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Thesis--Catholic University of America. ; Bibliography: p. 217-237. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Thesis--Bryn Mawr College. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Vilfredo Pareto's contribution to modem economic theory is today universally recognized, but to my mind his particular contribution to utility theory is not sufficiently understood. In the following paragraphs I intend to give an assessment and evaluation of Paretian thought on this important topic. It seems that Pareto' s contribution to utility theory originated as a reaction to the attitude of Walras and the Austrian School of.Economists to this same theory. The latter thought that utility theory, as they understood it, was a sort of ultimate truth, a key to all the secrets of pure economics. Consequently they placed such an emphasis on it that they induced Pareto and the Paretians to do their best to demolish it. Such was their eagerness that some even held that this departure constituted Pareto's main contribution to economic theory. ; N/A

Dr. Edwards in this article applies political theory to evaluate the impact of reapportionment and redistricting on representative government. In so doing he discusses the sources of this political theory and the goals of representative government. He also surveys comparative political practice in Great Britain and the United States. In suggesting various legislative, administrative, and judicial remedies to malapportionment and inequitable districting, Dr. Edwards concludes that the effect of the present litigation resulting from the Baker v. Carr decision will be to arouse public opinion and prompt legislators to meet the accumulated challenges of urbanization as well as other contemporary demands.

Published in 1901 as the author's thesis, Columbia University, and also as v. 14, no. 2, of the Studies in history, economics, and public law, edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Published in 1901 as the author's thesis, Columbia University, and also as v, II, no. 2, of the Studies in history, economics, and public law, edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. ; Mode of access: Internet.

[division 1] Psychological patterns. 3 v.--[division 2] Political patterns. 3 v.--[division 3] Cultural patterns. 3 v. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Pereyra, M. (1945). The language of the forms. A theory of the "creator" power of the camera. Experimental cinema. (2): 99-102. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/42600. ; 99 102 2 ; Pereyra, M. (1945). The language of the forms. A theory of the "creator" power of the camera. Experimental cinema. (2): 99-102. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/42600. ; Importación Masiva ; Pereyra, M. (1945). The language of the forms. A theory of the "creator" power of the camera. Experimental cinema. (2): 99-102. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/42600. ; Pereyra, M. (1945). El lenguaje de las formas. Una teoría sobre el poder "creador" de la cámara. Cine experimental. (2):99-102. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/42600.

The background and history of the Federal Tort Claims Act" are well known. Stemming in part from the medieval political theory that the King could do no wrong, a doctrine evolved in English law that the Crown was, in the absence of its consent, immune to suit. This concept became a part of the American common law, and in the main was enforced as rigorously on this side of the Atlantic as in the mother country. The oft-times inequitable consequences of sovereign immunity in the United States were at first sought to be ameliorated through the device of private legislative enactments which appropriated monies for the relief of persons injured by the negligence of Government servants. With the constant increase and diversification of Governmental activity and the concomitant inevitable rise in the volume of injuries inflicted upon members of the public by Governmental employees, the machinery of the private bill system began to break down. At best such a system had been cumbersome and unsatisfactory. Congress had no adequate investigatory facilities to ascertain the facts in a particular case, and the compensating of a claimant would often depend not on the merits of his cause but on the extent of the political and personal pressure he was able to exert. Therefore in 1946 Congress, which had already waived the immunity of the United States in connection with contract claims, extended the waiver to tort actions.

This study intends to show how the argumentation with respect to a problem of effective law may suffer from an implied use of a general theory which is too superficial. First intuitions of the plurality and the non permeability of juridical orders. - Cette étude montre comment l'argumentation relative à un problème de droit positif peut souffrir d'un recours implicite à une théorie du droit trop sommaire. Premières intuitions de la pluralité et de l'étanchéité des ordres juridiques. ; Peer reviewed

Since 1941 the government of Puerto Rico has completely overo hauled its executive branch.iExtensive reforms in the organization and functioning of the branch have produced an administrative structüre closely resembling that iecommendedhy advocatesof theso-called formal theory of administrative organization. The essence of this theory is centralizationof authority in the chief executive, He should have power· to appoint and remove department heads .and .other key subordínates, staff agencies should be established to aid him in directing and controlling the administration, independent boards and commissions should be limited to the performance of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions, and the merit system should prevail in the public service. Three examples drawn from the staff services of the Puerto Rican executive branch show close adherence to the formal theory: the Governor's personal secretariat, the Puerto Rico Planning Board, and the Bureau of the Budget. A fourth example, the Office of Personnel, exhibits certain shortcomings, both in practice and in terms of meeting the formal theory' s requirements. Although a few line departments and agencies also r:eflect departures from the formal theory or exhibit unsatisfactory applications of it, the executive branch as a whole conforms with remarkable fidelity to the main lines of the theory and is in general well coordinated and controlled. The author argues, however,· that the smooth and effective operation of the executive branch is the resu'lt not of its streamlined structure but of other factors in Puerto Rican social and political life. The importance of the latter is seen in the ease and rapidity with which the administrative reforms were brought about. Occurring in three main stages (1942-46, 1949-5°, and 1952-date), the reorganization program was carried through by the concerted action of the political leaders, both executive and legislative, who have been in power since 1941. The factors which enabled them to cooperate successfully in achieving the goals of the reorganization movement also make possible the effective functioning of the executive branch itself. These factors are 1) the existence of "party government" in Puerto Rico, i. e., of the dominance of a centralized and well-disciplined rnajority party; 2) the strong and imaginatíve leadership of Governor Muñoz Marín, both within his party and in the government; and 3) the nature of Puerto Rican society, which is singulady homogeneous, This last factor is regarded as especially significant, for it accounts for such things as the absence of ideological or pressurle-group opposition to reforms, the strength of party discipline, and the general acceptance of personalleadership and centralized executive authority. The formal theoryis therefore saidto haveworked wellin practice because .of its compatibility with basic aspectsof Puerto Rican society and politics. No ~eneralizations should be drawn from the Puerto Rican experience concerning the theory's effectiveness in other social and political situations. And even the Puerto Rican experience suggests doubts and misgivings conaerning the permanence of the theory's beneficial results, the extent to which its practical application discourages initiative on lower echelons; and the case wíth which an unscrupulous chjefexecutive might use highly centralized power for undemocratic purposes. ; Resumen en inglés.

The argentine economic development in Manuel Belgrano`s Thought: The author introduces us in his study by giving a short account of the variations political economy in the course of the last quarter of the century. It is important to note that the first part of this article explains the nature of economic development as well as the influence exercised by long run movements. Manuel Belgrano one of our first economists, has left us in his "Memories" the "first ideas for a theory of Argentine economic development" as he was intellectually one century ahead of his contemporaries. According to Manuel Belgrano "economic development is part of the socio-cultural development; economic development is an harmonic process; economic development is concordant with free market economy". Estevan Echeverria, fore runner of solidaristic economic theories: His christian universalism as well as his adhesion to the "theory of perfectibility" did not impede Echeverria to agree at the same time with the dogma of "human rights", mainstay of nationalistic philosophy. It is on the basis of the solidarity law that he establishes his social philosophy, which later was adopted by the majority of western economists and politicians. Among the natural human rights Echeverria considers the property right and sustains that it should be adapted to social necessities and interests. He sees in the economic development the principal element for the achievement of the supreme law of progress which in turns is conditioned by the time factor, avoiding class struggles. Completely independent from H. V. Thünen. Echeverria reaches the same conclusions and establishes the tax system upon the principle of location advantages. Between the two extreme concepts – individual and humanity – he intercalates the idea of nationality becoming thus the fore runner of the "national school of Argentine political economy". Although he is a defender of economic freedom, he nevertheless admits state interventions, providing they are aimed to increase social welfare, the production of national wealth and the moral intellectual and physical improvement of the numerous poor classes. Silvio Gesell: The author describes Gesell's life since he settled in Argentina where he devoted himself to his business, being specially attracted by the analysis of economic and social problems. After a through examination of Gesell's writing, the author explains his economic theory which is intimately connected with his social doctrine, and describes the gesellian and post-gesellian movement. The thinks that the attitude of absolute reserve which economists maintained during almost thirty years with regard to Gesell and his teaching was not so much due to his caustic and offensive spirit, as to the fact that he had the presumption to solve the most difficult economic problem which ever faced noted scholars: the problem of interest. His perseverance as well as that of his disciples, particularly Theophil Cristen, forced the economists to break the silence, thus giving origin to a series of monographics in which critical analysis are made with ever increasing objectivity and depth. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Each great economic transformation produces in the national economic equally great changes in its juridical and political elements. The evolution of the economic transformation can be influenced by means to intervention systems. The direction and extent of the intervention should not be determined by foreign models but must be consistent with the national reality. As for he eventual international effects of interventions, it should be remembered that both the theory and practice of free trade were the product of given historical circumstances. The international desequilibrium of 1929-32 has caused a break in the free trade mechanism and makes its re introduction extremely difficult. The interventionism which is being described seeks to free mankind from oppression. There are theoretical and practical contributions to this effect, as well as a reconsideration of the economic assumptions which justify its introduction. The faculties to guide the economy should reach the soul of capitalism, i.e. the technology. The public authorities will have to direct the selection of technical innovations and dictate the corresponding regulations, placing thus the machine at the service of man. ; Artículo póstumo publicado en la revista Universidad de San Carlos , Guatemala, 1956, t. XXXVII, p. 75-106. ; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

The supremacy of the public service principleover the "merit" ando "career" principies needs to be stressed. The'la:fter' two are rneans ofattracting and retaining the bestqualified candídates; but in certain' situations undue emphasis given to them may' .actually undermine' administr.ative efficiency, guaranteeing tenure to inept employees, and shielding party or group efforts to insure special advantages for their members. As an over-reaction to the spoils system, an unqualified separation between politics and personne1 management has frequently been postulated in theory and practice. The rnerit system, however, cannot be carried into efect if it lacks sincere support from the political authorities. On the other hand, the party that comes to power needs a loyal and capable administration of its programo The danger exists, too, of consolidating a bureaucracy inmune, and therefore irresponsible, to the electoral decisions. If the behavior of the civil servants is patterned after the more basic norms and values of the politícal constitution and of the culture, the continuity of the administrative services through succesive changes of parties in power will be insured. What is essential, firstly, is to achieve consensus on fundamental issues. Then, to proceed with more specific instrumentation. Each society must adhere elosely to its own socio-psycho-cultural outline. Since 1907 Cuba has a Civil Service Law, patterned after the United States. Its aim: to guarantee the merit system. Its achievement: notorious cynicism, corruption and inefficiency. Colombia's 1938 Administratíve Career Law is almost inoperative, although it ineludes many , progressive and worthwhile elements. In Ecuador a law to establish the administrative career on the basic of rnerit failed, because no effort was made toeducate either citizens or leaders. Since 1950 El Salvador keeps up, in paper, a merit system which cannot be put into practioe because the basic law has not been passed. In 1907 Puerto Rico enacted a Civil Service Law, which specified procedures, norms and penalties. In 1931 a training program, a classi-fication scheme.and a salary plan were drawn, but not until 1947 were the basic principles achieved. After all these years, the Office of Personne1 stands today upon firm political support and has attained high levels of honesty, efficiency and dernocratic responsibility. These different Latin American case histories point to certain conclusions. The systematization of legal precepts, institutional structures and techniques, should be firrnly based on political support and on the capacity of those who are to administer the Civil Service. The role of the principal political leaders will be decisive in this respecto The examples cited iUustrate the errors incurred .when, without making the necessaryadaptations, a culture borrows indiscriminately from the techniques developed by others ; Resumen en inglés.

Periodic Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; N° 78 ; Periodic Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; Périodiques Bulletin économique et social du Maroc ; Periodic Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; BESM-article_78-01