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Even in exceptional times, surveillance remains a political program rather than an imminent force.

This research deals with four different Arab news satellite Television, particularly three different live political programs broadcast on each of Al Jazeera (The Island), Al Manar (The Beacon), Al Arabiya (The Arabia) and Al Hurra (The Free One). The research discusses whether or not each of these four channels follows a particular political agenda, objective, school of thought and point of view. It also discusses the degree of freedom of speech each channel has, whether or not each has the ability to shape Arab politics and if each has any kind of effect in terms of Democracy in the Arab media. Two methodologies were used in this research; content analysis and in-depth interviews in order to analyze four different aspects; the presenters, topics, guests and public contributions in the three different political programs broadcast on each of the four channels. This was done to compare and understand the ideology of each of the four channels and the distinction between those four aspects on each of them. The conclusion of th.is research proves that each channel is different in terms of content and policy. Each station reflects a specific objective, opinion, school of thought, point of view and agenda either clearly or through the topics and countries frequently covered on its political programs. In addition, no matter how free the channel may appear to be, it still has regulations and restrictions. Apart from that, the conclusion also proves that there are certain effects political programs on Arab satellite television have in terms of shaping Arab politics and in terms of democracy in the Arab media.

Intro -- U.S. POLITICAL PROGRAMS: FUNCTIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- U.S. POLITICAL PROGRAMS: FUNCTIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- SENATE CONSIDERATION OF PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS: COMMITTEE AND FLOOR PROCEDURE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RECEIPT AND REFERRAL -- COMMITTEE PROCEDURES -- Written Rules -- Investigations -- Hearings -- Reporting -- FLOOR PROCEDURES -- Executive Calendar -- Executive Session -- Taking up a Nomination -- Holds -- Consideration and Disposition -- Recommital -- Reconsideration -- Cloture -- NOMINATIONS RETURNED TO THE PRESIDENT -- RECESS APPOINTMENTS -- RELATED CRS REPORTS -- REFERENCES -- THE MANHATTAN PROJECT, THE APOLLO PROGRAM AND FEDERAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY R&D PROGRAMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- THE MANHATTAN PROJECT -- THE APOLLO PROGRAM -- ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MANHATTAN PROJECT, THE APOLLO PROGRAM, AND FEDERAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY R&D -- Funding -- Threat Perception -- Goal Clarity -- Technology Customer -- IMPLICATIONS FOR CONGRESS -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITIES -- REFERENCES -- THE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION PROGRAM -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- A DIFFERENT APPROACH -- ISSUES AND OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE CORPORATION -- ABSTRACT -- MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OVERVIEW -- MCC BACKGROUND -- MCC IMPLEMENTATION -- Selection of Candidate Countries -- Country Selection Criteria and Methodology -- Selecting Eligible Countries -- Country Selection - FY2009 -- MCC Compacts and Program Proposals -- Compact Descriptions -- Madagascar -- Honduras -- Cape Verde -- Nicaragua -- Georgia -- Armenia -- Vanuatu -- Ghana -- Benin -- Mali -- El Salvador -- Mozambique -- Lesotho -- Morocco -- Mongolia -- Tanzania -- Burkina Faso -- Namibia -- "Threshold" Countries and Programs -- SELECT ISSUES -- Funding.

Even in exceptional times, surveillance remains a political program rather than an imminent force.

Abstract: The article examines the key stages of the establishment of Italy's Northern League as a rightwing hard eurosceptic party. Being initially a continual supporter of European integration and considering the transition to common currency as an opportunity available only to northern regions, which could secede and form an independent state, Northern League after losing the main point of its political agenda when the whole Italy joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1998, became a eurosceptically-oriented party, which it is up to now. The authors dwell on the focal points of the party's anti-EU program: Italy's exit from the eurozone, the formation of Europe of macroregions, the reformation of supranational institutes and decision-making procedures. However, while confronting the Northern League policy with that of National Front in France and UKIP in the United Kingdom, the authors come to the conclusion that Euroscepticism for the former is just a sign of the shift in priorities rather than a strategy as for the latter. This can be explained by the fact that National Front and UKIP are still to fight for the place in the national mainstream, while Northern League has become its integral part long before. Nevertheless, under the new leadership of M.Salvini Northern League managed to become the fourth party on the national level according to the results of European parliament elections in 2014 and established itself as a significant power opponent to EU policy on a number of important issues, such as anti-Russian sanctions. Moreover, frequent visits of party members to Moscow and the party's outspoken support of Russia on Crimea's entrance into the Russian Federation provide an opportunity to consider Northern League a potential conductor of Russian interests in the European Union.

The Lebanese Shi'ite resistance movement, Hizbullah, is going through a remarkable political and ideological transformation. Hizbullah was founded in 1978 by various sectors of Lebanese Shi'ite clergy and cadres, and with Iranian backing as an Islamic movement protesting against social and political conditions. Over the years 1984/85 to 1991, Hizbullah became a full-fledged social movement in the sense of having a broad overall organization, structure, and ideology aiming at social change and social justice, as it claimed. Starting in 1992, it became a mainstream political party working within the narrow confines of its pragmatic political program. The line of argument in this dissertation is that Hizbullah has been adjusting its identity in the three previously mentioned stages by shifting emphasis among its three components: (1) from propagating an exclusivist religious ideology (2) to a more encompassing political ideology, and (3) to a down-to-earth political program.