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In the modern political process, an important role is played by political actors who really influence the political process. The most active actors in the political process include political leaders, political parties, public organizations, etc., which, depending on the level of maturity of civil society in a particular country, influence political decision-making processes and the implementation of national and local policies. The political regimes of different states stimulate or inhibit the initiative of the subjects of the political process. However, the subjects of the political process are able to change the features of a particular political regime. Political institutions functioning in the political process go through the following eight stages. First, it is important for a political institution to define a goal that allows you to clearly define the goals and directions of its activities, which in turn increases its subjectivity. Second, political institutions must make political predictions to increase the effectiveness of their political activities. Third, the ability to make the right political decisions is important for a political institution. Fourth, in order to achieve their goal, political institutions must carry out political socialization and political mobilization, which increases their subjectivity. Fifth, political institutions implement the planned goals and adjust tactical activities. Sixth, political institutions must monitor the implementation of political decisions. Seventh, political institutions must analyze and summarize their political activities. Eighth, political institutions must define new strategies in their political activities, which allows them to increase their subjectivity.

Problem setting. There is evidence that Political power plays a crucial role in regulating social processes. But it is also a difficult concept to understand and define. That's why this phenomenon has been studied by many researchers using different methods and absolutely different scientific approaches, what has made it an ambigious term. It causes an actuality of synthesizing the most significant innovative concepts into unite theoretical background.Resent research and publication analysis. Previous research has established that Political power is related to Power of law. A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between Political power and Public governance, State Power. The issue has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the multidisciplinary field of sociological, culturelogical, psychological and even linguistical researches. As a result, this concept has recently been challenged by postmodernist's studies demonstrating its hidden features. We should notice a big number of scholars, from M. Faucault and P. Bourdieu to S. Lukes and K. Dowding, whose developments in the field of Cratology have led to a renewed interest in political power. Paper objective. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the innovative approaches to political power understanding and to give own definition of this phenomenon. Paper main body. The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on qualitative and quantative, theoretical and empirical studies. The overall structure of the study takes the form of two conditional parts. The first part of this paper examines the innovative approaches to general power understanding. In the section we are proving that power is based on information. The second part also begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks what is political power at postmodernist's context. In summary, information is seemed to be the most efficient power resource, because it touches each part of people existence. Conclusions ...

Навчальний посібник висвітлює основні теми нормативного курсу «Політична географія». Детально характеризуються форми правління та адміністративно-територіального поділу держав, морфологічні особливості державної території, функції державних кордонів, принципи періодизації розвитку політичної карти світу, класифікацій і типологій країн тощо. Зміст посібника відбиває результати тривалої викладацької і дослідницької роботи автора. Кожна тема включає навчальний матеріал, який доповнюється визначеннями основних термінів, цікавими фактами і грунтовними висновками. Додатки містять матеріали для організації самостійного вивчення політичної карти світу, необхідну інформацію для підготовки до практичних робіт і семінарських занять тощо. Посібник розрахований на студентів природничо-географічних факультетів, вчителів географії та економіки, учнів профільних класів ліцеїв і гімназій та широке коло читачів, які цікавляться особливостями територіальної організації життя суспільства та іншими аспектами сучасної політичної географії. ; The manual covers basic topics of the normative course "Political Geography". Forms of government and administrative-territorial division of the state, morphological features of state territory, functions of the state borders, principles of periodization of the political map of the world development, classifications and typologies of countries are characterised in detail. The contents of the manual reflects the results of a long teaching and researching work of the author. Each topic includes educational material that is complemented by definitions of key terms, interesting facts and thorough findings. Applications include materials for independent study of the map, the necessary information to prepare for practical work and seminars etc. The manual is designed for students of natural sciences and geography faculties, geography and economics teachers, students of specialized classes in lyceums and gymnasiums and a wide range of readers interested in the features of the territorial organization of social life and other aspects of modern political geography.

The article discusses the approaches of political market theories to the functioning of public administration, namely different views on the theory. The complex nature of the defined research goals and objectives presupposes the application of an integrated methodological approach based on modern systemic and research problems related to the functioning of modern party systems and political development. This offers a holistic view of the theory in the unity of conceptual and applied aspects. The leading method of research is the method of system analysis. The methodological principle presented in all sections of this article is the principle of dialectics, which made it possible to study the views of theorists, taking into account their internal contradictions and variability. It is important to note that in the sections devoted to the issues of political struggle, elements of structural and functional analysis are used. One of the principles of the research methodology is the provisions of the political realism theory, which indicate that the main subject of the system of international relations is the nation-state. The method of comparative analysis is useful for determining the common and special in political views. The main task of the social choice theory is to normatively solve such problems of democracy as the tyranny of the majority, the massification of culture and morals, inefficient government, demagoguery and the empty space of democracy (with people in office, most of which is a variable mass used to represent citizens in general), but by no means create an explanation for the whole spectrum of political life. The theory of social choice shows a possible option for the existence of a political system – however, on the other hand.

One individual's terrorist policy can turn into terrorism for the whole world. Terrorism has become one of the global problems of today. It affects all spheres of existence of modern society, especially the security, stability and functioning of political institutions of the state, the stability of a multilevel system of socio-political and international relations. The study of political terrorism is extremely important for modern Ukraine, where the problems of violence, along with economic, social, spiritual, ideological and others, do not allow the country to develop in the direction of increasing social security, constantly turning it to daily survival and confrontation, reducing the security of our country. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly clarify the trends in the development of the modern social process, to predict the dangers and threats of armed political confrontation, and to use extremist violence – terrorism. This, in turn, is almost impossible without constant clarification of the methodological foundations of the theory of political terrorism. Solving this problem requires deep theoretical knowledge, insight into the essence and content of terrorism. At the same time, the role of political science analysis is growing. The destruction of a stable political environment must be seen as a strategic goal of political terrorism. Based on the unbalanced structure of society, it seeks to force society to function, to develop in the direction set by terrorist forces. Political terrorism has become a destructive force that generates social, political instability internationally. Europe's entry into a complex, contradictory socio-political process associated with a radical change in the vectors of political development in the XXI century, directly reflected on the level, dynamics, direction of political terrorism, as well as – on various forms of its implementation. The political life of Europe has absorbed a whole spectrum of political terror.

The research aims to deal with the concept of political identity through the complex of such concepts as archetypes of the collective unconscientious, myth, symbol, the political and political discourse. It is proved that the boundaries of political space are limited by the boundaries of recognition of imperatives of an ontological myth, the boundaries of formation of and support to beliefs about the necessity of complying with those imperatives as the only possible means for restoration of the existence of society and man. The author reviews domination alternatives of one or more ontological myths.In the context of cultural and historical balance and recognition of different political paradigms there arises a universal paradigm of the political in society, which conciliates and unites all the layers, turning them into subjects of politics. This is a paradigm of democracy, its essence coming down to recognition of only such form of political power as legitimate by all subjects of the political process, which through appropriate laws and standards regulates the struggle for political power and secures participation in exercising power, i.e. such regulations of political being of society, which are perceived as justified and legitimate by all subjects of political activity. ; Статья обосновывает понятие политической идентичности через комплекс понятий: архетипы коллективного бессознательного, миф, символ, политический дискурс. Доказано, что границы политического пространства определяются пределами признания императивов онтологического мифа, границами становления и поддержки убеждений в необходимости подчиняться этим императивам как единственным возможным средствам восстановления бытия общества и человека. Рассмотрены варианты доминирования одного или нескольких онтологических мифов. Освещены условия формирования универсальной парадигмы политического, что примиряет и объединяет все слои, превращая их в субъектов политики. Такой парадигмой автор считает парадигму демократии. ; Розвідка присвячена висвітленню поняття політичної ідентичності через комплекс понять: архетипи колективного несвідомого, міф, символ, політичне, політичний дискурс. Доведено, що межі політичного простору окреслюються межами визнання імперативів онтологічного міфу, межами становлення й підтримки переконань у необхідності підкорятися цим імперативам як єдиним можливим засобам відновлення буття суспільства і людини. Розглянуто варіанти домінування одного або декількох онтологічних міфів. Висвітлено умови формування універсальної парадигми політичного, що примирює й поєднує всі верстви, перетворюючи їх на суб'єктів політики. Такою парадигмою автор уважає парадигму демократії.