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This book deals with the tension between a strategy of language maintenance (protecting and reinforcing the language where it is still spoken by community members) and a strategy of language revitalization (opening up access to the language to all interested people and encouraging new domains of its use). The case study presented concerns a grammar school in Upper Lusatia, which hosts the coexistence of a community of Upper Sorbian-speakers and a group of German native speakers who are learning Upper Sorbian at school. The tensions between these two groups studying at the same school are presented in this book against the background of various language strategies, practices and ideologies. The conflict of interests between the "traditional" community which perceives itself as the "guardians" of the minority language and its potential new speakers is played off on different levels by policy-makers and may be read through different levels of language policy and planning

"This work is the first English translation of the Title of Totonicapán, an important document composed by the K'iche' Maya in the highlands of Guatemala in 1554. This volume contains a new translation from the original text, based on a manuscript copy rediscovered by Robert Carmack in 1973"--

"Este libro explica la construcción social del conocimiento de la matemática maya. Lo hace con el fin de evidenciar su naturaleza, sus criterios de organización y su vivenciación que sustentan la epistemología de la matemática maya. Está basado en un estudio etnográfico-participativo realizada con la comunidad maya Tz'utujil. Utiliza la socioepistemología como marco teórico para su abordaje, y por el carácter sistémico de este enfoque, prioriza dos aspectos fundamentales a saber: el carácter científico y la cosmovisión de la cultura maya."--Back cover

Begrepet siida er kjent over hele Sápmi. Så langt tilbake i tid vi kan vite, har siidaer vært der som noe som vi kan forstå som samiske lokalsamfunn. Det som i dag gjenstår av videreførte næringsutøvende og levemåtepraktiserende siidaer, er siidaer som har arbeidet med reinflokker som sitt sammenbindende element. Denne siidatradisjonen har vært levende frem til i dag spesielt i Kautokeino- og Karasjokområdet i Norge, det vil si i det området hvor det foreliggende studiet er gjort. Imidlertid lever den fortsatt i krysspresset mellom representasjonen av tidligere østlige siidaer i litteraturen og den forvaltningsmessige praktisering av reindriftsloven. Bildet av en fasttømret organisering i de østlige siidaer og opphør av de såkalte veidesiidaene har usynliggjort forbindelseslinjene mellom tidligere og dagens siidaer og også ført til oppfattelse av siidasystemet som ikke-eksisterende. Reindriftslovgivningen har på sin side skapt og utviklet et alternativt reinbeitedistriktssystem. Etter at siidaen i prinsippet ble anerkjent ved reindriftsloven av 2007, har problemstillinger og forvaltningspraksis med opphav i reinbeitedistriktssystemet allikevel fått lov til å prege tilnærmingen til siidasystemet. For å kunne rehabilitere siidaer og siidasystemet er det ingen veg utenom å plukke opp og ta utgangspunkt i forbindelseslinjene som ligger i videreføringen av siidaer gjennom tidene. Det går ut på å ta utgangspunkt i siidasystemets egne begreper, forståelsesformer og prioriteringer. I dag dreier det seg først og fremst om å ekstrahere og fremlegge siidaers felles begrepsbruk og tradisjonelle kunnskaper i arbeidet med reinflokker, men også å rette blikket mot tradisjonelle anskuelsesformer som ligger bak praksisene i siidautøvelsen. Blant annet ligger i dette et grunnlag for å synliggjøre settinger og tilpasning i forholdet mellom siidautøvelsen og dens naturgitte omgivelser, og også problemstillinger og sider ved avklaring av forhold mellom siidaer i prosessen mot rehabilitering av siidasystemet. Fastsettelse av ytre rammer for reinbeitedistrikter og siidaer har tematisk sett vært et møtepunkt mellom reineierne og offentlig forvaltning, et møte som så langt ikke har hatt siidaers tradisjonelle kunnskaper og tenkemåter som sitt utgangspunkt og sentrum for oppmerksomhet. Det foreliggende studiet tar for seg eksempler på tradisjonell samisk livsanskuelse og måter å nærme seg siidaer ut fra deres egne begreper og praksiser. Som reingjeteren forholder seg til kantene av flokken så forholder disse tekstene seg til betydningsfulle aspekter av siidaer generelt og ikke til det indre liv i noen spesifikk siida. ; Siidadoaba lea oahpis miehtá Sámi. Siiddat leat leamaš juo nu áigá go mii oba diehtit. Dat siiddat mat leat buolvvas bulvii doalahuvvon otnážii birgejumi ja eallinlági vuođđun, lea dat siiddat main boazoealut dahket siiddastallama. Dát siidavierut lea leamaš eallevaččat gitta otná rádjái, Norgga bealde erenoamážit Guovdageainnus ja Kárášjogas. Dat dattege ain almmolašvuođas cahket duvdahuvvan dilis, girjjálašvuođa dološ nuortalaš siiddaid ja boazodoallolága hálddahuslaš meannudeami gaskkas. Nuortalaš siiddaid čavga organiserema ja bivdosiiddaid bieđganeami govat leat jávkadan ovdalaš ja dálá siiddaid čanastagaid ja dagahan vel dan ipmárdusa ahte siidavuogádat ii leat šat doaimmas. Boazodoallolágaiguin fas lea ásahuvvon ja ovddiduvvon boazoguohtundistriktavuogádat dasa buohta. Maŋŋel go 2007 boazodoallolágain siida vuođđojurdagis dohkkehuvvui leat buorrin ieš sadjásis, leat aŋkke boazoguohtundistriktavuogádaga vuolggahan áššečoavdimušat ja hálddahuslaš doaibmavuogit beassan báidnit vugiid mainna lágiin ipmirdišgoahtit siidavuogádaga. Jus galgat máhttit fastain árvvosmuhttit siidda ja siidavuogádaga, de eat sáhte garvit bargamuša geaži gávdnat dain čanastagain mat leat doalahan siiddaid áiggiid čađa. Das ii leat earágo vuođđun atnit siidavuogádaga iežas doahpagiid, ipmárdusvugiid ja vuoruhemiid. Dálá dilis ovddemussan fertet lavdit ja ovdan bidjat siiddaid oktasaš doabageavaheami ja árbevirolaš máhtu eallogohkkema birra, muhto maiddái geahččalit čalbmat ipmárdusvugiid mat leat dagolaš siiddastallama duohken. Earret eará lea dás vejolaš oidnosii dahkat siiddastallama ja eatnamiid gaskavuođa meriid ja heivehusaid, ja nu maiddái siiddaid gaskavuođa gažaldagaid ja čilgejumi dárbbuid das go galgat bargagoahtit fastain árvvosmuhttit siidavuogádaga. Siiddaid ravdameriid čilgejupmi lea leamaš boazoeaiggádiid ja almmolaš hálddahusa deaivvadeami sáhkafáddán, deaivvadeapmi mas dán rádjái eai leat adnon siiddaid árbevirolaš máhtut ja jurddavuogit sáhkavuođđun. Čállagiin maid dás bijan ovdan, guorahalan ovdamearkkaid das maid sápmelaččat leat árbevirolaččat diđoštan ja vugiid beassat siiddaid lagabuidda alddeset doahpagiid ja doaibmavugiid bokte. Dáid čállagiid lean jurddahan lohkamuššan sihke siiddaid olbmuide ja earáide. Nugo guođoheaddjit bissot ealloravddain, de dáid tevsttaid guorahallamat nai bissot siidaravddaid diđošteapmin, eaige mana guđege siidda sisa. ; The concept of siida is well-known throughout the Sápmi. Far back in time there have been local Sámi communities called siidas. Siidas having reindeer herding as their unifying element are today the only ones representing a continuous practice of traditional siida livelihood and way of life. They represent an ongoing siida tradition up to now, especially the siidas in Guovdageaidnu and Kárášjohka in Norway, i.e. in the region where the present research has been carried out. This tradition, however, still lives under pressure from the representation of the eastern siidas in literature on the one side and the administrative way of practicing the Reindeer Husbandry Act on the other side. The image of a stable organization in the eastern siidas and the end of the hunting siidas has veiled the connecting lines between the past and present siidas and also led to an understanding of the siida system as non-existent. On the other hand, legislation on reindeer husbandry has led to construction and development of an alternate organization, the Reindeer Herding District system. The new Reindeer Husbandry Act now has acknowledged the siida as a basic unit, but issues and governing practices originating from the reindeer herding district system have still been allowed to shape the approach to the siida system. The process towards rehabilitation of siidas and the siida system contains no ways round the method of picking up the connecting lines between past and present siidas and taking them as our starting points. This implies taking the siida system's own concepts, premises of thought and priorities as our starting point. Today it means primarily to extract and present the siidas' shared concepts and traditional herding knowledge, but also to look towards the traditional world view behind the siida practices. This provides, among other things, a basis to elucidate settings and adaptation in the relationship between siida and its natural surroundings, and also issues and ways of settling different matters in the process of rehabilitation of the siida system. Determination of outer limits for reindeer herding districts and siidas has been a thematic meeting point between reindeer herders and government. So far these meetings have not taken the siidas traditional knowledge and ways of thinking as their primary starting point and focus of attention. The present research examines examples of traditional Sámi beliefs and ways to approach siidas based on their own concepts and practices. These texts are meant to be read by both siida members and others. As the reindeer herder primarily relates to the edges of the herd, likewise these texts relate to important aspects of all siidas and not to the inner life of any specific siida.

Item appears to contain practice phrases and translations, with most of the vocabulary dealing with governmental functions and functionaries/ ; Electronic version ; Ms. (photocopy, negative).

Primera edición impresa en coedición con el Fideicomiso Felipe Teixidor y Monserrat Alfau de Teixidor: 2017. Primera edición digital en PDF: 2017. Primera edición digital en PDF con ISBN: 2018 ; La versión en PDF se generó a partir de los archivos editables de Indesign CC2018 correspondientes a la primera edición digital. ; "Los yacimientos arqueológicos de la cultura maya precolombina que se encuentran diseminados en todo el sureste mexicano, Guatemala, Belice y Honduras, forman uno de los legados arquitectónicos más numerosos e impresionantes que existen de una civilización indígena americana. Entre sus ruinas han sido recuperadas miles de inscripciones que nombran a los señores que, hace más de trece siglos, gobernaron el dinámico y complejo paisaje maya. Esta obra contiene una traducción íntegra de setenta fuentes escritas en caracteres jeroglíficos comisionadas por los gobernantes K'ihnich Janaab' Pakal, de Palenque, B'ajlaj Chan K'awiil, de Dos Pilas, e Itzamnaah Kokaaj B'ahlam II y Yaxuun B'ahlam IV, ambos de Yaxchilán. Estos señores gobernaron sus respectivas entidades políticas en el periodo Clásico tardío (600-909), y durante sus mandatos remodelaron y ampliaron la zona central de sus capitales, emprendieron grandes obras arquitectónicas y destacaron en el campo de batalla. Mientras ellos estuvieron a la cabeza de sus entidades políticas, el poder de Palenque, Dos Pilas y Yaxchilán brilló con su más vivo esplendor; sus nombres jeroglíficos, ostensiblemente tallados, aparecen de manera prominente en numerosos tableros, dinteles, escaleras jeroglíficas y estelas. El discurso que revelan sus inscripciones muestra, con un ímpetu poco conocido en la antigüedad maya, tanto una voluntad política de renovación dinástica como una conducta religiosa tradicional y creadora a un tiempo". ; Spread throughout the Southeast of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras, the archaeological remains of the Pre-Columbine Maya culture constitute one of the most extensive and impressive architectural legacies of a Native American civilization; in whose remains, there have been found thousands of inscriptions containing the names of the men who governed the dynamic and complex Maya landscape over thirteen centuries ago. The work here presented contains a full translation of seventy written sources, in hieroglyphic characters, inscriptions which were commissioned by: K'ihnich Janaab' Pakal of Palenque, B'ajlaj Chan K'awiil of Dos Pilas, and Itzamnaah Kokaaj B'ahlam II and Yaxuun B'ahlam IV, both of Yaxchilán. These men, who were known to be outstanding warriors, ruled over their respective political entities during the Late Classic period (600-900). During which time, they remodelled and expanded the central area of their capitals and undertook great architectural projects. In the course of their rule, Palenque, Dos Pilas and Yaxchilán reached their period of greatest splendour, and so their names appear prominently in numerous panels, lintels, stairways and stelae. These inscriptions show, with an emphasis rarely seen in Maya antiquity, a political inclination towards dynastic renewal, and a religious conduct that was both innovative and traditional. ; Agradecimientos; Introducción; K'ihnich Janaab' Pakal: La irradiación divina; Corpus documental; B'ajlaj Chan K'awil: la gloria del vencedor de tikal; Corpus documental; Mapa y figuras; Itzamnaah Kokaaj B'ahlam II: señor de innumerables cautivos; Corpus documental; Yaxuun B'ahlam IV: el poder absoluto; Corpus documental; Conclusiones; Bibliografía; Glosario de términos y antropónimos