Suchergebnisse

European directive 2000/60/CE establishes a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. It states objectives of good ecological status for water bodies. Cost-effective measures of protection and restoration should be planned and enforced within a tight schedule. In France, State institutions of river management used to design and support actions considered as ecologically positive. But performance of the river policy was never assessed. Ecological assessment and biological indicators were not processed for decision making. Biological indicators can be seen as freak sets. Indicators are basically tools used by engineers and managers to make trade-offs. Whereas biology deals with life and death, that are incommensurable. According to the literature, engineers and naturalists have little in common. Engineers are considered as modern figures of conquerors, looking for efficacy, regardless of politics. Fishermen or biologists on the contrary are seen as inquiring observers, willing to alert people of ecological threat. The first benefit from important financial means, the latter have much less economic power. However, biologists and engineers sometimes happened to work on the same issues. Several abnormal beings which did not fit in management models were identified by biologists and then enrolled in normal management procedures. To study how biologists hand over to managers, I consider institutions as social constructions which can change. Using Anthony Giddens' theory of structuration (1987), I focus on structures of signification, legitimation and domination that are embedded in both organisations and indicators. I follow the historical path of outsiders (Becker 1985) who rallied people's interest in new ecological problems by networking (Latour 1989). I enlighten which conditions help them to change institutions. I make the link between models and legitimacy of public policy (Foucault 1978-79). I relate the intertwining trajectories of river models and laws dealing with rivers. Such an epic reveals common strategies and contexts of people engaged in creating and promoting biological indicators. Four steps of indicators construction can be stated: wording, numbers setting, variables setting and modelling (Desrosières 2003). Then I focus on French water agencies to understand why they do not rely on biological assessment for their decisions. I propose to analyse their ways of thinking and ways of doing in three sets which correspond to three different advocacy coalitions (Sabatier et Jenkins-Smith 1993) dealing with water management. I explain that actors in agencies can be seen as playing a strategic game with non-stabilised projects. The way they reorganise projects to fulfill constraints and seize opportunities is quite similar to the way biologists organise biological information to speak for rivers. Such practises are fruitful for adaptation and social learning. Then looking at the European level, I present the political context which gave birth to the water framework directive. It explains what is going to change in terms of evaluation. Not only criteria of assessment are changing but the whole scene of justification is getting more and more uncertain. My conclusion is that advocacy evaluations are needed to deconstruct and discuss indicators that will be used for managing rivers ; La directive 2000/60/CE établit un nouveau cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l'eau. Elle fixe des objectifs de bon état écologique des milieux aquatiques. Elle impose une optimisation et une planification des actions de restauration avec des échéances précises. Pour les institutions françaises de gestion de l'eau, dont les agences, il s'agit de passer d'une obligation de moyens consacrés à des équipements à une obligation de résultats mesurés par des indicateurs biologiques peu utilisés pour la décision aujourd'hui. Ces indicateurs sont de curieuses constructions à cheval entre l'ingénierie et la biologie et la littérature abonde d'éléments opposant ces deux mondes. D'un côté les ingénieurs de la filière « eau » dimensionnent et gèrent des ouvrages grâce à des indicateurs. Ils ont pour héritage un passé de conquête et réalisent des projets efficaces pensés hors du temps. De l'autre, les pêcheurs et les biologistes ont le souci de la vie au quotidien avec une observation méticuleuse et domestique. Ils ont de la curiosité pour des êtres vivants ignorés des normes et certains d'entre eux ont fait de l'écologie une revendication politique bien ancrée dans les préoccupations du jour. Au-delà des différences de culture, l'opposition entre la filière eau et les amateurs de milieux aquatiques est aussi un rapport de moyens. La filière « eau » bénéficie d'un budget propre de près de 20 milliards d'euros par an. La gestion du patrimoine piscicole a bénéficié dans ses meilleures années d'un budget de 10 millions d'euros, mais elle disparaît aujourd'hui pour se fondre dans le régime commun des agences de l'eau. On ne peut cependant pas rester sur ce constat d'opposition entre ingénieurs et biologistes pour comprendre les indicateurs biologiques. Le pouvoir critique de la biologie qui met en lumière des êtres « anormaux » a régulièrement induit des réactions des filières de gestion qui ont établi de « nouvelles normalités » à ces êtres dérangeants. Pour étudier ce passage de relais, j'étudie les organisations de gestion de l'eau et leurs outils comme des institutions au sens d'Anthony Giddens (Giddens 1987), c'est à dire des combinaisons entre un référentiel de sens, des règles de droit et des moyens. Ce niveau structurel auquel les acteurs se sont habitués continue d'évoluer sous l'influence de médiateurs mobilisant de nouveaux réseaux (Latour 1989). J'étudie ainsi comment sont mises en mots, en nombres, en variables et en modèle (Desrosières 2003) des spécificités auxquelles des naturalistes sont attachés. J'étudie également le lien entre ces modèles et la légitimité politique de l'action publique (Foucault 1978-79). Je retrace ainsi la trajectoire conjointe de quelques outils de représentation des rivières sur le Rhône, sur la Seine et sur l'ensemble du territoire et l'histoire de la mise en place des institutions de la pêche, des agences, des différentes lois sur la nature, la pêche et l'eau. Cette épopée me permet d'identifier des stratégies et contextes communs aux différents promoteurs et assembleurs d'indicateurs biologiques. Je m'intéresse alors aux pratiques de gestion de deux agences de l'eau pour comprendre leur faible utilisation des indicateurs biologiques. Je montre l'existence de plusieurs référentiels de gestion dans ces organismes. Je montre aussi le grand degré d'indétermination des dossiers avant leur stabilisation lors de l'attribution de subvention. Les stratégies d'assemblage inventées par les gestionnaires ont des similarités avec celles mises en ½uvre par les biologistes pour parler au nom des rivières. Elles permettent l'adaptation et l'apprentissage. Me déplaçant alors au niveau européen, je relate comment la directive cadre a été adoptée. Ce récit me permet de qualifier le contexte politique qui accompagne les nouvelles modalités d'évaluation. Je conclus alors sur l'enjeu des évaluations partisanes dans une perspective pluraliste pour déconstruire et mettre en débat les indicateurs de gestion des rivières

International migration to Chile and to the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), its major point of attraction, is a rather recent phenomenon which is gaining more and more attention. According to the latest population census the number of foreigners who were born abroad and permanently live in Chile, has increased by 75% between 1992 and 2002. Parallel to this, the national policy debate about immigration is becoming more intensive. However, until now there is only little evidence concerning the patterns of international migration and the characterization of the immigrants' social space. This study is oriented towards reducing this deficit. Based on a thorough theoretical discussion, recent research publications and international reports, the study pursues mainly four objectives: The first objective is to identify major patterns of international migration as a context for the immigration to Chile and the SMA. The second objective is to understand the main features of international migration to the SMA. The third objective is to analyze the immigrants' social space and its contribution to the overall urban development patterns in the SMA. And finally, the research results are linked with the national policy debate about immigration, and a number of policy recommendations are made. The study applies a mix of – mainly quantitative – methods, such as descriptive and analytical statistics including factor and cluster analyses using Chilean census data and visa records. The current immigration situation in Chile is characterized by a notable increase in the number of South American migrants, being attracted by better job opportunities. Moreover, there are growing numbers of young migrants for educational reasons. Chile appears to present an "intervening opportunity" in the migrants' decision-making process, where a number of factors, such as new policy regulations in industrialized countries, the time/cost distance, as well as the economic development and political stability in the country, increasingly seem to turn into competitive advantages as compared to countries like the US, Spain or Italy. The qualification profiles of migrants in the SMA sharply contrast with the situation in most industrialized countries. In general, the educational level of immigrants is rather high. In general, immigrants strongly contribute to the educational level of the population in the SMA. Like in most global cities, two major streams of international migrants can be found in the SMA, on the one hand those who belong to the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy and on the other hand marginalized low-skill employees. The related data can be taken as an indication for the fact that a large group of immigrants is employed below their qualification levels. In the SMA, professionals and technicians play a very important role, and, except for some of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian migrants, there is little evidence of labour market segmentation. Skilled migrants contribute to reducing gaps of labour market supply in some sectors of the economy, such as public health and private education. Low-skilled migrants contribute to the labour market supply in fields where there is a growing demand, e.g. in the domestic services. Almost 50% of the international migrants live in five of the 34 communes of the SMA. This seems to be largely determined by two main factors: Migrants are found where job opportunities are, and they follow similar patterns like the Chilean population regarding their socio-spatial differentiation. Furthermore, despite the relatively high spatial concentration of migrants, the SMA shows less evidence of residential segregation than many European and US cities. The highest segregation indexes are associated with European and US immigrants with a high socioeconomic status ("voluntary ghettos"). Factor and cluster analyses show major patterns of the socio-spatial distribution of migrants in the SMA: a rather large zone of low attraction for migrants, the downtown area concentrating recent flows, and a series of semi-concentric zones around the centre where the migrants' socio-economic and residential status increases with distance from the city centre. This is consistent with models of urban dynamics of Latin American cities. Based on the results of this study, four major recommendations for the policy debate about immigration can be derived. There is a need for (1) strengthening the diagnosis regarding immigration, (2) the improvement of the institutional framework and the participation of stakeholders, (3) fostering international cooperation regarding issues of immigration, as well as (4) shaping public opinion and strengthening the integration of immigrants. ; Zuwanderung nach Chile und in den Großraum Santiago, dem wichtigsten Attraktionspol des Landes, ist ein relativ junges Phänomen, gewinnt aber zunehmend an Bedeutung. Laut dem letzten Bevölkerungszensus des Landes hat sich die Zahl der Zuwanderer, d.h. nach chilenischer Definition der Personen, die im Ausland geboren wurden und permanent in Chile leben, zwischen 1992 und 2002 um 75% erhöht. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung, hat eine nationale Politikdebatte eingesetzt, die derzeit an Fahrt gewinnt. Allerdings gibt es bis heute nur wenig gesichertes Wissen über die Zuwanderung in Chile und deren sozialräumliche Charakteristika. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Verringerung dieses Defizits leisten. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion theoretischer Ansätze sowie von Studien und internationalen Berichten jüngeren Datums zu Fragen der Zuwanderung verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit im Wesentlichen vier Ziele: Erstens sollen die Grundlinien internationaler Wanderungsprozesse als Rahmen für die Diskussion der Entwicklungstrends in Chile und im Großraum Santiago nachgezeichnet werden. Zweitens sollen Charakteristika der Zuwanderung im Großraum Santiago herausgearbeitet werden. Drittens geht es um die Identifizierung sozialräumlicher Strukturen der Zuwanderung und ihren Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung im Großraum Santiago. Und schließlich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Studie Empfehlungen an die Politik als Beitrag zur Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile abgeleitet. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche – überwiegend quantitative – Methoden verwendet, so zum Beispiel der deskriptiven und analytischen Statistik einschließlich einer Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse. Der Autorin standen hierfür umfangreiche chilenische Zensus- und Visadaten zur Verfügung. Die Zuwanderung nach Chile ist gegenwärtig insbesondere von einem starken Anstieg des Anteils von Migranten aus Lateinamerika gekennzeichnet. Dabei spielen vor allem die vergleichsweise großen Arbeitsmarktpotenziale des Landes eine Rolle. Zudem steigt die Zahl jüngerer Zuwanderer, für die Chile attraktive Ausbildungs- und Studienmöglichkeiten bietet. Im Entscheidungsprozess von Migranten kommt Chile zunehmend die Rolle einer "intervening opportunity" zu, wobei eine Reihe von Faktoren dem Land komparative Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Zuwanderungsländern für Migranten aus Lateinamerika wie den USA, Spanien oder Italien verschafft. Hierzu gehören u.a. die verschärften Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen in vielen Industrieländern, die günstigen Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Zeit-/ Kosten-Distanzen sowie das anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum und die politische Stabilität in Chile. Das allgemeine Qualifikationsprofil der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem der Migranten in den meisten Industriestaaten. Im Allgemeinen ist das Bildungsniveau der Zuwanderer hoch. Wie in den meisten Weltstädten wird das Gros der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago insbesondere von zwei Gruppen gestellt, zum einen von Hochqualifizierten in Führungspositionen und zum anderen von gering qualifizierten und häufig marginalisierten Zuwanderern. Die entsprechenden Daten können im Übrigen auch als ein Indiz dafür angesehen werden, dass im Großraum Santiago viele Zuwanderer unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt zu sein scheinen. Akademiker und Fachkräfte spielen unter den Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago eine große Rolle und –mit Ausnahme von Zuwanderern aus Peru und Ecuador – gibt es kaum Anzeichen für eine Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes. Qualifizierte Zuwanderer tragen in einigen Bereichen wie zum Beispiel bei der öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge oder in Privatschulen zum Abbau von Arbeitsmarktengpässen bei. Geringer Qualifizierte erhöhen das Arbeitskräftepotenzial in Bereichen, in denen es u.a. aufgrund des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs in Chile eine steigende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften gibt, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Haushaltshilfen. Fast 50% aller Zuwanderer wohnen in fünf der 34 Kommunen des Großraums Santiago. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen: Migranten lassen sich dort nieder, wo es Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten gibt und sie entwickeln ähnliche sozialräumliche Verteilungsmuster wie die chilenische Bevölkerung. Weiterhin ist festzustellen, dass die Zuwanderung trotz der relativ starken räumlichen Konzentration von Migranten im Großraum Santiago im Vergleich zu Großstädten in den USA oder in Europa kaum zu Segregation führt. Quer über verschiedene Segregationsindices sind jeweils die höchsten Werte bei Zuwanderern aus Europa und aus den USA mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status festzustellen ("volontary ghettos"). Mit Hilfe von Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen lassen sich räumliche Verteilungsmuster von Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago nachweisen: Ein weiter Bereich des Großraums Santiago (insbesondere im Westen und Süden) bietet offensichtlich nur wenig Attraktivität für Migranten; das Zentrum des Großraums bildet einen kernstädtischen Bereich mit relativ junger Zuwanderung; daran schließen mehrere halbkreisförmige Gebieten um das Zentrum an, in denen der Sozialstatus und die Wohnverhältnisse der Migranten nach außen hin zunehmen. Diese Struktur ist weitgehend vergleichbar mit lateinamerikanischen Stadtentwicklungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit legen im Hinblick auf die Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile eine Reihe von Empfehlungen nahe. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die folgenden Aspekte: (1) die Verbesserung der Informationsgrundlagen über Zuwanderung, (2) die Verbesserung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und die Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten, (3) die Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf Migrationsfragen und (4) die Versachlichung der öffentlichen Debatte über Migration und die effizientere Integration von Zuwanderern.

International audience ; Der "große Tumulus" des Mané Lud verdankt seine Berühmtheit vor allem seinem – erst später hinzugefügten – Ganggrab, das ihn im Westen begrenzt und eine große Anzahl von Gravuren aufweist, die zu den berühmtesten des europäischen Corpus zählen. In einem früheren Artikel wurden zehn Orthostaten beschrieben und fotografisch sowie zeichnerisch dargestellt. Hier werden nun die digitale Bilderfassung, die Darstellungsweisen der Zeichen und der Stelen und die Natur der Linien wiederaufgenommen. Das Corpus der Zeichen wird anschließend analysiert und neu interpretiert. Die Große Göttin wird ein blasender Pottwal; die Dechsel ist ein Mann mit gekreuzten Armen, das Beil des Holzfällers eine Kriegswaffe, der Hirtenstab nur ein Bumerang, das hornförmige Zeichen ein fliegender Vogel, das Graffito bzw. der Kamm ein besetztes Boot und die "Muttergöttin" stellt die Welt im Kleinen dar. In diesem Artikel plädieren wir faktisch für eine Archäologie der Bilder, eine vernachlässigte Kategorie, bei der das wahrgenommene und das geschaffene Bild nicht nur in fortwährendem Wettbewerb miteinander stehen, sondern in der Archäologie der Vorgeschichte überhaupt und in dem was sie Fels-oder Höhlenmalerei oder rock art nennt, auch fortwährend miteinander verwechselt werden. Die Gravuren des Mané Lud sind die Zeichen des Kleinen und des unermesslich Großen. Doch über den hier vorgelegten phänomenologischen Bericht hinaus stellt sich im weiteren Sinne die Frage nach der bildlichen Darstellung der Macht, die sich oft auf historische Probleme beschränkt, die mehr oder weniger auf der Schrift basieren. Und wenn es auch zwecklos erscheinen mag, in der Schrift als solcher oder in dieser Abfolge eingravierter Zeichen den Ursprung jeder Hierarchie oder jeder Herrschaft suchen zu wollen, so ist man doch berechtigt sich die Frage zu stellen, welche Rolle diese in Stein eingravierten "aneinander gereihten" Zeichen gespielt haben mögen bei der Wandlung des politischen Bewusstseins, bei der Einführung neuer Denkweisen, die neuen Herrschaftsweisen entsprechen, die in unseren Augen das Erstellen in einer so kurzen Zeit von Monumenten reflektiert, die zu den gigantischsten des 5. Jahrtausends in Europa gehören. Denn die ersten Schriftsysteme und selbst diese noch älteren graphischen Darstellungsweisen, welche die eingravierte Geschichte eines Anfangs kennzeichnen, haben zugleich die Organisation des sozialen Lebens beeinflusst und die Erkenntnissysteme bereichert. Dies ist die von symbolischen Motiven getriebene Glanzleistung der Technik: hunderte Tonnen von Felsgestein an die Meeresküsten zu transportieren, an die Grenzen des Unergründlichen, damit sie dem Mythos als unvergesslicher Spiegel dienen, vielleicht dem eines Ursprungs, der Gründung eines Königtums. Und selbst, wenn eine Nachricht nicht auf das Instrument ihrer Übermittlung reduziert werden darf, so wirkt sich doch jede Änderung im Kommunikationssystem – und die archäologische "Kultur" ist ebenfalls Teil dieser Abfolge von Kommunikationshandlungen -zwangsläufig auf die übermittelten Inhalte aus. Dies ist das neue Neolithikum in seiner westlichen Revolution. ; The "Grand Tumulus" of the Mané Lud is primarily known for its passage grave – of secondary addition – which borders its western extrimity and contains a significative number of engravings that are among the most well know in Europe. In a previous article, ten orthostates were described and illustrated with photos and drawings. In this paper, new techniques of recording the images are describe, along with the modes of representation of the signs and steles and the nature of the traces. The corpus of sign is then decomposed and the interpretation renewed. The Great Goddess becomes a spooting whale; the adze a man with outstretched arms; the woodcutter's ax a weapon of war, the shepherd's crook only a boomerang; the horn sign a flying bird; the brush-graffiti a mounted boat; the escutcheon idol a world in miniature. In this paper, we plead for an archaeology of pictures. A poorly manipulated category in which the percieved image and the created image are in perpetual competition but also in continual confusion in the works of prehistoric archaeology, and in that which it names parietal art or rock art. The engravings of Mané Lud are signs of the Miniature and the Immensity. But beyond the phenomenological relation exposed, it is images of power that are in question here, which are often limited to historic problems underlain by writing. And though it may seem vain to search within writing itself, or in this suite of engraved signs, the origin of all hierarchy or domination, we can nonetheless question the role of the arrangements of engraved signs "aligned" on a mineral screen, in the transformation of political knowledge, and in the establishment of new manners of thinking, which correspond to new modes of domination, which reflect for us the rapid erection of some of the most gigantic in 5 th millennium Europe. Because these first writing systems, and even these most ancient graphic processes, which mark beginning of the history of engraving, influenced both the organization of the social life and that of the systems of knowledge. Here we see the technical feat pushed by symbolic reason, hundreds of tons of stones transferred to the edge of the ocean, to the limit of the unknowable, to serve as a memorable mirror to myth, perhaps that of an origin, of the foundation of a king. And even though we cannot reduce a message to its material means of transmission, any change in a system of communications – and archaeological "culture" is also a series of acts of communication – forcibly changes the meaning of the contents transmitted. This is the new Neolithic in its western revolution. ; Le « grand tumulus » du Mané Lud est essentiellement connu pour sa tombe à couloir – d'adjonction secondaire –, qui en borne l'extrémité occidentale et qui contient un nombre significatif de gravures comptant parmi les plus célèbres du corpus européen. Dans un article antérieur, dix orthostates ont été décrits et illustrés par des photographies et des dessins. Seront ici rappelés la nouvelle acquisition technique des images, les modes de représentations des signes et des stèles, et la nature des tracés. Le corpus des signes est ensuite décomposé et l'interprétation renouvelée. La Grande Déesse devient un cachalot soufflant, l'herminette est un homme aux bras en croix, la hache du bûcheron est une arme guerrière, la houlette du berger n'est qu'un boomerang, le cornu devient un oiseau volant, le peigne-graffiti est un bateau monté, l'idole en écusson rassemble un monde en miniature. Cet article plaide pour une archéologie des images, catégorie malmenée au sein de laquelle image perçue et image créée sont en perpétuelle concurrence mais aussi en continuelle confusion dans l'oeuvre d'une archéologie commune de la Préhistoire, et dans ce qu'elle nomme art pariétal ou rupestre ou rock art . Les gravures du Mané Lud sont les signes de la Miniature et de l'Immensité. Mais au-delà de ce rapport phénoménologique ici exposé, c'est toute la question des images du pouvoir qui est donnée à entendre, souvent limitée aux problèmes historiques sous-tendus par l'écriture. Et s'il peut sembler vain de vouloir chercher dans l'écriture en tant que telle, ou dans cette suite de signes gravés, l'origine de toute hiérarchie ou de toute domination, on pourra néanmoins s'interroger sur le rôle des agencements de signes gravés «alignés» sur l'écran minéral, dans la transformation du savoir politique, dans la mise en place de nouveaux modes de pensée correspondant à de nouveaux modes de domination que reflète à nos yeux l'érection, en un temps si court, d'ouvrages parmi les plus gigantesques du V e millénaire européen. Car les premiers systèmes d'écriture, et même ces procédés graphiques plus anciens qui jalonnent l'histoire gravée d'un commencement, ont influencé à la fois l'organisation de la vie sociale et celle des systèmes de connaissance. Voici la prouesse technique poussée par la raison symbolique: des centaines de tonnes de pierres transférées en bord d'océan, en limite de l'inconnaissable, pour servir de miroir mémorable au mythe, peut-être celui d'une origine, de la fondation d'un roi. Et quand bien même l'on ne peut pas réduire un message au moyen matériel de sa transmission, tout changement dans le système des communications – et la «culture» archéologique est aussi cet enchaînement d'actes de communication – a nécessairement en retour d'importants effets sur les contenus transmis. Ceci est le Néolithique nouveau en sa révolution occidentale.

International audience ; Der "große Tumulus" des Mané Lud verdankt seine Berühmtheit vor allem seinem – erst später hinzugefügten – Ganggrab, das ihn im Westen begrenzt und eine große Anzahl von Gravuren aufweist, die zu den berühmtesten des europäischen Corpus zählen. In einem früheren Artikel wurden zehn Orthostaten beschrieben und fotografisch sowie zeichnerisch dargestellt. Hier werden nun die digitale Bilderfassung, die Darstellungsweisen der Zeichen und der Stelen und die Natur der Linien wiederaufgenommen. Das Corpus der Zeichen wird anschließend analysiert und neu interpretiert. Die Große Göttin wird ein blasender Pottwal; die Dechsel ist ein Mann mit gekreuzten Armen, das Beil des Holzfällers eine Kriegswaffe, der Hirtenstab nur ein Bumerang, das hornförmige Zeichen ein fliegender Vogel, das Graffito bzw. der Kamm ein besetztes Boot und die "Muttergöttin" stellt die Welt im Kleinen dar. In diesem Artikel plädieren wir faktisch für eine Archäologie der Bilder, eine vernachlässigte Kategorie, bei der das wahrgenommene und das geschaffene Bild nicht nur in fortwährendem Wettbewerb miteinander stehen, sondern in der Archäologie der Vorgeschichte überhaupt und in dem was sie Fels-oder Höhlenmalerei oder rock art nennt, auch fortwährend miteinander verwechselt werden. Die Gravuren des Mané Lud sind die Zeichen des Kleinen und des unermesslich Großen. Doch über den hier vorgelegten phänomenologischen Bericht hinaus stellt sich im weiteren Sinne die Frage nach der bildlichen Darstellung der Macht, die sich oft auf historische Probleme beschränkt, die mehr oder weniger auf der Schrift basieren. Und wenn es auch zwecklos erscheinen mag, in der Schrift als solcher oder in dieser Abfolge eingravierter Zeichen den Ursprung jeder Hierarchie oder jeder Herrschaft suchen zu wollen, so ist man doch berechtigt sich die Frage zu stellen, welche Rolle diese in Stein eingravierten "aneinander gereihten" Zeichen gespielt haben mögen bei der Wandlung des politischen Bewusstseins, bei der Einführung neuer Denkweisen, die neuen Herrschaftsweisen entsprechen, die in unseren Augen das Erstellen in einer so kurzen Zeit von Monumenten reflektiert, die zu den gigantischsten des 5. Jahrtausends in Europa gehören. Denn die ersten Schriftsysteme und selbst diese noch älteren graphischen Darstellungsweisen, welche die eingravierte Geschichte eines Anfangs kennzeichnen, haben zugleich die Organisation des sozialen Lebens beeinflusst und die Erkenntnissysteme bereichert. Dies ist die von symbolischen Motiven getriebene Glanzleistung der Technik: hunderte Tonnen von Felsgestein an die Meeresküsten zu transportieren, an die Grenzen des Unergründlichen, damit sie dem Mythos als unvergesslicher Spiegel dienen, vielleicht dem eines Ursprungs, der Gründung eines Königtums. Und selbst, wenn eine Nachricht nicht auf das Instrument ihrer Übermittlung reduziert werden darf, so wirkt sich doch jede Änderung im Kommunikationssystem – und die archäologische "Kultur" ist ebenfalls Teil dieser Abfolge von Kommunikationshandlungen -zwangsläufig auf die übermittelten Inhalte aus. Dies ist das neue Neolithikum in seiner westlichen Revolution. ; The "Grand Tumulus" of the Mané Lud is primarily known for its passage grave – of secondary addition – which borders its western extrimity and contains a significative number of engravings that are among the most well know in Europe. In a previous article, ten orthostates were described and illustrated with photos and drawings. In this paper, new techniques of recording the images are describe, along with the modes of representation of the signs and steles and the nature of the traces. The corpus of sign is then decomposed and the interpretation renewed. The Great Goddess becomes a spooting whale; the adze a man with outstretched arms; the woodcutter's ax a weapon of war, the shepherd's crook only a boomerang; the horn sign a flying bird; the brush-graffiti a mounted boat; the escutcheon idol a world in miniature. In this paper, we plead for an archaeology of pictures. A poorly manipulated category in which the percieved image and the created image are in perpetual competition but also in continual confusion in the works of prehistoric archaeology, and in that which it names parietal art or rock art. The engravings of Mané Lud are signs of the Miniature and the Immensity. But beyond the phenomenological relation exposed, it is images of power that are in question here, which are often limited to historic problems underlain by writing. And though it may seem vain to search within writing itself, or in this suite of engraved signs, the origin of all hierarchy or domination, we can nonetheless question the role of the arrangements of engraved signs "aligned" on a mineral screen, in the transformation of political knowledge, and in the establishment of new manners of thinking, which correspond to new modes of domination, which reflect for us the rapid erection of some of the most gigantic in 5 th millennium Europe. Because these first writing systems, and even these most ancient graphic processes, which mark beginning of the history of engraving, influenced both the organization of the social life and that of the systems of knowledge. Here we see the technical feat pushed by symbolic reason, hundreds of tons of stones transferred to the edge of the ocean, to the limit of the unknowable, to serve as a memorable mirror to myth, perhaps that of an origin, of the foundation of a king. And even though we cannot reduce a message to its material means of transmission, any change in a system of communications – and archaeological "culture" is also a series of acts of communication – forcibly changes the meaning of the contents transmitted. This is the new Neolithic in its western revolution. ; Le « grand tumulus » du Mané Lud est essentiellement connu pour sa tombe à couloir – d'adjonction secondaire –, qui en borne l'extrémité occidentale et qui contient un nombre significatif de gravures comptant parmi les plus célèbres du corpus européen. Dans un article antérieur, dix orthostates ont été décrits et illustrés par des photographies et des dessins. Seront ici rappelés la nouvelle acquisition technique des images, les modes de représentations des signes et des stèles, et la nature des tracés. Le corpus des signes est ensuite décomposé et l'interprétation renouvelée. La Grande Déesse devient un cachalot soufflant, l'herminette est un homme aux bras en croix, la hache du bûcheron est une arme guerrière, la houlette du berger n'est qu'un boomerang, le cornu devient un oiseau volant, le peigne-graffiti est un bateau monté, l'idole en écusson rassemble un monde en miniature. Cet article plaide pour une archéologie des images, catégorie malmenée au sein de laquelle image perçue et image créée sont en perpétuelle concurrence mais aussi en continuelle confusion dans l'oeuvre d'une archéologie commune de la Préhistoire, et dans ce qu'elle nomme art pariétal ou rupestre ou rock art . Les gravures du Mané Lud sont les signes de la Miniature et de l'Immensité. Mais au-delà de ce rapport phénoménologique ici exposé, c'est toute la question des images du pouvoir qui est donnée à entendre, souvent limitée aux problèmes historiques sous-tendus par l'écriture. Et s'il peut sembler vain de vouloir chercher dans l'écriture en tant que telle, ou dans cette suite de signes gravés, l'origine de toute hiérarchie ou de toute domination, on pourra néanmoins s'interroger sur le rôle des agencements de signes gravés «alignés» sur l'écran minéral, dans la transformation du savoir politique, dans la mise en place de nouveaux modes de pensée correspondant à de nouveaux modes de domination que reflète à nos yeux l'érection, en un temps si court, d'ouvrages parmi les plus gigantesques du V e millénaire européen. Car les premiers systèmes d'écriture, et même ces procédés graphiques plus anciens qui jalonnent l'histoire gravée d'un commencement, ont influencé à la fois l'organisation de la vie sociale et celle des systèmes de connaissance. Voici la prouesse technique poussée par la raison symbolique: des centaines de tonnes de pierres transférées en bord d'océan, en limite de l'inconnaissable, pour servir de miroir mémorable au mythe, peut-être celui d'une origine, de la fondation d'un roi. Et quand bien même l'on ne peut pas réduire un message au moyen matériel de sa transmission, tout changement dans le système des communications – et la «culture» archéologique est aussi cet enchaînement d'actes de communication – a nécessairement en retour d'importants effets sur les contenus transmis. Ceci est le Néolithique nouveau en sa révolution occidentale.

DIRECTOR'S FOREWARD (Daniel Pauly). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. PART 1: PAPERS. Prohibited species bycatch in the eastern Bering Sea flatfish fisheries - an analysis of institutions and incentives (Joshua K. Abbott and James E. Wilen). Modelling short-term choice behaviour of Danish fishermen in a mixed fishery (Bo S. Andersen and Annie-Sofie Christensen). Modeling effects of habitat closures in ocean fisheries (Matthew Berman). High seas fisheries governance: a framework for the future? (Stan Crothers and Lindie Nelson). Investing in natural capital - the case of fisheries (Ralf Doering). The catch 22 of licensing policy: socio-economic impacts in British Columbia's commercial ocean fisheries (Danielle N. Edwards, Astrid Scholz, Eric E. Tamm and Charles Steinback). The impact of rights-based management regimes on fishery productivity (Stephanie F. McWhinnie). Data fouling in marine fisheries: findings and a model for Newfoundland (Kaija I. Metuzals, C. Michael Wernerheim,Richard L. Haedrich, Parzival Copes and Ann Murrin). Early attempts at establishing exclusive rights in the British Columbia salmon fishery (Frank Millerd). Industrial evolution in response to changes in the demand for traceability and assurance: a case study of Chilean salmon aquaculture (Tyler K. Olson and Keith R. Criddle). Optimal location of marine protected areas in an international context (Arjan Ruijis and John Janmaat). An economic analysis of management options in the western rock lobster fishery of Western Australia (Neil Thomson and Nick Caputi). Testing the stability of recreational fishing participation probabilities (Eric M. Thunberg and Charles M. Fulcher). Improving utilization of the Atlantic sea scallop resource: an analysis of rotational management of fishing grounds (Diego Valderrama and James L. Anderson). PART 2: ABSTRACTS. Preferences for a buyout program: survey results from U.S. Atlantic shark fishermen (Charles M. Adams and Sherry L. Larkin). Measuring welfare effects of multispecies quota management systems (J. Agar). Economic evaluation of marine ecosystem restoration in northern British Columbia (Cameron H. Ainsworth). Valuing U.S. marine habitats: fantasy or fact? (Jackie Alder, William Cheung, Gakushi Ishimura and U. Rashid Sumaila). Price discovery in laboratory tradable fishing allowance markets with concurrent leasing (Christopher M. Anderson and Jon G. Sutinen). Excessive shares in ITQ fisheries (Lee G. Anderson). Framework for the evaluation of socio-economic and environmental indicators of sustainability in marine ecosystem based fisheries management: The Veracruz Reef system case (Patricia Arceo, Leonardo Ortiz, and Alejandro Granados). Measuring performance in a multi-output industry (Frank Asche, Daniel Gordon and Carsten Lynge Jensen). Experimental analysis of the political economics of fisheries governance(Sam Bwalya, Christopher M. Anderson and Jon G. Sutinen). Effort response, harvest, and climate in the Gulf of Mexico recreational red snapper fishery (D.W. Carter and D. Letson). Socioeconomic impacts of fishery subsidies: a review (Tony Charles). The buyback subsidy problem: time inconsistencies and the ITQ alternative (Colin W. Clark, Gordon R. Munro and U. Rashid Sumaila). Deterrence and compliance in the artisanal Lake Victoria fisheries (H. Eggert and R. Lokina). Reconciling the revocable (or impermanent) privilege of IFQs with economic needs of fishermen (Mark Fina and Joseph Sullivan). Fraser salmon and the species-at-risk act: socio-economic impacts (Gordon S. Gislason). Genetic resources for fun and profit - the role of the interest rate in natural selection (Atle G. Guttormsen, Dadi Kristorfersson and Eric Naevda). Bering Sea pollock fisher response to the Steller sea lion conservation area (Alan C. Haynie and David F. Layton). Dynamic discrete choice modleing: Monte Carlo analysis (Robert Hicks and Kurt E. Schnier). Individual habitat quotas for fisheries: the influences of regulatory scale and spatial heterogeneity (Daniel S. Holland and Kurt E. Schnier). Fisheries cooperartives - varieties and consequences (Daniel D. Huppert and Jennifer Kassakian). Treadmill effects and capitalization of resource rent in Norweigian fisheries (Gakushi Ishimura and Rognvaldur Hannesson). Global cost and regional benefit of open ocean aquaculture with ocean nourishment (Ian S.F. Jones and Ibrahem Al Tarawneh). A dynamic spatial model to predict net distribution of fishing effort in relation to changes in fish abundance in the global tuna longline fishery (Heather Keith, Carl Walters and U. Rashid Sumaila). Simulating with ISIS-Fish V2.0 the dynamics of a north-east Atlantic mixed fishery subject to spatial closures (Stephanie Mahevas, Dominique Pelletier, Paul Marchal, Olivier Guyader, Raul Prellezo and Marina Santurtun). Entering and exiting a fishery: a strategic choice? (S. Mardle and T. Hutton). International trade, fisheries, and Canadian marine ecosystems: an empirical analysis (A. Dale Marsden and U. Rashid Sumaila). Ecosystem of a small lake (Kawahara-oike, Japan) invaded by two alien species: bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Takashi Matsuishi, Md. Monir Hossain, Akira Goto and Mikio Azuma). Decision structuring to alleviate embedding in environmental valuation (Timothy L. McDaniels, Robin Gregory, Jospeh Arvai and Ratana Chuenpagdee). A preliminary look at the Hawai'ian swordfish regulations at reducing sea turtle bycatch (Jeffrey K. O'Hara and Theodore Groves). Importation of tasteless smoke (CO) treated tuna and its impacts to local market and fisheries (Minling Pan and Timothy Ming). Risk-shifting in farm-raised catfish marketing channels (K. Quagrainie and I. Neira). Stranded capital and impacts to processors of ITQs (Kate Quigley). Modeling economic efficiency in a fishery: the Norwegian cod trawl fishery (Kristin H. Roll, Frank Asche and Atle G. Guttormsen). Protecting marine biodiveristy: a comparison of inidividual habitat quotas (IHQs) and the marine protected areas (Kurt E. Schnier and Daniel S. Holland). Outside the realmn of economics: what are the implications of environmental ethics for fisheries management? (Donald M. Schug). Spatial management of metapopulations in fisheries : the bioeconomic effects of source-sink configurations (J.C. Seigo and J.F. Caddy). Valuing ecosystem services with fishery rents: a lumped-parameter approach to hypoxia in the Neuse River estuary (Martin D. Smith and Larry B. Crowder). A hierarchical Bayes approach to discrete choice fisheries modeling: the effect of marine reserves on fishing behaviour (Marin D. Smith, Junjie Zhang and Felicia C. Coleman). Amending the Alaska halibut/sablefish IFQ program to address community needs (P.J. Smith). Ecological and economic analysis of sablefish aquaculture in British Columbia (U. Rashid Sumaila, John Volpe and Yajie Liu). On the economics of fisheries governance: a Presidential address (Jon G. Sutinen). The economic costs of regulation: a bioeconomic comparison of legislative mandates for rebuilding fish stocks in the United States and New Zealand (Gil Sylvia, Sherry L. Larkin and Michael Harte). Bayesian estimation of technical efficiency in fisheries (D. Tomberlin, X. Irz and G. Holloway). Beyond ITQs: transactions costs and self-governance in New Zealand (Ralph E. Townsend). The effect of regulatory regimes on productivity development in fisheries: a comparative country study (Ragnar Tveteras and Hakan Eggert). Market power, sharing rule and fishery co-management (J. Uchida and J. Wilen). Moving toward market based management regimes: implementing days at sea leasing in the northeast (USA) multispecies fishery (John B. Walden and Charles Fulcher). Like counting sheep from a helicopter on a cloudy day: the effects of scientific uncertainty on stock assessment and ITQ fisheries management (T. Yandle). The contribution of fisheries to GDP: underestimating the role of small-scale fisheries (Dirk Zeller, Shawn Booth and Daniel Pauly). ; Fisheries Centre (FC) ; Unreviewed ; Faculty ; Researcher ; Graduate

Red. nauk. Wydz. : Lewandowski, Jerzy ; Redaktor serii : Wodziński, Piotr ; Unia Europejska jest najważniejszym ugrupowaniem polityczno-gospodarczym na kontynencie europejskim. Członkostwo Polski w jej strukturach stwarza dla naszego kraju ogromne szanse rozwoju. Wynikają one z liberalizacji wymiany międzynarodowej oraz korzystania przez Polskę w coraz szerszym zakresie z czterech swobód (przepływu towarów, osób, usług i kapitału) obejmujących swym zasięgiem Europejski Jednolity Rynek Wewnętrzny. Ich znaczenie dla dalszego rozwoju kontynentu europejskiego jest ogromne, szczególnie w aspekcie założeń Strategii Lizbońskiej, której głównym przesłaniem jest stworzenie w Europie najbardziej konkurencyjnej gospodarki na świecie. Stąd też zainteresowanie problematyką europejską w kontekście oddziaływania tego rynku na rozwój przedsiębiorczości i promowania jej wpływu na gospodarkę poszczególnych państw UE staje się przedmiotem rozważań i to zarówno w sferach akademickich, jak i biznesowych. Waga tego problemu pozwala sądzić, że stanowić on będzie inspirację do dyskursu naukowego w tej materii na wiele kolejnych lat. Zasadniczymi podmiotami Europejskiego Rynku, oprócz znaczącego potencjału konsumenckiego, są małe i średnie firmy, których rozwój w ostatnim okresie jest tak dynamiczny, że można mówić o ich dominującym wpływie na rozwój gospodarczy całej Unii Europejskiej. Stanowią one obecnie ponad 98% wszystkich przedsiębiorstw tego obszaru, w tym Polski, tworząc nowe miejsca pracy oraz generując znaczącą część Produktu Krajowego Brutto. Przewaga tego sektora nad firmami dużymi wynika z faktu ich niezwykłej elastyczności na rynku podmiotów gospodarczych. Stanowią one jednocześnie zalążek nowych projektów gospodarczych oraz źródło innowacyjności i przedsiębiorczości. Próbę dyskusji nad zarysowanymi powyżej zagadnieniami podjęto w niniejszej monografii, która jest owocem konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej przez Katedrę Integracji Europejskiej i Marketingu Międzynarodowego w maju 2006 roku na temat: ,,Polski sektor MŚP na Jednolitym Runku Europejskim". W niniejszym opracowaniu naukowym wykorzystano znaczącą część referatów, które były przedmiotem analizy dociekań naukowych w trakcie powyższej konferencji. Całość monografii stanowią dwa tomy, opublikowane pod wspólnym tytułem ,,Szanse rozwoju polskiego sektora MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim". W pierwszej części tego opracowania zatytułowanej "Funkcjonowanie MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego" znalazły się zagadnienia dotyczące rozwoju sektora MŚP w Polsce w kontekście dwuletniego okresu członkostwa w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. W tomie drugim zatytułowanym "Wspieranie rozwoju MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim" przedstawiono wpływ integracji europejskiej na rozwój MŚP poprzez dostęp tego sektora do unijnych środków pomocowych, wpływu sektora publicznego i instytucji otoczenia biznesu oraz nowoczesnych systemów i strategii zarządzania na funkcjonowanie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Układ dwutomowy tego opracowania stanowi zwartą merytorycznie całość. Pierwszy tom składa się z czterech rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym analizowane są problemy rozwoju przedsiębiorczości w Polsce, jak również przeprowadzono porównanie warunków funkcjonowania MŚP w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto scharakteryzowane zostały czynniki warunkujące prowadzenie działalności na rynkach międzynarodowych. W rozdziale drugim określono wpływ zjawisk integracyjnych na podnoszenie konkurencyjności i innowacyjności sektora MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. Rozdział trzeci obejmuje logistyczne aspekty zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem MŚP z uwzględnieniem kosztów logistycznych, usług transportowych oraz pozycji konkurencyjnej firmy w łańcuchu dostaw. Ostatni rozdział poświęcono zagadnieniom dotyczącym marketingu i jego roli w procesie kreowania relacji z klientem na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Wyrażam nadzieję, że monografia ta, będąca efektem pracy wielu Autorów, przyczyni się do pogłębienia wiedzy z zakresu zasad funkcjonowania MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim oraz stanie się przyczynkiem do dalszej analizy w tym zakresie i to zarówno wśród badaczy, jak i praktyków. Chciałbym również podkreślić, iż na wiele dylematów wyłaniających się w niniejszej pracy nie ma jednoznacznych odpowiedzi. Należy je traktować jako kwestie do dalszych rozważań i pogłębionych studiów wymagających bacznej obserwacji zjawisk i procesów rynkowych oraz sposobów ich rozwiązywania przez funkcjonujące na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa. Oddając w Państwa ręce niniejszą publikację, mam nadzieję, iż spotka się ona z przychylnym odbiorem oraz konstruktywną krytyką zawartej w niej treści. ; European Union (EU) is the most important political and economic formation in Europe. The membership of Poland in it' s structures creates for our country the significant chances of development. They result with liberalization of international exchange as well as using by Poland in more and more wider range of four liberties functioning in the European Single Internal Market. Their role for the development of European continent is fundamental, particularly in the aspect of foundations the Lizbon Strategy which the main aspect is creating European economy the most competitive in the world. That' s why the European problems in the context of its influence (of this market) on development and promoting of enterprises (in the individual states of EU) become the subject of considerations academical and business spheres. Role of this problem permits to judge that this questions will be inspiring to scientific discussion for many next years. Small and medium enterprises are principle elements of the European Market. In the last period their development is so dynamie, that they have the predominant influence on economic development of the whole European Union. At present they make up over 98% all enterprises of this area creating the new places of work as well as generating significant part of GDP. Superiority of this sector comparing to large firms is their (SME) the unusual elasticity in the market. They make up simultaneously the ovule of new economic projects as well as source of innovation and enterprise. W orked out the present publication is the first volume of monograph. It is based on the materials sent by the scientists from Poland on the national conference organized by the Department of European lntegration and International Marketing of Technical University of Lodz in May of 2006. The main purpose of this conference (and the monograph) was: "Polish SME in the Single European Market". The whole monograph was published under common title: " The chances of development of Polish SME in the Single European Market". The first part of this book entitled "Functioning of the SME in conditions of Single European Market" is concentrated on the questions of the development of SME in Poland in context of our two-year period of membership in new econornic realities. The second part ("Supporting the development of SME in the Single European Market") presents the role of business institution in the development SME sector in Poland and describes the influence of local factors as well as sector public on functioning the SME in the Single European Market. There are given the financial aspects of development of enterprises and possibilities resulting from extemal sources (the structural funds) and the modem systems and strategies of management used in SME are presented, as well as the different technological innovations (electronic environment). Present, first volume consists of four chapters. In first chapter the problems of development of enterprise in Poland are analysed and there is the comparison of conditions of functioning SME in the chosen countries of European Union. In second chapter the influence of integration phenomena is qualified on increasing the competitiveness and innovation of the sector SME in conditions of Single European Market. Third Chapter concems the logistic aspects of management of SME enterprise concentrating on the chain of deliveries, the logistic costs, transport services as well as the position of competitive firm. The last chapter is relating to the marketing process and its role of creating relation between customer and firm in the Single European Market.

In his September 2002 report to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary‐General Kofi Annan identified migration as a priority issue for the international community. Subsequent initiatives prompted by the UN resulted, in December 2003, in the formation of a Global Commission on International Migration. This independent body has three mandates: to bring international migration issues to the top of the global agenda, to analyze shortcomings in approaches to international migration and examine inter‐linkages with other issue‐areas, and to make practical recommendations for how to manage international migration more effectively. Remarks made by Kofi Annan at the launching of the Commission in Geneva were amplified in an address he gave to the European Parliament in Brussels on 29 January 2004 upon receiving the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought. Simultaneously a brief article covering the themes in that address, signed by Kofi Annan, was released by the Secretary‐General's office for publication in leading newspapers throughout Europe. The full text of this article (http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/sg‐29jan2004.htm) is reproduced below.The article presents a number of propositions about international migration, with special reference to Europe, that tend to be taken for granted in discussions of the subject in international forums. Perhaps because of the article's brevity, the propositions are stated in strikingly unqualified form. Europe needs migrants. Immigration will enrich and strengthen European countries; the alternative is accepting declining living standards and social division‐‐a meaner, weaker, older Europe. In the absence of migration, jobs would go unfilled and services undelivered. Immigration cannot be controlled: closing the door would not only harm Europe's long‐term economic and social prospects, it would drive more and more people to come in through the back door. Such propositions, far from being axiomatic, are of course highly controversial. A fuller examination of them is presumably part of the Global Commission's remit.One of the biggest tests for the enlarged European Union, in the years and decades to come, will be how it manages the challenge of immigration. If European societies rise to this challenge, immigration will enrich and strengthen them. If they fail to do so, the result may be declining living standards and social division. There can be no doubt that European societies need immigrants. Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. Without immigration, the population of the soon‐to‐be twenty‐five Member States of the EU will drop, from about 450 million now to under 400 million in 2050. The EU is not alone in this. Japan, the Russian Federation and South Korea, among others, face similar possible futures‐where jobs would go unfilled and services undelivered, as economies shrink and societies stagnate. Immigration alone will not solve these problems, but it is an essential part of any solution.We can be sure that people from other continents will go on wanting to come and live in Europe. In today's unequal world, vast numbers of Asians and Africans lack the opportunities for self improvement that most Europeans take for granted. It is not surprising that many of them see Europe as a land of opportunity, in which they long to begin a new life‐just as the potential of the new world once attracted tens of millions of impoverished but enterprising Europeans. All countries have the right to decide whether to admit voluntary migrants (as op‐posed to bona fide refugees, who have a right to protection under international law). But Europeans would be unwise to close their doors. That would not only harm their long‐term economic and social prospects. It would also drive more and more people to try and come in through the back door‐by asking for political asylum (thus overloading a system designed to protect refugees who have fled in fear of persecution), or by seeking the help of smugglers, often risking death or in‐jury in clandestine acts of desperation on boats, trucks, trains and planes. Illegal immigration is a real problem, and States need to cooperate in their efforts to stop it‐especially in cracking down on smugglers and traffickers whose organized crime networks exploit the vulnerable and subvert the rule of law. But combating illegal immigration should be part of a much broader strategy. Countries should provide real channels for legal immigration, and seek to harness its benefits, while safeguarding the basic human rights of migrants. Poor countries can also benefit from migration. Migrants sent at least $88 billion to developing countries in remittances during 2002‐54% more than the $57 billion those countries received in development aid.Migration is therefore an issue in which all countries have a stake‐and which demands greater international cooperation. The recently established Global Commission on International Migration, co‐chaired by distinguished public figures from Sweden and South Africa, can help to establish international norms and better policies to manage migration in the interest of all. I am confident that it will come up with good ideas, and I hope they will win support, from countries that "send" migrants as well as those that receive them. Managing migration is not only a matter of opening doors and joining hands internationally. It also requires each country to do more to integrate new arrivals. Immigrants must adjust to their new societies and societies need to adjust too. Only with an imaginative strategy for integrating immigrants can countries ensure that they enrich the host society more than they unsettle it. While each country will approach this is‐sue according to its own character and culture, no one should lose sight of the tremendous contribution that millions of immigrants have already made to modern European societies. Many have become leaders in government, science, academia, sports and the arts. Others are less famous but play an equally vital role. Without them, many health systems would be short‐staffed, many parents would not have the home help they need to pursue careers, and many jobs that provide services and generate revenue would go unfilled. Immigrants are part of the solution, not part of the problem. All who are committed to Europe's future, and to human dignity, should therefore take a stand against the tendency to make immigrants the scapegoats for social problems. The vast majority of immigrants are industrious, courageous, and determined. They don't want a free ride. They want a fair opportunity for themselves and their families. They are not criminals or terrorists. They are law‐abiding. They don't want to live apart. They want to integrate, while retaining their identity. In this twenty‐first century, migrants need Europe. But Europe also needs migrants. A closed Europe would be a meaner, poorer, weaker, older Europe. An open Europe will be a fairer, richer, stronger, younger Europe‐provided Europe manages immigration well.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

This dissertation takes a step towards providing a better understanding of post-socialist welfare state development from a theoretical as well as an empirical perspective. The overall analytical goal of this thesis has been to critically assess the development of social policies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using them as illustrative examples of post-socialist welfare state development in the light of the theories, approaches and typologies that have been developed to study affluent capitalist democracies. The four studies included in this dissertation aspire to a common aim in a number of specific ways. The first study tries to place the ideal-typical welfare state models of the Baltic States within the well-known welfare state typologies. At the same time, it provides a rich overview of the main social security institutions in the three countries by comparing them with each other and with the previous structures of the Soviet period. It examines the social insurance institutions of the Baltic States (old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, short-term benefits, sickness, maternity and parental insurance and family benefits) with respect to conditions of eligibility, replacement rates, financing and contributions. The findings of this study indicate that the Latvian social security system can generally be labelled as a mix of the basic security and corporatist models. The Estonian social security system can generally also be characterised as a mix of the basic security and corporatist models, even if there are some weak elements of the targeted model in it. It appears that the institutional changes developing in the social security system of Lithuania have led to a combination of the basic security and targeted models of the welfare state. Nevertheless, as the example of the three Baltic States shows, there is diversity in how these countries solve problems within the field of social policy. In studying the social security schemes in detail, some common features were found that could be attributed to all three countries. Therefore, the critical analysis of the main social security institutions of the Baltic States in this study gave strong supporting evidence in favour of identifying the post-socialist regime type that is already gaining acceptance within comparative welfare state research. Study Two compares the system of social maintenance and insurance in the Soviet Union, which was in force in the three Baltic countries before their independence, with the currently existing social security systems. The aim of the essay is to highlight the forces that have influenced the transformation of the social policy from its former highly universal, albeit authoritarian, form, to the less universal, social insurance-based systems of present-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This study demonstrates that the welfare–economy nexus is not the only important factor in the development of social programs. The results of this analysis revealed that people's attitudes towards distributive justice and the developmental level of civil society also play an important part in shaping social policies. The shift to individualism in people's mentality and the decline of the labour movement, or, to be more precise, the decline in trade union membership and influence, does nothing to promote the development of social rights in the Baltic countries and hinders the expansion of social policies. The legacy of the past has been another important factor in shaping social programs. It can be concluded that social policy should be studied as if embedded not only in the welfare-economy nexus, but also in the societal, historical and cultural nexus of a given society. Study Three discusses the views of the state elites on family policy within a wider theoretical setting covering family policy and social policy in a broader sense and attempts to expand this analytical framework to include other post-socialist countries. The aim of this essay is to explore the various views of the state elites in the Baltics concerning family policy and, in particular, family benefits as one of the possible explanations for the observed policy differences. The qualitative analyses indicate that the Baltic States differ significantly with regard to the motives behind their family policies. Lithuanian decision-makers seek to reduce poverty among families with children and enhance the parents' responsibility for bringing up their children. Latvian policy-makers act so as to increase the birth rate and create equal opportunities for children from all families. Estonian policy-makers seek to create equal opportunities for all children and the desire to enhance gender equality is more visible in the case of Estonia in comparison with the other two countries. It is strongly arguable that there is a link between the underlying motives and the kinds of family benefits in a given country. This study, thus, indicates how intimately the attitudes of the state bureaucrats, policy-makers, political elite and researchers shape social policy. It confirms that family policy is a product of the prevailing ideology within a country, while the potential influence of globalisation and Europeanisation is detectable too. The final essay takes into account the opinions of welfare users and examines the performances of the institutionalised family benefits by relying on the recipients' opinions regarding these benefits. The opinions of the populations as a whole regarding government efforts to help families are compared with those of the welfare users. Various family benefits are evaluated according to the recipients' satisfaction with those benefits as well as the contemporaneous levels of subjective satisfaction with the welfare programs related to the absolute level of expenditure on each program. The findings of this paper indicate that, in Latvia, people experience a lower level of success regarding state-run family insurance institutions, as compared to those in Lithuania and Estonia. This is deemed to be because the cash benefits for families and children in Latvia are, on average, seen as marginally influencing the overall financial situation of the families concerned. In Lithuania and Estonia, the overwhelming majority think that the family benefit systems improve the financial situation of families. It appears that recipients evaluated universal family benefits as less positive than targeted benefits. Some universal benefits negatively influenced the level of general satisfaction with the family benefits system provided in the countries being researched. This study puts forward a discussion about whether universalism is always more legitimate than targeting. In transitional economies, in which resources are highly constrained, some forms of universal benefits could turn out to be very expensive in relative terms, without being seen as useful or legitimate forms of help to families. In sum, by closely examining the different aspects of social policy, this dissertation goes beyond the over-generalisation of Eastern European welfare state development and, instead, takes a more detailed look at what is really going on in these countries through the examples of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. In addition, another important contribution made by this study is that it revives 'western' theoretical knowledge through 'eastern' empirical evidence and provides the opportunity to expand the theoretical framework for post-socialist societies.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; " You Can't Get Anywhere Without Coming to Ogden: Railroading in the American West" a commemorative panel discussion presented at the 2004 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium Making Tracks by Dr. Kathryn MacKay Thursday, October 7, 2004 2 Thank you. Let me add my thanks for the invitation to be here today. It is always an honor to be asked to speak at a public forum. I also acknowledge that some of my students have even decided to show up and I am particularly honored by your presence. Let me put my nostalgic credentials on the table first. My grandfather worked for the Union Pacific which meant that as a child I used to take rides on the Union Pacific with my grandmother. There are still stories told in the family about those various trips and about taking lunch down to the Union Pacific depot for my grandfather and so I also have these nostalgic railroad credentials. In fact that may be the extent of my credentials about the railroad, I need to admit to you that the railroad is not my field of study. I have been drawn into this study more recently with a project at the Golden Spike museum with a group of students. As a public historian I supervise students who do curatorial work, archival work, and we had a chance to redo an exhibit that talked about the Chinese workers on the Central Pacific. I then went on to help the park do curatorial work on their collection and it raised again the issue that is always an issue in museum, libraries, historic sites and reenactment places, and that is how do you present the past to the public in the present? How do you help the public understand the past was as complicated and as messy as the present? And how do you bring to the attention of the public the best of the current scholarship? So with those issues in mind I turn to some discussion about new scholarship on the Union Pacific railroad. Let me bring to your attention three major areas of new scholarship about the Union Pacific and about railroads in the 3 west in general. They really do come out of the last 20- 25 years of historical research that can be both labeled social history research and new western research. The social historians have asked us to consider the past from the bottom up; from the lives of ordinary people. For the railroad, that means we are much more interested in the lives of the workers. And for the Union Pacific, that is the Irish immigrants, expendable because there were so many of them, expendable because they could be replaced, and literally expendable because they kept being blown up and having accidents, etc. Thousands of workers over six years of time worked on this transcontinental railroad and we are struggling to tell the story of their lives, both to find the information but also to present it to the public at our museums, and our public events. The social historians remind us that the story of the transcontinental railroad, the story of the Union Pacific, is not just a story of triumphalism; it is a story that is also about despair and hardship, ethnocentric discrimination, and a lot of stories lost. We are trying to find those. I also wanted to bring to your attention new scholarship that geographers are asking. One area of scholarship is to look at town planning that the railroad companies did. The Union Pacific, for example, had a specific town plan for Cheyenne. The geographers, in looking at towns in the west, are bringing to our attention increasingly, some understanding of major town plans; the Pueblo Indian villages, the Mormon town plan or the plan of Zion, and the railroad plan, Cheyenne being one of the most important examples of this. What, for example, has caught scholars attention about the railroad town plans is that they are 4 deliberately planned off center, they are slightly askew. The speculation is, well, does this have to do with sunshine; does this have to do with surveyors who did not know what they were doing? But, nonetheless, there is a particular pattern and the scholars' are curious about that, and bringing to our attention that we need to be mindful of the railroad as a town planner, not just as a railroad builder. But they really did affect the way that the land looked in the west in terms of town planning. Furthermore, again as the geographers go back and take a look at the rights of way and the roots, the impact that they had on the environment, on the ecology, on the land itself. There is a lot of new scholarship to look at. One of the fascinating fields, for example, is that because the railroads became the second largest land owner in the west, second only to the Federal government that, of course, took the land in the first place and held a lot of land. If you want to find certain seeds and certain kinds of plants that have not been particularly disturbed for hundreds of years you follow the railroad tracks. That is where the seed researchers are gathering native plants and seeds that have not been hybridized. So again, the geographers bringing to our attention new services. And then the new western historians are weighing in… I noticed that Richard White, one of the most distinguished of the new western historians is now turning his attention to the railroads particularly in terms of their corporate power and influence, and is looking at the first big businesses in the United States which were the railroads, and looking at the connections between their economic power and their political power. In this time, which for some historians 5 is being described as the " New Gilded Age," the historians are looking back at the previous Gilded Age and looking at the railroads as a particular player in this world that has become so familiar to us, a world of big business and the influence of big business on the government. I want you to know that these three areas of scholarship are areas that scholars, historians, and geographers are particularly interested in. Again, bottom up history, town planning and the impact on geography and environment, and the relationship between big business, corporate interest and the government. That is where we are going to see some of the richest new scholarship. The challenge for museums and public organizations is going to be to present that new scholarship to the public. Thank you very much.

This dissertation takes a step towards providing a better understanding of post-socialist welfare state development from a theoretical as well as an empirical perspective. The overall analytical goal of this thesis has been to critically assess the development of social policies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using them as illustrative examples of post-socialist welfare state development in the light of the theories, approaches and typologies that have been developed to study affluent capitalist democracies. The four studies included in this dissertation aspire to a common aim in a number of specific ways. The first study tries to place the ideal-typical welfare state models of the Baltic States within the well-known welfare state typologies. At the same time, it provides a rich overview of the main social security institutions in the three countries by comparing them with each other and with the previous structures of the Soviet period. It examines the social insurance institutions of the Baltic States (old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, short-term benefits, sickness, maternity and parental insurance and family benefits) with respect to conditions of eligibility, replacement rates, financing and contributions. The findings of this study indicate that the Latvian social security system can generally be labelled as a mix of the basic security and corporatist models. The Estonian social security system can generally also be characterised as a mix of the basic security and corporatist models, even if there are some weak elements of the targeted model in it. It appears that the institutional changes developing in the social security system of Lithuania have led to a combination of the basic security and targeted models of the welfare state. Nevertheless, as the example of the three Baltic States shows, there is diversity in how these countries solve problems within the field of social policy. In studying the social security schemes in detail, some common features were found that could be attributed to all three countries. Therefore, the critical analysis of the main social security institutions of the Baltic States in this study gave strong supporting evidence in favour of identifying the post-socialist regime type that is already gaining acceptance within comparative welfare state research. Study Two compares the system of social maintenance and insurance in the Soviet Union, which was in force in the three Baltic countries before their independence, with the currently existing social security systems. The aim of the essay is to highlight the forces that have influenced the transformation of the social policy from its former highly universal, albeit authoritarian, form, to the less universal, social insurance-based systems of present-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This study demonstrates that the welfare–economy nexus is not the only important factor in the development of social programs. The results of this analysis revealed that people's attitudes towards distributive justice and the developmental level of civil society also play an important part in shaping social policies. The shift to individualism in people's mentality and the decline of the labour movement, or, to be more precise, the decline in trade union membership and influence, does nothing to promote the development of social rights in the Baltic countries and hinders the expansion of social policies. The legacy of the past has been another important factor in shaping social programs. It can be concluded that social policy should be studied as if embedded not only in the welfare-economy nexus, but also in the societal, historical and cultural nexus of a given society. Study Three discusses the views of the state elites on family policy within a wider theoretical setting covering family policy and social policy in a broader sense and attempts to expand this analytical framework to include other post-socialist countries. The aim of this essay is to explore the various views of the state elites in the Baltics concerning family policy and, in particular, family benefits as one of the possible explanations for the observed policy differences. The qualitative analyses indicate that the Baltic States differ significantly with regard to the motives behind their family policies. Lithuanian decision-makers seek to reduce poverty among families with children and enhance the parents' responsibility for bringing up their children. Latvian policy-makers act so as to increase the birth rate and create equal opportunities for children from all families. Estonian policy-makers seek to create equal opportunities for all children and the desire to enhance gender equality is more visible in the case of Estonia in comparison with the other two countries. It is strongly arguable that there is a link between the underlying motives and the kinds of family benefits in a given country. This study, thus, indicates how intimately the attitudes of the state bureaucrats, policy-makers, political elite and researchers shape social policy. It confirms that family policy is a product of the prevailing ideology within a country, while the potential influence of globalisation and Europeanisation is detectable too. The final essay takes into account the opinions of welfare users and examines the performances of the institutionalised family benefits by relying on the recipients' opinions regarding these benefits. The opinions of the populations as a whole regarding government efforts to help families are compared with those of the welfare users. Various family benefits are evaluated according to the recipients' satisfaction with those benefits as well as the contemporaneous levels of subjective satisfaction with the welfare programs related to the absolute level of expenditure on each program. The findings of this paper indicate that, in Latvia, people experience a lower level of success regarding state-run family insurance institutions, as compared to those in Lithuania and Estonia. This is deemed to be because the cash benefits for families and children in Latvia are, on average, seen as marginally influencing the overall financial situation of the families concerned. In Lithuania and Estonia, the overwhelming majority think that the family benefit systems improve the financial situation of families. It appears that recipients evaluated universal family benefits as less positive than targeted benefits. Some universal benefits negatively influenced the level of general satisfaction with the family benefits system provided in the countries being researched. This study puts forward a discussion about whether universalism is always more legitimate than targeting. In transitional economies, in which resources are highly constrained, some forms of universal benefits could turn out to be very expensive in relative terms, without being seen as useful or legitimate forms of help to families. In sum, by closely examining the different aspects of social policy, this dissertation goes beyond the over-generalisation of Eastern European welfare state development and, instead, takes a more detailed look at what is really going on in these countries through the examples of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. In addition, another important contribution made by this study is that it revives 'western' theoretical knowledge through 'eastern' empirical evidence and provides the opportunity to expand the theoretical framework for post-socialist societies.

[spa] La importancia otorgada a la evaluación en educación, desde su prescripción o condición para acceder al financiamiento extraordinario de instituciones o programas, acrecienta su complejidad no sólo técnica sino ética, con riesgos de reproducir las desigualdades de origen de las entidades evaluadas, mediante la desacreditación de un servicio público ajeno a los intereses y modelos de calidad que así lo califican. Inscrita en este contexto, como otras universidades públicas cuyo desarrollo depende de los recursos adicionales a un subsidio cada vez más exiguo, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) participa en recientes procesos de evaluación-acreditación de sus programas educativos. Ahora que la evaluación emerge protagonista del cambio y la calidad de la educación, como nunca antes se soslayan las reflexiones sobre la supuesta neutralidad de sus procedimientos, resultados y juicios; el ambiente politizado y una cultura de utilitarismo, relegan el cuestionamiento sobre la calidad de la evaluación. Se elige el estudio de casos como enfoque de investigación evaluación, con un diseño cualitativo orientado a ofrecer una visión sobre la manera en que las políticas y prácticas de la evaluación institucional responden a los principios de la educación universitaria y de la UAEM; y, contribuir a mejorar la comprensión que sobre la evaluación tengan los participantes, como base de la reflexión y el cambio de perspectiva para una nueva y profesional intervención. En congruencia con estos objetivos, el problema investigación interroga sobre: ¿Cómo se realiza la evaluación universitaria y de qué manera influye en ésta el contexto en que se lleva a cabo? ¿Cuál es la comprensión que tienen los participantes sobre los procesos críticos, las características y eventos más significativos que ocurren dentro y como consecuencia de las prácticas de la evaluación universitaria? En el contexto señalado, el examen a la evaluación universitaria se centra en las prácticas del ámbito institucional, éstas son: la evaluación anual del plan de desarrollo, la evaluación del Informe Anual de Actividades por la Comisión de Glosa del Consejo Universitario, la evaluación externa de los CIEES para las funciones institucionales, la auto evaluación institucional CONAEVA y las evaluaciones para fundamentar programas de financiamiento extraordinario. El alcance del estudio se limita al campo de la docencia universitaria, e intenta englobar -con el análisis documental y las entrevistas- un periodo que suma las últimas cinco administraciones universitarias (1982-2001) La fase empírica del estudio se realiza a partir del análisis documental que comprende materiales conceptuales, normativos, planes e informes; la observación no participante (2002 y 2003) centrada en sucesos y actuaciones que informan sobre los componentes de la evaluación (fundamentos, resultados, juicios e interpretación, y recomendaciones); y, finalmente pero como recurso principal, la entrevista con autoridades, y evaluadores. Los resultados preliminares alcanzados con estas técnicas se organizan y analizan para redactar el informe del estudio de caso evaluativo, teniendo por bastidor los criterios fundamentales de la evaluación (veracidad, estética y justicia) propuestos por Ernest R. House (1997), los estándares para la evaluación educacional (utilidad, factibilidad, honradez y precisión) del Centro de Evaluación de la Universidad de Werstern, Michigan (1994). El informe de evaluación (resultados del estudio), bajo el propósito principal de promover la identificación y comprensión de los lectores, presenta una redacción informal, narrativa, con abundantes citas que ilustran juicios, descripciones y explicaciones; presenta las diversas voces que analizan, discuten y reflexionan sobre la evaluación universitaria y cómo influyen en ésta las contingencias del contexto. Una síntesis de los resultados perfila una evaluación institucional universitaria con diversas debilidades en su veracidad, credibilidad y justicia, por factores de naturaleza política y económica, y una cultura que la ritualiza y burocratiza; la actual evaluación está desconectada de los principios universitarios y anclada cada vez más a la política educativa federal para la obtención de recursos; la importancia ahora concedida a la evaluación, no está en su contribución para mejorar la educación, más bien en una «calidad certificada» que facilita el acceso a fondos públicos. Las reflexiones de los participantes plantean: ¿Por qué después de años de evaluaciones se ha mejorado tan poco? ¿por qué si la evaluación ha de hacerse, no aclarar sus intereses, buscar que sea de calidad y obtener los mejores beneficios para la institución y los universitarios? ; [eng] The importance given to the educational evaluation, since the prescription or condition to accede through the extraordinary financing of programs or institutions, increases the complexity, not just in the technique, but the ethics, with risks of reproducing the original inequalities of the assessed entities, by bringing discredit on, of a public service unaware of interests and quality models. Enrolled on this context, as other public universities which development depends of additional resources and a much more scanty grant, The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico (UAEM) takes part in recent praxis of evaluation-accreditation of its educative programs. Nowadays, that the evaluation and quality in the education appears as a main character, as never before, the reflection have been avoided, about the supposed neutrality of its process, results and judgments; the political atmosphere and the utilitarian culture, relegate the interrogation about the quality in the evaluation. I chose the chases focused in the evaluation research, with a qualified design oriented to offer a different view about the way, politics and institutional praxis evaluation reply to the university educative principles (UAEM); by the way assisting to improve comprehension in the participants about evaluation, as a basis in the reflection and «a change of view» applying a new and professional intervention. In the appointed context, the university evaluation is focused on the praxis immersed in this institutional atmosphere; these are: the evaluation of The Development Plan, the evaluation of the Annual Activity Report, by the Glosa Commision of the University Council, The external evaluation of the CIEES for their institutional functions, an institutional self-evaluation CONAEVA and some evaluations to establish programs with extraordinary financing. The empirical phase of this research come across the documental analysis, the non-participant observation (2002 and 2003), ultimately, interviews with authorities and evaluative personnel, all of these, as a main resource. The reached preliminary results are analyzed and organized, to draft the research inform of the evaluative subject, holding as a basis the fundamental criterion of evaluation, proposed by Ernest R. House (1997) of veracity, esthetic and justice, and the educational evaluation standard, as utility, facility, honesty and precision of the Evaluation Centre of the Western University of Michigan (1994). The evaluation report, trying to instigate the comprehension and identification of the reader, presents an informal writing, narrative, with some quotations that illustrates judgments, descriptions and explications; proposing the different voices that analyze, debate and reflect about the university evaluation, and how the context eventualities have influence on these.