich dabei nicht in Texten, Schaubildern und Tabellen. Jedes Kapitel wird durch Verweise auf Webseiten abgerundet, die der interessierte Leser nutzen kann, um auch dann über politische Entwicklungen in den USA auf dem Laufenden zu sein, sollte er das Buch einmal aus der Hand legen wollen.

With rising socioeconomic problems reigniting popular contestation, Tunisia's democratic system is under strain. This report critically analyses the EU's policy responses to Tunisia's transition and evaluates how they have evolved in line with the shifting challenges that Tunisia has faced. The report shows that, while EU policies have helped Tunisia in establishing formal democratic institutions and in tackling security challenges, they have produced disappointing results in supporting Tunisia in addressing its socioeconomic challenges and in fostering social resilience. The report concludes by offering policy recommendations for promoting more ambitious EU policies in Tunisia as well as in the wider North African region.

THIS ARTICLE OUTLINES THE ADOPTION OF NATIONAL SECULARISM IN PLACE OF RELIGOUS RULE IN TURKEY. THE AIM OF THIS WAS TO CREATE A MODERN, RATIONAL STATE WITH INSTITUTIONS AND LAWS WHICH WOULD FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN TURKEY. TURKISH SOCIETY AS YET UNDIFFERENTIATED IN TERMS OF CLASSES AND DEPRIVED OF OTHER MEANS OF EXPRESSING DISAFFECTION BY THE SINGLE REGIME, TENDED TO USE ISLAMIC DISCOURSE TO CHALLENGE THE LEGITIMACY OF THE STATE. THE STATE RESPONDED BY LIMITING THE SPACE IN WHICH THIS DISCOURSE TOOK PLACE BY EXTENDING SECULAR LAWS AND BECOMING MORE AND MORE MILITANT AGAINST ISLAM.

Examines the distribution of power among government, business, and labor and how political and social institutions facilitate creation and diffusion of new technologies in the five largest capitalist countries; since 1945.

During the Middle Ages, most European polities operated under a norm that gave only the close male relatives of a monarch a privileged place in the order of succession. When no such heirs were available, succession disputes were more likely, with distant relatives and female(-line) heirs laying competing claims to the throne. These disputes often produced conflicts that destroyed existing institutions and harmed subsequent economic development. A shortage of male heirs to a European monarchy in the Middle Ages could thus have harmful effects on the development trajectories of regions ruled by that monarchy. We provide evidence for this by showing that regions that were more likely to have a shortage of male heirs are today poorer than other regions. Our finding highlights the importance of the medieval period in European development and shows how small shocks can work in combination with institutions and norms in shaping long-run development paths.