Suchergebnisse

What functions does "collaboration" play in our moral and political practices and how did it come to play those roles? We use the term "collaboration" to identify a valued partnership, but it also names a morally compromised association and functions as a reason for blaming and punishing complicitous behavior. However, it has also played nefarious political roles: shoring up patriarchy, legitimizing ethnic cleansing, and bolstering a myth of national unity. "Collaboration" plays various roles because it is both ambiguous and vague. It is ambiguous in that there are multiple conceptions of collaboration, and it is vague because it contains borderline cases that are difficult, even impossible, to resolve. An exploration of "collaboration" combined with the history of its coming of age shows why its study is so vexing and how it functions in unexpected and disturbing ways.

In this paper, the political functions of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture at both national and international levels are studied. It is attempting to answer the question of what are the political functions of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture and how do they affect the political arena at national and international levels? The article is inspired by Durkheim's theory of the impact of social rituals on solidarity, theoretical literature on political socialization, as well as on the political effects of the religious and spiritual. However, the paper does not emphasize these theories as the theoretical framework of the article, because they are shaped in contexts that have little to do with Iranian society. Therefore, relying on them can lead to misleading results in scientific research in relation to Iranian society. At the national level, the functions of political socialization, the development of personal and social identity, political stability and the strengthening of national solidarity have been examined as political functions of pilgrimage. Strengthening solidarity among nations, expanding intergovernmental relations, strengthening regional political discourses, Political and Media Streaming, and enhancing cultural deterrence capabilities have also been described as political functions of pilgrimage to the international arena. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method of documentary analysis and the results show that the role of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture is not only in the field of rituals and has a great influence in the political field.

Work is based on two pairs of case studies; the first pair is focused on an analysis of the internal political function of sport and the second pair is focused on the external political function of sport. All of the case studies will be applied to national teams as well as club sports. In the first two cases, we will analyze the internal role of sport in two different situations; in former Yugoslavia in the early nineties and also in Spain. We will analyze their separatist crises and the various possibilities of solving these crises through sport. In the other two cases we will present two situations, which will demonstrate the political effect of sport from an international point of view. In the first case we will examine the fate of the Czechoslovakian athletes in the late sixties and their attitudes toward competition with the former Soviet Union. The second case will be devote to the former Soviet states that through sport either gradually gained prestige in the international sphere or vice versa incurred losses, as was the case for Russia. The aim of this work is to show how sport can shape the political situation both outside of the borders as well as within a country. The primary method used was historical analysis of sports as well as analysis of the internal political situation in countries described and their international position in the given geopolitical situation. In the first example of the former Yugoslavia it is clearly visible how clubs sports as well as national-level sports started the whole process of disintegration of the country and helped establish the newly formed country. The second case takes us into a completely different situation in Spain where sport is supposed to be instrumental in keeping together this multinational kingdom. The second part outlines the issue of the political function of sport internationally. The first case is Czechoslovakia, where hockey fights with the Soviet Union became a powerful ventilation of resistance to the usurper, despite the ruling communist elite. ...

Work is based on two pairs of case studies; the first pair is focused on an analysis of the internal political function of sport and the second pair is focused on the external political function of sport. All of the case studies will be applied to national teams as well as club sports. In the first two cases, we will analyze the internal role of sport in two different situations; in former Yugoslavia in the early nineties and also in Spain. We will analyze their separatist crises and the various possibilities of solving these crises through sport. In the other two cases we will present two situations, which will demonstrate the political effect of sport from an international point of view. In the first case we will examine the fate of the Czechoslovakian athletes in the late sixties and their attitudes toward competition with the former Soviet Union. The second case will be devote to the former Soviet states that through sport either gradually gained prestige in the international sphere or vice versa incurred losses, as was the case for Russia. The aim of this work is to show how sport can shape the political situation both outside of the borders as well as within a country. The primary method used was historical analysis of sports as well as analysis of the internal political situation in countries described and their international position in the given geopolitical situation. In the first example of the former Yugoslavia it is clearly visible how clubs sports as well as national-level sports started the whole process of disintegration of the country and helped establish the newly formed country. The second case takes us into a completely different situation in Spain where sport is supposed to be instrumental in keeping together this multinational kingdom. The second part outlines the issue of the political function of sport internationally. The first case is Czechoslovakia, where hockey fights with the Soviet Union became a powerful ventilation of resistance to the usurper, despite the ruling communist elite. In the second example analyzes the example of Russia and its retreat from the sporting glory after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the need for rebirth of sporting achievements as a political promotion of the country. The results are mainly a description of the structure of sporting events and their subsequent impacts on the happenings both inside and outside of a country and its appearance in front of other states.

This paper seeks to add a new facet to the definition(s) of fascism, that amorphous social, cultural, political, and aesthetic conception that has inspired no small degree of controversy over the years since the defeat of the Nazis -- indeed, even since the ascension of Mussolini. I argue that the conception of "decadence" by ruling or vanguard party circles, and the expression of a need for such decadence to be purged for the health of the society, is a central tenet of fascist or crypto-fascist ideology in either its rise to power or renewed consolidation of power. In this view, "fascism" does not necessarily mean the Nazis, and "decadence" need not signify a circumscribed artistic definition, connoting a certain circle of late-nineteenth-century painters in poets, especially in France. Though I regard period-circumscribed views of fascism and decadence as informative, I hope to offer a new framework in which the two concepts, seen in perpetual relation to each other, break historical bonds and tell us about deeper, transhistorical political trends. In doing so, we may be better equipped to guard against the renewed emergence of crypto-fascist ideology by taking this rhetoric of a "purgation of decadence," wherever it comes from, as a serious warning. Thus I will use historical cases outside of the standard Hitler-Mussolini axis that I view to exhibit overtly fascist tendencies, such as Khmer Rouge Cambodia and Cultural Revolution Maoist China, and I will make normative claims about current ideological currents that, while certainly not neo-Nazi, may also contain fascist or crypto-fascist tendencies. Adapted from the source document.