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Уперше текст есе було опубліковано у виданні: C. Langlois. Politique et religion // Histoire de la France religieuse / ред. J. Le Goff , R. Rémond, т. 3: Du Roi Très Chrétien à la laïcité républicaine / ред. P. Joutard. Paris 1991, с. 108-143. Українською мовою есе публікується за згодою Автора, з коментарем д. і. н. Вадима Ададурова. ; Есе характеризує взаємодію між політичним і релігійним рівнями суспільної активности у Франції в період між укладенням у 1801 р. конкордату й ухваленням у 1901-1904 рр. законів про відокремлення Церкви від держави. Оповідь зосереджується на трьох головних точках взаємодії політики і релігії, якими було ставлення до Римського престолу, до спадщини Французької революції та до освіти. ; The author elucidates the interaction between political and religious social activism in France during the period between the signing of the Concordat (1801) and the adoption of laws on governing the separation of church and state (1901-1904). Three main points of intersection between politics and religion are identified as attitudes to: (i) the Holy See; (ii) the legacy of the French Revolution; and (iii) education.

У статті проаналізовано різні типи взаємодії між політикою і релігією в Західній і Східній Европі. Взявши за основу п'ять европейських країн: Великобританію, Іспанію, Україну, Польщу та Литву, автор показує, яку роль відігравали релігійні процеси в соціоекономічному, політичному та культурному розвитку цих держав, і навпаки, як процеси урбанізації чи модернізації вплинули на релігійність тих чи інших соціяльних та етнічних груп. ; The article offers a comparative perspective on different types of interactions between politics and religion in Western and Eastern Europe. Discussing the situation in five European countries – Great Britain, Spain, Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine – it shows the role of religious processes in the social, economic, political and cultural development of a nation and, vice versa, the influence of urbanization and modernization processes on the religiosity of different ethnic and social groups.

У статті представлене дослідження впливу релігії на політику. На думку автора, Церква Христова здатна позитивно впливати на суспільно-політичні процеси та забезпечувати здорові взаємостосунки всередині суспільства. Дослідження більше зосереджене на українському контексті та окреслює завдання, які стоять перед Церквою після Революції Гідності. Автор стверджує, що для сучасної людини важливо наслідувати Ісуса Христа, що на початку передбачає любов до Бога, потім – до себе, з чого з'явиться результат – любов до ближнього. Згідно з цим принципом Церква не ставить за основу політичну боротьбу, однак вона не залишатиметься осторонь там, де панує несправедливість. ; The article presents a study of the influence of religion on politics. According to the author, the Church of Christ is able to positively influence socio-political processes and ensure healthy relationships within society. The study focuses primarily on the Ukrainian context and outlines the challenges facing the Church after the Revolution of Dignity. The author argues that it is important for contemporary man to imitate Jesus Christ, which first presupposes love of God, then - of yourself, which will result in love of neighbor. According to this principle, the Church does not posit political struggle as foundational, but it also will not stay aloof where injustice reigns.

Based on analysis of condition of different confessions, the religious situation in occupied Donbass is researched. It turns out that religious policy in self-proclaimed republics is heading towards, on one side, to consolidation of Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate, but on the other side, to crowding outof other religions from occupied territories. Through the help of Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate the idea of the so-called "Russian World" is implemented among different categories of population. Russian Ortho- dox Church was involved into Donbass conflict and its head, Patriarch Cyril. By hiding Russian aggression in Ukraine, he is trying to picture it as "civil conflict". Pro-Russian positionas to the Donbas developments is also taken by a part of bishops of Ukrainian Orthodox Church clergy. It reinforced negative attitude of Ukrainian population and lead to acceleration of the transition of religious communities under the author- ity of the Kyiv Patriarchate. Attempts of the orthodox religious communities to change their inferiority are related to the reinforcement of their Pro-Ukrainian positions. It is stated that in occupied Donbass territo- ries, Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church turned out to be in a complicated situation. Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Protestant religious organizations. Considering a difficult state of faithful Catholics in the breakaway republic, Vatican, the Pope provides them material aid and spiritual support. Since the policy of «DNR» and «LNR» is aimed at complete eradication of "sects" of Donbas, the actions of the occupation authorities significantly affected Protestant believers. Due to organizational frag- mentation,in occupied territories of Donbassfaithful Muslimsfailed to develop a common political position. The article states that harassment and persecution of various religious organizations, clergymen, leaving their followers to safe areas in the occupied territories of Donbass greatly diminished religious network, the number of communities, churches occupancy. The normalization of religious and church life in the region is inextricably linked with the cessation of armed conflict and its de-occupation. ; На основі аналізу становища різних конфесій досліджується релігійна ситуація на окупованих територіях Донбасу. Показується, що релігійна політика в самопроголошених республіках спрямована на утвердження православ'я Московського патріархату, утиски і переслідування інших релігій, які перебувають на проукраїнських позиціях, витіснення їх з контрольованих сепаратистами територій. Нормалізація релігійно-церковного життя в цьому регіоні пов'язується з припиненням військового конфлікту і деокупацією захоплених територій на сході України.

The article raises the question how the attitude towards religion is influenced by the changes of relation with the meaning of matters which are ascribed to religion. With reference to M. Heidegger the peculiarity of public opinion is being disclosed. The author states that secularization functions as a machinery which appropriates any meaning: the public opinion appropriates religion, reduces it to political, economical or criminal dimensions, to that of cultural heritage, so religion assumes its essence and reality in these dimensions. The author demonstrates that public interpretation functions as an unmasking machinery which strengthens that reduction and appropriation of meaning. The analysis of religion in the context of globalization shows that there is some tendency to localization of religious meaning: the religious communities tend to direct towards the radicalism and isolation.

The article raises the question how the attitude towards religion is influenced by the changes of relation with the meaning of matters which are ascribed to religion. With reference to M. Heidegger the peculiarity of public opinion is being disclosed. The author states that secularization functions as a machinery which appropriates any meaning: the public opinion appropriates religion, reduces it to political, economical or criminal dimensions, to that of cultural heritage, so religion assumes its essence and reality in these dimensions. The author demonstrates that public interpretation functions as an unmasking machinery which strengthens that reduction and appropriation of meaning. The analysis of religion in the context of globalization shows that there is some tendency to localization of religious meaning: the religious communities tend to direct towards the radicalism and isolation.

The article raises the question how the attitude towards religion is influenced by the changes of relation with the meaning of matters which are ascribed to religion. With reference to M. Heidegger the peculiarity of public opinion is being disclosed. The author states that secularization functions as a machinery which appropriates any meaning: the public opinion appropriates religion, reduces it to political, economical or criminal dimensions, to that of cultural heritage, so religion assumes its essence and reality in these dimensions. The author demonstrates that public interpretation functions as an unmasking machinery which strengthens that reduction and appropriation of meaning. The analysis of religion in the context of globalization shows that there is some tendency to localization of religious meaning: the religious communities tend to direct towards the radicalism and isolation.

The article raises the question how the attitude towards religion is influenced by the changes of relation with the meaning of matters which are ascribed to religion. With reference to M. Heidegger the peculiarity of public opinion is being disclosed. The author states that secularization functions as a machinery which appropriates any meaning: the public opinion appropriates religion, reduces it to political, economical or criminal dimensions, to that of cultural heritage, so religion assumes its essence and reality in these dimensions. The author demonstrates that public interpretation functions as an unmasking machinery which strengthens that reduction and appropriation of meaning. The analysis of religion in the context of globalization shows that there is some tendency to localization of religious meaning: the religious communities tend to direct towards the radicalism and isolation.

The possibility of switching to two new approaches – meta-historical analysis of the changes theocratic and secular forms of domination and governance, as well as the creation of an institutional matrix of religious and political space of the state, which are in line with the traditions of Ukrainian religious studies theorizing. New methods of knowledge interaction between religion and politics in public life in one of the basic institutions – the phenomenon of faith. They are based on various grounds, its different systems concepts and different definitions and perspectives of the content review identified institutional changes in religion and politics. A comparison of these approaches is interesting also because they realized a fundamentally different way of constructing social knowledge about the interaction of religion and politics. ; В статье рассмотрена проблема религиозной и политической веры через анализ характеристик основных элементов в своем предмете, которые их образуют. Обосновывается возможность перехода к использованию двух новых подходов – метаисторического анализа изменений теократических и светских форм господства и правления, а также создания институциональной матрицы религиозно-политического пространства государства, находящихся в русле традиций украинского религиоведческого теоретизирования. Предложены новые способы познания взаимодействия религии и политики в жизни общества посредством одного из базовых институтов – феномена веры. ; У статті розглянута проблема релігійної та політичної віри через аналіз характеристик основних елементів у своєму предметі, які їх утворюють. Обґрунтовується можливість переходу до використання двох нових підходів – метаісторичного аналізу змін теократичних і світських форм панування і правління, а також створення інституційної матриці релігійнополітичного простору держави, які знаходяться в руслі традицій українського релігієзнавчого теоретизування. Запропоновано нові способи пізнання взаємодії релігії та політики у житті суспільства через один із базових інститутів – феномен віри.

The possibility of switching to two new approaches – meta-historical analysis of the changes theocratic and secular forms of domination and governance, as well as the creation of an institutional matrix of religious and political space of the state, which are in line with the traditions of Ukrainian religious studies theorizing. New methods of knowledge interaction between religion and politics in public life in one of the basic institutions – the phenomenon of faith. They are based on various grounds, its different systems concepts and different definitions and perspectives of the content review identified institutional changes in religion and politics. A comparison of these approaches is interesting also because they realized a fundamentally different way of constructing social knowledge about the interaction of religion and politics. ; В статье рассмотрена проблема религиозной и политической веры через анализ характеристик основных элементов в своем предмете, которые их образуют. Обосновывается возможность перехода к использованию двух новых подходов – метаисторического анализа изменений теократических и светских форм господства и правления, а также создания институциональной матрицы религиозно-политического пространства государства, находящихся в русле традиций украинского религиоведческого теоретизирования. Предложены новые способы познания взаимодействия религии и политики в жизни общества посредством одного из базовых институтов – феномена веры. ; У статті розглянута проблема релігійної та політичної віри через аналіз характеристик основних елементів у своєму предметі, які їх утворюють. Обґрунтовується можливість переходу до використання двох нових підходів – метаісторичного аналізу змін теократичних і світських форм панування і правління, а також створення інституційної матриці релігійнополітичного простору держави, які знаходяться в руслі традицій українського релігієзнавчого теоретизування. Запропоновано нові способи пізнання взаємодії релігії та політики у житті суспільства через один із базових інститутів – феномен віри.

This article deals with the question of religion in contemporary secular world, to be precise – the main questions are: what mean political and ethical aspects of religion which are in the focus of contemporary secular world, and what is the social sense (meaning) of religion? The author tries to answer these questions and to find theoretical origins of such attitude toward religion by analyzing the interpretations of religion in Immanuel Kant and Jürgen Habermas. Both philosophers envisage the sense of religion in its social purpose. Kantian project of moral religion and Habermas' endeavor to overcome social disintegration, reviving the dialog between reason and religion, have been interpreted not only as the process of reduction of religion into social plane and an act of appropriation of the religious. One can see that both thinkers encounter the social contingency as the phenomenon (or prophenomenon) which itself is not very clear but appears as grounding the social sense of religion. Therefore the author comes to conclusion that social sense of religion in the secular situation means not only appropriation of the religious (immanentization) but also reveals social relationship as that which calls for religious sense (transcendence in immanence).

This article deals with the question of religion in contemporary secular world, to be precise – the main questions are: what mean political and ethical aspects of religion which are in the focus of contemporary secular world, and what is the social sense (meaning) of religion? The author tries to answer these questions and to find theoretical origins of such attitude toward religion by analyzing the interpretations of religion in Immanuel Kant and Jürgen Habermas. Both philosophers envisage the sense of religion in its social purpose. Kantian project of moral religion and Habermas' endeavor to overcome social disintegration, reviving the dialog between reason and religion, have been interpreted not only as the process of reduction of religion into social plane and an act of appropriation of the religious. One can see that both thinkers encounter the social contingency as the phenomenon (or prophenomenon) which itself is not very clear but appears as grounding the social sense of religion. Therefore the author comes to conclusion that social sense of religion in the secular situation means not only appropriation of the religious (immanentization) but also reveals social relationship as that which calls for religious sense (transcendence in immanence).

This article deals with the question of religion in contemporary secular world, to be precise – the main questions are: what mean political and ethical aspects of religion which are in the focus of contemporary secular world, and what is the social sense (meaning) of religion? The author tries to answer these questions and to find theoretical origins of such attitude toward religion by analyzing the interpretations of religion in Immanuel Kant and Jürgen Habermas. Both philosophers envisage the sense of religion in its social purpose. Kantian project of moral religion and Habermas' endeavor to overcome social disintegration, reviving the dialog between reason and religion, have been interpreted not only as the process of reduction of religion into social plane and an act of appropriation of the religious. One can see that both thinkers encounter the social contingency as the phenomenon (or prophenomenon) which itself is not very clear but appears as grounding the social sense of religion. Therefore the author comes to conclusion that social sense of religion in the secular situation means not only appropriation of the religious (immanentization) but also reveals social relationship as that which calls for religious sense (transcendence in immanence).

This article deals with the question of religion in contemporary secular world, to be precise – the main questions are: what mean political and ethical aspects of religion which are in the focus of contemporary secular world, and what is the social sense (meaning) of religion? The author tries to answer these questions and to find theoretical origins of such attitude toward religion by analyzing the interpretations of religion in Immanuel Kant and Jürgen Habermas. Both philosophers envisage the sense of religion in its social purpose. Kantian project of moral religion and Habermas' endeavor to overcome social disintegration, reviving the dialog between reason and religion, have been interpreted not only as the process of reduction of religion into social plane and an act of appropriation of the religious. One can see that both thinkers encounter the social contingency as the phenomenon (or prophenomenon) which itself is not very clear but appears as grounding the social sense of religion. Therefore the author comes to conclusion that social sense of religion in the secular situation means not only appropriation of the religious (immanentization) but also reveals social relationship as that which calls for religious sense (transcendence in immanence).

Political philosophy, that rather disreputable, not very philosophical branch of philosophy, has always wanted to get out of politics, to put an end to this politics of politics, by finally speaking its truth. Ideally, the fond -est desire may be to find or invent a politics unaffected by the politics of politics (a truly moral politics, perhaps, of the kind Kant seems to encourage), but that desire is metaphysical through and through. So-called "cheap politics" is engaged in the politics of politics as soon as that phenomenon is engaged in politics, i.e. from the very first, "naturally" as Aristotle put it. The logos of politics is irreducibly affected by the kind of distortion and deceit that is usually – moralistically – associated with rhetoric or sophistry, with "spin tactics". Politics is always already the politics of politics.Key words: politics of politics, sophistry, spin tactics, rhetorical figure, politics of truth. ; Political philosophy, that rather disreputable, not very philosophical branch of philosophy, has always wanted to get out of politics, to put an end to this politics of politics, by finally speaking its truth. Ideally, the fond -est desire may be to find or invent a politics unaffected by the politics of politics (a truly moral politics, perhaps, of the kind Kant seems to encourage), but that desire is metaphysical through and through. So-called "cheap politics" is engaged in the politics of politics as soon as that phenomenon is engaged in politics, i.e. from the very first, "naturally" as Aristotle put it. The logos of politics is irreducibly affected by the kind of distortion and deceit that is usually – moralistically – associated with rhetoric or sophistry, with "spin tactics". Politics is always already the politics of politics.Key words: politics of politics, sophistry, spin tactics, rhetorical figure, politics of truth.