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A reflection on A. M. Ramsey's Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion (1748-49) discussing liberty as free will, & liberty & self-determination belonging to the rational subject. Ramsey argues that liberty is the eternal, immutable, & universal law in the world, which applies equally to loving God for oneself, & loving all other creatures in proportion to their resemblance to God. Tolerance & political liberty are justified by virtue of universal salvation & freedom, & the universality of grace & the free cooperation of intelligent creatures. While Ramsey's politics aligned with exiled Jacobites, he was also guided by providentialism in protecting the integrity of divine & human freedom, & in choosing a conciliatory, but skeptical, approach to English rule. His classic defense of Freemasonry drew on his position in the organization in France in the 1730s. J. Sadler

In a tribute to political scientist Franco Antonicelli, on the occasion of his centenary, Antonicelli's impact & influence on Norberto Bobbio are discussed: the Antonicelli notions of intransigence & tolerance in civil engagement are key. Also stressed is Antonicelli's significance as a political philosopher (he was repressed under the fascist regime in the 1930s), & his account of democracy as the outgrowth of conflict & tension, as well as his own antifascist, democratic activities. Antonicelli was a prominent figure in post-WWII Italian politics as well, & he serves as a noteworthy example of a political scientist who actually served in participatory, democratic politics. A. Siegel