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The drug policies of the Nordic countries have been relatively strict. Since this seems to contradict the internationally recognized liberal criminal policy in general, analyses have been devoted to try to understand this gap. Why doesn't the "Scandinavian exceptionalism" apply to the drug policies? The new question in relation to drug policy is, however, if and how the Nordic countries will adapt to a situation when several countries all over the world are questioning 'the war on drugs' and orienting themselves in the direction of decriminalization and legalization. An analysis of a possible change in drug policies must be undertaken against the background of the existing policies. There are both similarities and differences between the five countries. A common feature is a stress on the demand side through both treatment and punishments directed against the user and abuser. Differences are shown in degrees of toughness in drug policies with Sweden strongest stressing a zero-tolerance stand and Denmark being the most liberal in the Nordic context. The strong welfare state ideology of all the countries is important for understanding the obstacles to a more liberal and permissive drug policy. The welfare state is an interventionist state. To not do anything about what is considered to be a problem both for the individual and the society is just not an option. In most of the countries the traditions from the temperance movements also have influenced the drug policies through the stepping-stone or gateway theory, not making a distinction between soft and hard drugs. At the same time, a number of facts and processes work in the direction of change. The drug policies of the countries have not delivered, including high numbers of drug-related deaths. The debate has opened up in just a short period of time. Many of the political youth parties demand decriminalisation of use of drugs and so have some public authorities. Human rights arguments are increasingly being put forward as a critique of police interventions. A tendency for politicians to meet the critique seems to be to separate the marginal abuser from the recreational user. The first one should be given treatment and care according to welfare state ideology. The second one, however, could be punished since the user in line with neo-liberal theory can choose and by the use contributes to the drug trade and even the killings in poor suburbs. The Nordic countries stand at a crossroads, but what new roads will be taken is far from clear.

General Principles of EU Civil Law focuses on a rapidly developing but still highly controversial area of EU law: the emergence of general principles with constitutional relevance for EU civil law, guiding its interpretation, gap filling and legality control. This study brings to light seven principles in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Principles 1 to 3 on framed autonomy, protection of the weaker party and non-discrimination are now part of substantive EU law, mainly contract law. Principle 4 on effectiveness, together with the principle of equivalence, is an "old acquaintance" of EU law and has mostly to do with procedures but can also be extended to cover substantive and remedial matters. Principles 5 and 6 on balancing and proportionality are primarily concerned with methodological questions: the first has to do with judicial interpretation and application of EU civil law, the second with legal-political questions on the future of a (questionable) codified or optional EU civil law, in particular sales law. Finally, principle 7 on good faith is still an emerging principle but is gradually gaining importance.This book will allow the reader to understand and to assess the current evolution of EU civil law in days where its autonomous character is increasingly recognised in the case law of the Court, and where the Charter is having a growing impact on its constitutional foundations.About this book'The topic is highly relevant these days and orders our case-law in ways that only a proficient academic like Norbert Reich is capable of doing. That effort will in turn be taken into account in the further development of the case-law.'Koen Lenaerts, Vice-President of the Court of Justice of the European Union'Professor Reich has written a book that is not merely rich and broad in ambition,but in fact genuinely ground-breaking. In identifying, explaining and analysing seven key principles of EU civil law, he has drawn us a map that will help scholars to find their way through the forbiddingly dense jungle populated by EU Treaty provisions, the legislative acquis and the Court's case law. And, in showing how proudly 'social' much of the EU's protective regulation affecting private parties truly is, he has set a tone that EU policymakers should embrace.' Stephen Weatherill, Jacques Delors Professor of European Law, University of Oxford'For the private lawyer, probably the most interesting recent d ...

Preliminary Material /H. Volger -- Introduction /H. Volger -- How To Use This Book /H. Volger -- Abbreviations /H. Volger -- Africa As Topic In The UN /Konrad Melchers -- Agenda For Development /Klaus Hüfner -- Agenda For Peace /Erwin A. Schmidl -- Aggression, Definition Of /Ulrich Fastenrath -- Budget /Klaus Hüfner -- Charter Of Economic Rights And Duties Of States /Mir A. Ferdowsi -- Charter Of The UN /Manfred Knapp -- Collective Security /Peter J. Opitz -- Committees, System Of /Helmut Volger -- Common Heritage Of Mankind /Gregor Kolk -- Control Mechanisms In The UN, External And Internal /Klaus Hüfner -- Coordination In The UN System /Dieter Göthel -- CSD – Commission On Sustainable Development /Jürgen Maier -- Decolonization /Heike Henn -- Democratization And The UN /Jens Naumann -- Depository Libraries /Ramona Kohrs -- Deutscher Bundestag (German Federal Parliament), Positions Of The German Parties Towards The UN /Wolfgang Ehrhart -- Deutscher Bundestag (German Federal Parliament), Subcommittee On The United Nations /Eberhard Brecht and Wolfgang Ehrhart -- Development Concepts, Development Research /Inge Kaul -- Development Cooperation Of The UN System /Inge Kaul -- Disarmament /Hans Günter Brauch -- Documentation System /Ramona Kohrs -- Economic Commissions, Regional /Peter Tobias Stoll -- ECOSOC – Economic And Social Council /Wolfgang Spröte -- Electoral Assistance /Simone Schwanitz -- Enemy State Clauses /Jörn Axel Kämmerer -- Environmental Law, International /Ulrich Beyerlin and Jenny Grote -- Environmental Protection /Jürgen Maier -- European Union, Common Foreign And Security Policy At The UN /Hans Arnold -- FAO – Food And Agriculture Organization /Barbara Hofner -- Financial Crises /Klaus Hüfner -- General Assembly /Jürgen Heideking † -- Geneva Group /Günther Altenburg -- German Translation Section /Ruprecht Paqué -- Globalization /Sabine Von Schorlemer -- Group Of 77 And The UN /Mir A. Ferdowsi -- Groups And Groupings In The UN /Ingo Winkelmann -- History Of The Foundation Of The UN /Helmut Volger -- History Of The UN /Helmut Volger -- Host State Agreements /Hans-Joachim Heintze -- Human Development Reports /Stephan Klingebiel and Marius Hildebrand -- Human Rights /Norman Weiß -- Human Rights, Protection Of /Theo Van Boven -- Human Rights, United Nations High Commissioner For /Alfred De Zayas -- Human Rights, Universal Declaration Of /Peter J. Opitz -- Human Rights Committee /Eckart Klein -- Human Rights Conventions And Their Measures Of Implementation /Martina Haedrich -- Human Rights Conventions, CAT – Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment /Martina Haedrich -- Human Rights Conventions, CCPR – International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights /Eckart Klein -- Human Rights Conventions, CEDAW – Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women /Hanna Beate Schöpp-Schilling -- Human Rights Convention, CERD – International Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Racial Discrimination /Martina Haedrich.

Preliminary Material /Carlos Jiménez Piernas -- Chapter One. The Registrar of the International Court of Justice: Status and Functions /Philippe Couvreur -- Chapter Two. Presentation from the Standpoint of Spanish Law, on the Legal Process Available to Parties in the Contentious Procedure of the International Court of Justice /Santiago Torres Bernárdez -- Chapter Three. The Travails of Poor Countries in Gaining Access to the International Court of Justice /Luis Ignacio Sánchez Rodríguez and Ana Gemma López Martín -- Chapter Four. Survey of Applications against Spain Lodged with the European Court of Human Rights /Santiago Quesada Polo and Stanley Naismith -- Chapter Five. International Criminal Court and International Tribunals: Substantive and Procedural Aspects /Hector Olasolo -- Chapter Six. Introduction to Investor-state Arbitration. A Case Study: Wena Hotels Limited (Wena) volume Arab Republic of Egypt /Andrés Rigo Sureda -- Chapter Seven. The Work of the Legal Adviser of International Organisations, with Special Reference to the European Union /Gregorio Garzón Clariana -- Chapter Eight. The Procedures and Case Law of the United Nations Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights /Alfred M. De Zayas -- Chapter Nine. The Un Commission on Human Rights Machinery for the Protection of Human Rights /Carlos Villán Durán -- Chapter Ten. The Procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Communities /Carlos Jiménez Piernas -- Chapter Eleven. References for Preliminary Rulings and Their Procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Communities /Alejandro Del Valle Gálvez and Miguel a. Acosta Sánchez -- Chapter Twelve. The Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Spanish Constitutional Court: a Comparison /Manuel Díez De Velasco Vallejo -- Chapter Thirteen. The Decision-making Process in the European Union /Francisco Fonseca Morillo -- Chapter Fourteen. Advising Governments from the inside: the Legal Adviser of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs /Aurelio Pérez Giralda -- Chapter Fifteen. The International Legal Consultancy of Governments from the outside /Antonio Remiro Brotóns -- Chapter Sixteen. Public International Law before Spanish Domestic Courts /José Antonio Pastor Ridruejo and Antonio Pastor Palomar -- Chapter Seventeen. Spanish Constitutional Court Practice on Private International Law /Julio D. González Campos -- Chapter Eighteen. Spanish Practice on Investment Treaties /Isabel García Rodríguez -- Chapter Nineteen. The International Practice and the Evidence (a Brief Guide for Young Lawyers) /Carlos Jiménez Piernas -- Chapter Twenty. Navigare Necesse Est: Internet for European and International Lawyers /Björn Arp -- Index of Jurisprudence /Carlos Jiménez Piernas -- Index of Authors and Authorities /Carlos Jiménez Piernas -- Analytical Index /Carlos Jiménez Piernas.

Preliminary Material /Shimon Shetreet -- General Introduction /Shimon Shetreet -- Judicial Independence, Liberty, Democracy and International Economy /Shimon Shetreet -- Accountability of Judicial Service Commissions to the Law: The Case of South Africa /Christopher Forsyth -- Reflections on Judicial Independence: Past Achievements and Future Agenda /Marcel Storme -- Judging the Independence and Integrity of Foreign Courts /Neil Andrews -- The Protection of Religious Liberty in the United States: The Supreme Court Jurisprudence /Maimon Schwarzschild -- The Culture of Peace and Human Rights: The Development of Human Rights Protection in the European Union /Shimon Shetreet -- Globalization of Human Rights and Mutual Influence between Courts: The Innovative Reverse Path of the Right to the Truth /Arianna Vedaschi -- The Independence of the Judiciary in Belgium /Marc Bossuyt -- On Fairness /Sir Louis Blom-Cooper QC -- The Conceptual Definition of the Constitutional Court in Italy /Giuseppe Franco Ferrari -- The Scope of Judicial Review and the Rule of Law: Between Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism /Sir Louis Blom-Cooper QC -- Entering the Political Thicket: The Role of the Judiciary as an Arbiter in Relation to Making and Implementation of Public Policy /Anton Cooray -- On Judges Writing Commentaries: Is It Appropriate for a Judge to Engage in Outside Activities? /Fryderyk Zoll -- Procedural Guarantees of Independence and Impartiality of Judges in Russia /Sergey Nikitin -- The Relationship of the Judiciary and Legislature in Australia /HP Lee -- Relations Between the Court and the Parties in the Managerial Age /Neil Andrews -- Independence of Court Proceedings: Impartiality and Fairness /Dmitry Magonya -- Recusal of Judges: A Commonwealth Survey of the Applicable Tests /Cyrus Das -- The Status of Codes of Judicial Conduct in Comparative Perspectives /Shimon Shetreet -- Judicial Independence in the Context of International Investment Law /Guiguo Wang -- Judicial Impartiality in International Courts: Of Law and Corruption /Wayne McCormack -- Arbitral Awards and Errors of English Law: Refining The Law – Making Function of The Judicial Appeal System /Neil Andrews -- The Influence of the European Convention on Human Rights on Judicial Independence in Criminal Procedural Law in Switzerland /Gian Andrea Danuser -- Recent Developments in Judicial Elections in the United States and their Impact on Impartiality of Judges /Chandra R. de Silva -- Culture and Judicial Independence in Civil Procedure /Dmitry Maleshin -- Constitutional Adjudication and Appointments to the uk Supreme Court /Sophie Turenne -- Appointment of Judges and Legal Responsibility of Judges: Guarantees of Independence in Russia /Sergey Nikitin -- The Bumpy Road Towards Judicial Independence: Past, Present and Future Prospects of Mainland China /Liu Hao -- Administrative Justice System in Italy /Giuseppe Franco Ferrari -- Judicial Independence and the Three Highest Courts in Austria /Walter H. Rechberger -- Analysis of the Amendments to the Mt. Scopus International Standards of Judicial Independence /Shimon Shetreet.

Preliminary Material -- 1. Comparing Societies around the World /Henry Teune -- 2. Comparing Societies across Sizes and Scales /Mattei Dogan -- 3. Comparing Societies: Qualitative Methods /Julian Go -- 4. Comparing Societies: Quantitative Methods /Peter Ph. Mohler -- 1. Ancient Civilizations /S.N. Eisenstadt -- 2. Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies /George Steinmetz -- 3. Modern Societies /John A. Hall -- 4. The Diverse Uses of Digital Formations /Saskia Sassen -- 1. Population Structures /Arland Thornton -- 2. Social Inequality and Mobility /Sandra Buchholz and Hans-Peter Blossfeld -- 3. State Structures /Victor Nee and Michael Siemon -- 4. Parties and Party Systems /Thomas Saalfeld and Margret Hornsteiner -- 5. Economic Systems: Comparative Historical Method in Economic Sociology /Andrew Savchenko -- 6. Multi-Ethnic Societies /Ralph D. Grillo -- 7. The Sociology of Religion /William D'Antonio and Anthony J. Pogorelc -- 8. Corporations and Commerce /Harland Prechel -- 9. The Metropolis /Anthony M. Orum -- 10. Voluntary Organizations and Civil Society /Joonmo Son -- 11. Family Systems in Comparative Perspective /Stephen K. Sanderson -- 12. Gender and Society /Harriet Bradley -- 13. Professions /Joseph C. Hermanowicz and David R. Johnson -- 14. Social Welfare Systems /James Midgley -- 15. The Sociology of Language: A Return Visit /Joshua A. Fishman -- 16. Comparative Sociology of Education /David P. Baker -- 17. Mass Media /Willam A. Gamson -- 18. Mass Culture /Mike Featherstone -- 19. Comparative Military Organization /Michelle Sandhoff and David R. Segal -- 20. The Social Organization of Science and Technology /Wenda K. Bauchspies -- 21. Cross-National Public Opinion Research /Tom W. Smith -- 1. Economic Development and Growth /Erich Weede -- 2. The Emergence of Nation-States /Hendrik Spruyt -- 3. The Development of Nationalism and Citizenship /Veljko Vujačić -- 4. Modernization and Globalization /Robert M. Marsh -- 5. Democratization /Luis Roniger -- 6. Political Socialization and Values /Henk Vinken -- 7. Voting Behavior and Public Opinion /Harald Schoen -- 8. Communication in the Internet Age /Karen A. Cerulo -- 9. Demography and Migration /Jack A. Goldstone -- 10. Crime, Imprisonment, and Social Control /Bill McCarthy -- 11. Social Problems /Robert Heiner -- 12. Social Deviance /Steve Hall -- 13. Social Movements and Collective Behavior /Mario Diani -- 14. Terrorism /Michel Wieviorka -- 15. Hazards and Disasters /Kathleen Tierney -- 16. Internal Wars and Revolution /Ekkart Zimmermann -- 17. International War /Jack S. Levy -- 18. Ecology and Environment /Andrew K. Jorgensone , Riley E. Dunlap and Brett Clark -- 19. Leisure and Consumption /Robert A. Stebbins -- 20. Small Groups, Networks, and Social Interaction /Linda D. Molm -- 21. Emotions and Social Life /Jonathan H. Turner -- 22. Trust /Piotr Sztompka -- 23. Collective Memory /Amy Corning and Howard Schuman -- 1. Asian Sociology in an Era of Globalization (with Emphasis on Japan, China, and Korea) /Masamichi Sasaki.