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This article focuses studying of examples of linguistic creativity in political discourse on Twitter, as well as showing the purpose of using linguistic tricks. Subject of analysis covers Twitter posts of two German, two American and two Polish politicians during election. Purpose of this collation is to show differences between creative role of tweets of people that are actively participating in political life in Poland, Germany and USA. ; Artykuł poświęcony jest zbadaniu wszelkich przejawów kreatywności językowej występującej w dyskursie politycznym na Twitterze oraz wskazaniu funkcji stosowanych zabiegów. Przedmiotem analizy są posty polityków polskich, niemieckich i amerykańskich publikowane na Twitterze w okresie kampanii wyborczych. Celem przedstawionego w artykule zestawienia jest wykazanie różnic, jakie występują między kreatywną rolą tweetów osób czynnie angażujących się w politykę w Polsce, Niemczech i USA.

First it is shown, that it is now not only politicians which are blamed for negative effects of lobbying but the lobbyists, too. Afterwards the regulations are discussed, which have to be part of a well functioning register. But besides a register the consciousness of lobbyists is also a necessary element of transparent lobbying. Due to that, there must be an ethical codex for lobbyists besides a register. Adapted from the source document.

First, this article explains the concepts of science & politics & describes how differently they can be interpreted. The author then proceeds to describe (against the background of law) the similarities & differences between the players in scientific & political fields, their typical careers, & specific tasks. Max Weber's observations on the meaning of "trained lawyers' in politics are demonstrated with examples. In conclusion, the article asks about the power & responsibility of scientists & politicians. References. Adapted from the source document.

Politicians depend -- or seem to depend -- on polls, the media, their party, which is why long-term strategic planning is lost in day-to-day politics. Only during election campaigns do strategies work in politics -- as strategies to gain power or to come to office. Spreng argues that communication must be an integral part of any strategy if it is to be more than just a strategy to gain power -- if it is to be political strategy. Adapted from the source document.

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

Welzel answers Patzelt's reaction to his critique (all, 2000). Welzel states that Patzelt, on the one hand, regards the answers of citizens as lies if they answer as he thinks they should &, on the other hand, believes the politicians particularly when they state that they are acting as the citizens expect them to. Therefore, according to Patzelt, politicians act much more often as the citizens want them to than the citizens believe they do. We all know that politicians are great interviewees & the recent scandals show clearly that they can lie. Patzelt's point about the difference of the level of experience regarding politics is, for Welzel, normality. The mutual relationship between politicians & citizens should be reciprocal & interactive. This entails not only leadership by politicians of, but also responsiveness to the citizens. Democracy cannot be reduced to leadership. E. Sanchez

'In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Instrument zur differenzierten Erfassung von Kandidatenorientierungen vorgestellt, das in der Nachwahlstudie zur Bundestagswahl 1998 zum Einsatz kam. Mit Hilfe dieses Instruments wird gezeigt, daß die Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl am 27. September 1998 nicht zuletzt auch durch die Wahrnehmung unpolitischer, persönlicher Eigenschaften der beiden Kanzlerkandidaten Helmut Kohl und Gerhard Schröder beeinflußt wurde.' (Autorenreferat)