Suchergebnisse

"Female Politicians in the Lithuania Media" - I wanted to discribe our cuntries political situacian and female image in Lithuania Media.

"Female Politicians in the Lithuania Media" - I wanted to discribe our cuntries political situacian and female image in Lithuania Media.

"Female Politicians in the Lithuania Media" - I wanted to discribe our cuntries political situacian and female image in Lithuania Media.

"Female Politicians in the Lithuania Media" - I wanted to discribe our cuntries political situacian and female image in Lithuania Media.

Lithuanian Politicians' Blogs Structure in 2008 Summary The forms of Internet usage for communication are constantly changing, more and more opportunities of its appliance emerge. Digital communities are forming in the Internet, using several ways of communication. Blogs are one of the ways for digital communities to communicate. On one hand, blogs of politicians are supposed to have a huge potential of communication, on another hand, the research show, that this potential is not really availed. In many countries politicians are held as a separate, closed caste, not understanding the problems of ordinary individual and not communicating with the society. This is probably the factor that influences low participation of citizens in the political activities. Because of this crisis, more often perverted process of political communication is being blamed. Blogs can be used for the communication between politicians and auditorium and for attraction of new people into political activity. The paper tends to clear out how the politicians in Lithuania, in 2008 formed the structure of blogs, if they were seeking to avail the possibilities of communication in the blogs and if they were linking their blogs with any digital communities.

Lithuanian Politicians' Blogs Structure in 2008 Summary The forms of Internet usage for communication are constantly changing, more and more opportunities of its appliance emerge. Digital communities are forming in the Internet, using several ways of communication. Blogs are one of the ways for digital communities to communicate. On one hand, blogs of politicians are supposed to have a huge potential of communication, on another hand, the research show, that this potential is not really availed. In many countries politicians are held as a separate, closed caste, not understanding the problems of ordinary individual and not communicating with the society. This is probably the factor that influences low participation of citizens in the political activities. Because of this crisis, more often perverted process of political communication is being blamed. Blogs can be used for the communication between politicians and auditorium and for attraction of new people into political activity. The paper tends to clear out how the politicians in Lithuania, in 2008 formed the structure of blogs, if they were seeking to avail the possibilities of communication in the blogs and if they were linking their blogs with any digital communities.

A. Farazmand identifies three approaches towards relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in contemporary academic discussion. The first approach holds the idea of total control of bureaucracy by elected politicians. The second approach rejects dichotomy of politics-administration, and speaks for the twofold role of bureaucracy, both political and administrative. The third approach treats the high level bureaucrats as possessing certain autonomy vis-à-vis politicians. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that already the early researchers of relationship between politicians and bureaucrats provided different explanation of their roles. In order to ensure effectiveness of public administration, W. Wilson separated administration and politics. M. Weber showed the dark side of administrative effectiveness – bureaucratization of public life, which can be controlled only by charismatic political leadership. J. Schumpeter pointed to the negative side of competition among such charismatic leaders, that is, decrease of administrative effectiveness. Therefore, he claimed that democratic government has to rely upon professional bureaucracy, which is sufficiently strong and independent. The article proposes a twofold explanation of these divergent approaches. First, it can be explained by variety of parliamentary systems, which is determined by differing executive-legislative linkage. On of the extreme cases of such linkage is premiership of cabinet system, where the executive power dominates vis-à-vis parliament. Such case could explain the approach (by M. Weber), according to which charismatic political leaders, who proved their capabilities during the party competition, could and should rule the systems of bureaucratic administration. Another extreme case – the French type assembly government – could explain the approach (by J. Schumpeter) that bureaucracy should be strong and independent, which could advice or even prescribe politicians, engaged into competition, which forces to care not about the effectiveness of state administration but the political value of administrative decisions. Second, the explanation of different approaches concerning the role of politicians and bureaucrats may by related to the fact that societies seek to have both politically responsive and professionally responsible bureaucracy. The aim of politically responsive bureaucracy rests on the understanding of the importance of political leadership in liberal democracies and its relationship with the state bureaucracy. This aim is expressed by M. Weber. Another aim comes from the understanding that implementation of public policy, formulated by politicians, depends on the professionalism of bureaucracy and its responsibility. This aim is articulated by J. Schumpeter.

A. Farazmand identifies three approaches towards relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in contemporary academic discussion. The first approach holds the idea of total control of bureaucracy by elected politicians. The second approach rejects dichotomy of politics-administration, and speaks for the twofold role of bureaucracy, both political and administrative. The third approach treats the high level bureaucrats as possessing certain autonomy vis-à-vis politicians. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that already the early researchers of relationship between politicians and bureaucrats provided different explanation of their roles. In order to ensure effectiveness of public administration, W. Wilson separated administration and politics. M. Weber showed the dark side of administrative effectiveness – bureaucratization of public life, which can be controlled only by charismatic political leadership. J. Schumpeter pointed to the negative side of competition among such charismatic leaders, that is, decrease of administrative effectiveness. Therefore, he claimed that democratic government has to rely upon professional bureaucracy, which is sufficiently strong and independent. The article proposes a twofold explanation of these divergent approaches. First, it can be explained by variety of parliamentary systems, which is determined by differing executive-legislative linkage. On of the extreme cases of such linkage is premiership of cabinet system, where the executive power dominates vis-à-vis parliament. Such case could explain the approach (by M. Weber), according to which charismatic political leaders, who proved their capabilities during the party competition, could and should rule the systems of bureaucratic administration. Another extreme case – the French type assembly government – could explain the approach (by J. Schumpeter) that bureaucracy should be strong and independent, which could advice or even prescribe politicians, engaged into competition, which forces to care not about the effectiveness of state administration but the political value of administrative decisions. Second, the explanation of different approaches concerning the role of politicians and bureaucrats may by related to the fact that societies seek to have both politically responsive and professionally responsible bureaucracy. The aim of politically responsive bureaucracy rests on the understanding of the importance of political leadership in liberal democracies and its relationship with the state bureaucracy. This aim is expressed by M. Weber. Another aim comes from the understanding that implementation of public policy, formulated by politicians, depends on the professionalism of bureaucracy and its responsibility. This aim is articulated by J. Schumpeter.

A. Farazmand identifies three approaches towards relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in contemporary academic discussion. The first approach holds the idea of total control of bureaucracy by elected politicians. The second approach rejects dichotomy of politics-administration, and speaks for the twofold role of bureaucracy, both political and administrative. The third approach treats the high level bureaucrats as possessing certain autonomy vis-à-vis politicians. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that already the early researchers of relationship between politicians and bureaucrats provided different explanation of their roles. In order to ensure effectiveness of public administration, W. Wilson separated administration and politics. M. Weber showed the dark side of administrative effectiveness – bureaucratization of public life, which can be controlled only by charismatic political leadership. J. Schumpeter pointed to the negative side of competition among such charismatic leaders, that is, decrease of administrative effectiveness. Therefore, he claimed that democratic government has to rely upon professional bureaucracy, which is sufficiently strong and independent. The article proposes a twofold explanation of these divergent approaches. First, it can be explained by variety of parliamentary systems, which is determined by differing executive-legislative linkage. On of the extreme cases of such linkage is premiership of cabinet system, where the executive power dominates vis-à-vis parliament. Such case could explain the approach (by M. Weber), according to which charismatic political leaders, who proved their capabilities during the party competition, could and should rule the systems of bureaucratic administration. Another extreme case – the French type assembly government – could explain the approach (by J. Schumpeter) that bureaucracy should be strong and independent, which could advice or even prescribe politicians, engaged into competition, which forces to care not about the effectiveness of state administration but the political value of administrative decisions. Second, the explanation of different approaches concerning the role of politicians and bureaucrats may by related to the fact that societies seek to have both politically responsive and professionally responsible bureaucracy. The aim of politically responsive bureaucracy rests on the understanding of the importance of political leadership in liberal democracies and its relationship with the state bureaucracy. This aim is expressed by M. Weber. Another aim comes from the understanding that implementation of public policy, formulated by politicians, depends on the professionalism of bureaucracy and its responsibility. This aim is articulated by J. Schumpeter.

A. Farazmand identifies three approaches towards relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in contemporary academic discussion. The first approach holds the idea of total control of bureaucracy by elected politicians. The second approach rejects dichotomy of politics-administration, and speaks for the twofold role of bureaucracy, both political and administrative. The third approach treats the high level bureaucrats as possessing certain autonomy vis-à-vis politicians. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that already the early researchers of relationship between politicians and bureaucrats provided different explanation of their roles. In order to ensure effectiveness of public administration, W. Wilson separated administration and politics. M. Weber showed the dark side of administrative effectiveness – bureaucratization of public life, which can be controlled only by charismatic political leadership. J. Schumpeter pointed to the negative side of competition among such charismatic leaders, that is, decrease of administrative effectiveness. Therefore, he claimed that democratic government has to rely upon professional bureaucracy, which is sufficiently strong and independent. The article proposes a twofold explanation of these divergent approaches. First, it can be explained by variety of parliamentary systems, which is determined by differing executive-legislative linkage. On of the extreme cases of such linkage is premiership of cabinet system, where the executive power dominates vis-à-vis parliament. Such case could explain the approach (by M. Weber), according to which charismatic political leaders, who proved their capabilities during the party competition, could and should rule the systems of bureaucratic administration. Another extreme case – the French type assembly government – could explain the approach (by J. Schumpeter) that bureaucracy should be strong and independent, which could advice or even prescribe politicians, engaged into competition, which forces to care not about the effectiveness of state administration but the political value of administrative decisions. Second, the explanation of different approaches concerning the role of politicians and bureaucrats may by related to the fact that societies seek to have both politically responsive and professionally responsible bureaucracy. The aim of politically responsive bureaucracy rests on the understanding of the importance of political leadership in liberal democracies and its relationship with the state bureaucracy. This aim is expressed by M. Weber. Another aim comes from the understanding that implementation of public policy, formulated by politicians, depends on the professionalism of bureaucracy and its responsibility. This aim is articulated by J. Schumpeter.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes The object of the master's thesis "Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes" is the 2019 publications about Lithuanian politicians in the most widely readable Lithuanian lifestyle magazines "Žmonės" and "Savaitė". The object of the research are both textual and visual material of publications. Research problem. Politicians are people who have power in their hands to participate in politics and make decisions that are important to the whole country. The public do not have direct contact with the representatives of the authorities, so it relies on the images of politicians created by media. Women's make up a small proportion of public authorities representatives, so the question is: is this not influenced by long-standing gender stereotypes? The question also arises, why do some politicians gain people's favor and others not? Maybe others play an important role here - leadership stereotypes, or, conversely, negative political stereotypes? Work objective. Based on a critical analysis of discourse, to find out how politicians are represented in lifestyle magazines, are stereotypes seen in their representations? Research tasks: 1. Investigate how lifestyle journalists are describing and portraying politicians. 2. After the research, to find out whether stereotypes are seen in the representations of politicians. If so, which of them? What are their significance in political, social or other discourses? The most important conclusions, recommendations, suggestions of the research: The study concludes that the politicians in publications are usually represented in a positive context, their achievements at work and in politics are highlighted, their strong character traits, devotion to family and Lithuanian people are described. Thus, it can be argued that politicians are usually described biasedly. In the representations are only positive information and no criticism. In such a case, the opinions of the readers are manipulated. The analysis of the images showed the same as the analysis of the texts. Politicians are stereotypically portrayed as smiling, happy, surrounded by family members or people who support them. Most of the photos chose an informal setting: home, nature, city. Politicians are depicted interacting with family members or engaging in favorite activities. It can be concluded that almost all the photos create an emotional relationship between the politician, reader and potential voter. This relationship shows the banal attitude of politicians towards the voter, trying to decide in advance for him. The study also highlighted certain gender stereotypes in representation of politicians. The results of the study showed that among most positive publications about politicians, only women politicians were criticized. They are criticized for not having a family, a good understanding of family issues and problems as a result. The same reflected in the photos. Women's politicians stand out alone, while all politician men's are surrounded by family members. Only women's have been criticized for being indifferent, harsh, sceptical, and inconsistent. With regard to gender stereotypes, it has also been observed that men's are twice as often described as hardworking, trustworthy, simple politicians. Gender inequality is noticeable in this regard, as these descriptions give the reader confidence about politicians. The influx of positive information about politicians can also be attributed to the 2019 elections for the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Parliament. The study showed that most publications about politicians are commissioned. Thus, these data provide insight into why politicians are most often represented in a positive context. The role of the media is also clear: magazine editors receive money for publishing biased information.