Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the issue of studying the possibility of developing political decentralized networks based on or following the example of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), which are becoming increasingly common in the digital space. Their potential impact on the social institutions of society, including the system of state power, is analyzed. The article traces how the technological embodiment of antimonopoly and anti-state ideologies that have been actively developed in cyberspace can lead to a change in the very foundations of social institutions due to the absence of the need for a "third party" to guarantee the implementation of contracts and building responsible social relations.

The development of cyberspace is viewed through the prism of clashes of state interests seeking to establish control over the system of digital interactions, and multiple interest groups developing technological capabilities for autonomizing action by building protection based on cryptography. If not loosening, then breaking holes in the financial systems of states is an indicator of the success of decentralized finance projects, which means it stimulates the further development of DAOs and their possible transformation into decentralized political networks. The article also analyses the components of the new discipline Cryptonomics or Cryptoeconomics, showing serious scientific and methodological foundations for the development of DAO, which indicates in favor of the possibility of considering them as experimental platforms for the development of more global projects.

The article considers the special nature of the management of decentralized autonomous organizations based on financial incentives. A forecast is made regarding the next stage of confrontation between state structures and decentralized platforms. Conclusions are also drawn about the importance of the DAO for the development of the information society and the role of the intellectual elite in this confrontation.

The article focuses on the main trends in the revival of religion in the modern world, its active presence in global politics and international relations. It is substantiated that the religious revival at the turn of 1980-1990 in Ukraine, sharp Orthodox-Greek-Catholic and inter-Orthodox conflicts were the result of significant distortions of its institutional and confessional space caused by the party-Soviet religious policy. Special and specific signs of "return of religion" in Ukraine in the context of global religious changes, in particular, the dynamism, complexity and to this day the incompleteness of this process. The content and essential characteristics of the mutual influences of socio-cultural transformations and dynamics of changes in the religious complex of modern Ukraine, the influence of events related to the Revolution of Dignity and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war in the East of the country are analyzed. Peculiarities of life and social positioning of the main actors of the Ukrainian religious landscape, in particular, institutions of the Orthodox complex, UGCC, Protestant denominations, Islamic community, new religious movements are revealed. A number of difficult challenges facing the newly formed Orthodox Church of Ukraine are substantiated - ensuring internal unity, minimizing conflicts, creating their own landmark projects, finding a dialogical model of church reconciliation to overcome the religious frontier of the division of Ukrainian society. The dynamics of public ideas, clear ambivalence and controversy of public consciousness in the religious aspect - from the traditionally high level of trust in religion and the church, to a steady decline in assessments of their importance in the lives of citizens and socio-political processes. Conclusions and proposals on the intensification of the state policy of nationalcivil consolidation and active involvement of religion and religious organizations in this process have been formulated.

У статті розглядається поточний російсько-український конфлікт із точки зору класичної теорії тріадичного зв'язку Роджерса Брубейкера. Ми протиставляємо нову політику пам'яті, освіти та мови в Україні після Євромайдану офіційній російській критиці з її широкими посиланнями на, серед іншого, нацизм та "етноцид", міжрегіональну напруженість всередині України, а також спільне "героїчне" минуле росіян і українців. На перший погляд, риторичне та політичне загострення між Україною та Росією у 2014-2019 роках виглядає як типовий тристоронній конфлікт між постколоніальною державою-націоналізатором, етнічною меншиною та її зовнішньою батьківщиною, за концептуалізацією Брубейкера. Проте на основі історичної контекстуалізації ми робимо висновок, що класична теорія тріадичного наступу може лише частково пояснити причинно- наслідкові механізми ескалації російсько-українського конфлікту.

The article proposes to improve using of the concepts "freedom of religion" or "freedom of faith" and "legal religious tolerance". Such categories as "freedom of religion" or "freedom of faith" are more popular now in the state and international legal acts.

The application of hermeneutic, comparative, historical, formal legal and dialectical methods of scientific research allows concluding that the term "legal religious tolerance" is better suited to the realities of the legal system than the concept of "freedom of religion" or "freedom of faith". The content of the concept of "freedom of religion" as one of the main categories of human rights and freedoms enshrined in international acts and in the legislation of the most states of the Western Legal Tradition is based on the philosophical ideas of the early modern period. Despite the humanity and the enlightening liberality of those ideas, they remain too idealized and complicated in their practical legal application. The legal content of the concept of "religious tolerance", with all the disadvantages of its vagueness, due to its hermeneutic flexibility leaves much more space for the practical law enforcement.

The categories of "state religion" and "religion of the majority population" are supposed to exist. It does not require absolute detachment of public authorities from regulating religious relationships. Moreover, it mitigates collisions between the application of this right and other civil rights. The author states that using of the legal category of "religious tolerance" is much more suitable. Since its content is in line with the canons of the religious laws of the different religions, natural law, and the historical legal tradition of the long development of society, the concept of "religious tolerance" should be used for the regulation of the religious legal relations in the states with different religious communities.

Today, in many countries around the world, the role of religion in the public sphere is strengthening. This causes the methodological problems of the theory of secularization, which claimed the gradual and irreversible decline of religion. At the same time, the processes of religious revival in societies that have undergone secularization do not lead to the restoration of religion in the forms that preceded it. To denote this state of society, which occurs after secularization, Jürgen Habermas proposed to use the term "post-secular". A number of both foreign and domestic scientists became interested in this issue. But the purposeful study of postsecularity is still in its infancy and is mostly descriptive. In the scientific works devoted to its research, insufficient attention is focused on specific characteristics of postsecular societies. Therefore, there is a need to generalize these characteristics in order to better understand post-secular society. To achieve this goal, the article analyzes some conceptual approaches to the study of postsecularity. These approaches argue that the "return" of religion does not preclude the preservation of a powerful (or even dominant) secularization cluster in society. Post-secularization is a move forward and the creation of a new system characterized by religious freedom, pluralism, competition between different denominations, rather than a return to the traditions of the pre-modern era. In a post-secular society, as the authors of the works analyzed in the article prove, religion has all the opportunities from secular power for its development. At the same time, there is a reduction in the role of religious institutions and the individualization of religious practices, ie the "privatization" of religion, which is an element of secularization. But this "privatization" is significantly different from secularization, because it is not due to coercion, but to pluralism of choice. According to many researchers, a post-secular situation is possible under the condition of ideological pluralism and parity between religious and non-religious people, when each party has the opportunity to propagate its opinion, but does not impose it, when there is no place for privileged and discriminated, but awareness of mutual coexistence. That is, post-secularity is possible only in democratic and legal societies. The post-secular situation is also characterized by religious competition, intensification of missionary work, manifestations of fundamentalism, globalization of religious piety, transformation of religion into a commodity and the emergence (mostly in the West) of the phenomenon used to refer to the term "spirituality". The situation of post-secularism is a situation of uncertainty, when it is not known how the processes of interaction between the secular and the religious will take place in the future, and it is impossible to make any predictions about how stable this situation is. As the analysis carried out in the article shows, the post-secular approach has not become a full-fledged theory, but is perceived mostly as a program of what should be paid attention to, as a certain correction and continuation of the secularization approach. But with its help, scientists are trying to describe religious processes in modern societies.

The article considers the problems of relations between the Church and the state in the classical sociological theory of M. Drahomanov and modern sociology. In the Western sociology of religion, considerable attention is paid to distinguishing the contexts of state and Сhurch practices, which can be compatible or incompatible with democracy. Compatible with democracy is a form of interaction between Church and state that ensures the protection of religious freedom and religious self-expression of all religious organizations and excludes discrimination based on religion. The negative consequences of the violation of the «principle of separation of Church from the State» described in the works of M. Drahomanov are analyzed. The socio-cultural effects of state intervention in the affairs of the Church at the level of society are investigated: violation of the principle of freedom of conscience, religious repression, forced unification of religions, and migration of believers as a result of repression by the state. It is emphasized that the violation of the principle of freedom of conscience contributes to the formation of an imposed and inauthentic identity of the individual, the growth of religious conformity, and the strengthening of «categorical inequality» in society. The social consequences of religious discrimination are analyzed: the growth of mass tension and frustration in society, the conflict between different Church communities, and the weakening of the effect of cohesion. The negative consequences of the violation of the «principle of separation of Church from the state» for the state Church are demonstrated: weakening of influence in society, rejection of the intellectuals, and latent atheism of the population. It is emphasized that to neutralize these negative effects, it is necessary to observe the constitutional principle of separation of the Church from the state. It was concluded that the separation of Church from state should contribute to the establishment of interreligious tolerance and understanding in society.

У статті розкрито особливості взаємозв'язку та відмінності між фінансово-правовою відповідальністю та іншими видами юридичної відповідальності. Відзначено, що юридична відповідальність має ті ж властивості, що й нормативність, а нормативність юридичної відповідальності, як і нормативність права, включає можливість державного примусу. З'ясовано, що юридична відповідальність визначається чинним законодавством і настає за проступки або злочини, тобто за протиправні дії, які особа вчиняє умисно або з необережності і які заборонені законом та стоять під загрозою покарання. Встановлено, що усі види юридичної відповідальності здійснюються на основі нормативної структури, яка являє собою єдність матеріальних і процесуальних правових норм. Виявлено, що притягнення до фінансово-правової відповідальності не виключає одночасного притягнення до інших видів юридичної відповідальності. Наголошено, що конституційну відповідальність можна визначити як засновані на державному (або прирівняному до нього суспільному) примусі конституційні відносини, які виникають з моменту вчинення конституційного порушення і які винний (правопорушник) повинен нести. Констатовано, що взаємодія фінансово-правової та кримінальної відповідальності має функціональний характер, який полягає в тому, що норми режиму кримінальної та фінансово-правової відповідальності залучаються до регулювання та захисту валюти, податків, банківського забезпечення тощо. Акцентовано, що зв'язок фінансово-правової та цивільної відповідальності простежується в кількох напрямках, однак фінансово-правова відповідальність не сприяє захисту відносин приватної власності. Виявлено, що між фінансовою та адміністративною відповідальністю існує тісний зв'язок, спільні риси якого висвітлюють публічність, нерівність сторін, спрощений порядок накладення стягнення тощо. Перспективою подальших досліджень у цьому напрямі є дослідження сутності, принципів, ознак та функцій і особливостей фінансово-правової відповідальності в Україні.

This article focuses on the present state and prospects of research and technology development in Lithuania. The authors focus on the main competitive innovation spheres (information technologies, biotechnologies, special purpose laser technologies) and analyse the principal lines of innovation policy and strategy. The article presents the results of a SWOT analysis of Lithuanian innovation development and describes the possible fields and mechanisms of research and technology cooperation between Lithuania and Ukraine

The genesis of volunteering as a source of social agency in conditions of social tension and crisis situations shifts research attention from considering volunteering as an activity that supports the work of official structures, to considering it as a self-sufficient activity in solving urgent problems facing society in situations of social instability and institutional instability. As a research perspective, the complexity paradigm is chosen, which offers a view of social processes through the prism of nonlinear system dynamics. The basis of the conceptual framework of the study - the allocation of the two mechanisms of social change – organizational and self-organizational. The processes of social self-organization reveal themselves in the crisis moments of the life of society through the activities of powerful volunteer communities, which become agents of change due to their emergence. The characteristics of such a volunteer community are their attractiveness, procedurality and specific hierarchy, which has a leadership basis. The genesis of the community of volunteers is viewed in the context of socio-structural changes. Using the example of the interaction of volunteers with the communities of internally displaced persons and combatants, it is shown that the communities of donors and recipients are interconnected in their own development. The features of the dynamics of volunteering agency in crisis conditions are determined, which depend on the ratio of self-organizing and organizational mechanisms at different stages of crisis situations. Since the beginning of the crisis, self-organizing structures have been active independent agents, however, as the institutional component strengthens, the initiative to restore public order is gradually shifting to organizational structures and the role of agency in self-organizing structures decreases. A decrease in the energy potential of a volunteering agency is associated with internal restructuring and adaptation of communities that arose at the time of the crisis and were the main recipients of assistance. However, this potential can recover quickly against the background of new challenges (eg pandemic) and unwillingness to respond to the situation by the organizational structures.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей та правових засад сучасної державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот) України, а також проблеми обмеження конституційних прав та свобод національних меншин (спільнот) у КНР та Болгарії.Авторський методологічний аналіз включав низку філософських, загальнонаукових та спеціально наукових методів. Зокрема метод порівняльного правознавства застосовувався для аналізу досвіду КНР та Болгарії щодо обмежень прав національних меншин (спільнот). Компаративний метод сприяв узагальненню знань у сфері державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот).Репрезентовані позиції науковців та інституційних міжнародних органів щодо державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот), мотивовано позицію казуальним виміром. Авторами розкрито ключові моменти державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот), окрему увагу сконцентровано на проблемі позитивної дискримінації (особливому захисті) національних меншин. Вказано на труднощі реалізації державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот) у КНР та Болгарії, а також піднято питання правового становища болгарської меншості (спільноти) України.У статті відображено основні напрямки державної політики у сфері національних меншин (спільнот) та основні завдання Державної служби України з етнополітики та свободи совісті. Приклади дискримінації македонської національної меншини в Болгарії, з одного боку, і вільного, рівноправного розвитку всіх націй і народів, що проживають на території України, – з іншого, ні недосконалість міжнародного законодавства, ні слабкість міжнародно-правових інститутів захисту прав людини не є головною перешкодою для вільного національного розвитку народів та окремих індивідів. Як найважливіша умова та об'єктивний чинник такого розвитку виступає державна національна політика, яка може або сприяти національному розвитку, або гальмувати його.Констатовано, що конституційні засади сучасної державної національної політики України утворюють положення Конституції України, що закріплюють найважливіші цінності конституційного ладу України. Звернено увагу, що національна політика України націлена насамперед на досягнення балансу, паритету інтересів кожної людини окремо та всіх народів (спільнот), що проживають на території України, у сфері національних відносин.У висновку зазначено, що національна політика України – це правова політика держави у галузі регламентації правового статусу національних меншин, формування нормативної бази, що забезпечує реалізацію національної політики на рівні органів державної влади та місцевого самоврядування в Україні.

The article examines the peculiarities of law and legal security in modern Ukrainian realities. It is determined that law is a mechanism which, through the application of legal norms of which it is a part, should ensure the effective functioning of democracy and democracy in the state and the functioning and further development of the social system. It is established that the Ukrainian legal system is undergoing a reconstruction phase, in which administrative and legal mechanisms are being transformed into mechanisms of self-regulation and self-organisation. The author establishes that essential factors of law stability are correct definition and certainty of each element, completeness and absence of contradictions. It is established that the basis of the concept of legal security is the conditions, sources, methods and mechanisms of negative impact (falsification of legal provisions, conflicts of provisions, legal gaps, inadequate implementation procedures, neglect of the effect of provisions, substitution of concepts, corruption, etc. The author determines that legal security is a component of national security. Its content consists of the implementation of national interests in all areas of national security, protection of national interests in the security sector, as well as legal regulation of legal relations and legal protection of the creation of state and non-state institutions with the necessary and sufficient conditions for the effective functioning of law and legal order as a crucial regulator of social relations. It is noted that legal security is one of the constant needs caused by the natural conditions of life of a person, society and mankind. It should also be considered a universal human value designed to ensure a person's existence as a public good. The author identifies the factors that significantly impact the institutionalisation process of an individual's legal security.

The article reveals the legal nature of the principle of openness and transparency of a trial and the enforcement of judgments as an integral part of the concept of a person's right to a fair trial. The purpose of our study is to find out the main approaches to the openness and transparency of the enforcement of judgments in the light of international and European standards, such as the laws of England and Wales, the US and EU law. For our comparative study, the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Civil Procedure Rules of England and Wales have been selected in view of the need to study the world's best practices. The European legislation governing the provisions of the European Enforcement Order and the European Order for Payment and European Small Claims Procedure, are among the objects of our study. Provisions on common minimum stand- ards for civil procedure in the EU, which are in the process of legislative implementation, are examined as examples of the standards of openness and transparency of justice and enforcement of judgments in the EU. They are also among the sources of our study on, transparency and openness in the administration of justice and the enforcement of judgments.

In this article the terminological problems of translation of the terms "public hearing", "open court", "open trial" and others relative terms are analyzed in depth, based on their legal content and essence.

As a result of the research, the concept of open enforcement of court decisions as an integral part of court proceedings is proposed to imple- ment, in particular, by introducing the institution of review of court decisions and other documents subject to publication in accordance with the procedure established by law, attorneys or agents affairs.

The article examines the features of the legal status of child neglect and homelessness, determines the place of this category of persons in society and the state. Child neglect and homelessness are considered as a separate category that needs social and legal protection from the state and charitable organizations, especially during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Today, the problem of homeless people and homeless children in Ukraine distorts the social environment, destroys the physical, mental and spiritual health of people, reduces their vital, social and creative activity, worsens morale, as well as creates tension in society. The main reasons for this situation were a sharp decline in income and living standards due to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and structural changes in the economy, unprofitability of many manufacturing enterprises, imperfect financial and credit mechanisms, the sharp increase in existing and hidden unemployment, unpreparedness of training and social institutions, as well as law enforcement agencies to work with such categories of the population in the market conditions. The general principles of social protection of homeless persons and homeless children established by the legislation are determined. It provides legal regulation for relations in society, which are aimed at realization by homeless persons and homeless children of their rights and freedoms provided by the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine. It also creates conditions for public and charitable organizations working in the field of social protection. The conditions and active growth of the number of homeless people and homeless children during quarantine are studied. The author points out the need to comply with the current legislation in the field of social and legal protection of this category of persons, especially during quarantine, as health should be a strategic direction of human life. Thus, the state should protect and help homeless citizens and homeless children according to the Constitution of Ukraine, as a person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. The maintenance and upbringing of orphans and children deprived of parental care is the responsibility of the state. Keywords: homelessness, child neglect, life circumstances, health care, quarantine, social assistance, social services, orphanhood.

In order to facilitate access to works and their use for the visually impaired, on June 27, 2013, the Diplomatic Conference of the World Intellectual Property Organization in Marrakesh (Morocco) adopted the "The Marrakesh Treaty on the facilitation of access for the blind and visually impaired or with other disabilities to accept printed information to published works". The accession of countries to the Marrakesh Treaty allows for adequate access for people with visual impairments to published works on the same terms as for people with normal vision. The provisions of the Marrakesh Treaty establish general obligations on restrictions under the Berne Convention, which authorizes the reproduction of works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not harm the normal use of the work and does not unduly affect the legitimate interests of the author. The article reveals the exceptional nature of the Marrakesh Treaty, which combines the law on rights of people with visual problems and intellectual property law, creates the first mandatory restrictions on copyright protection in order to expand access to books for a growing number of people.The implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty into national law will enable libraries to create and distribute copies of works in an accessible format for the visually impaired. In order to protect copyright in the production of works for the visually impaired, the Marrakesh Treaty provides for the establishment of a special "authorized body" in the country, which should be associated with at least one area of society: 1) education, 2) vocational training, 3) adaptive reading or 4) public access to information. Such an authorized body may be any library or other organization that provides services on a non-profit basis.The adoption of the Marrakesh Treaty at the Diplomatic Conference of the World Intellectual Property Organization in Marrakesh is an important step in implementing the basic provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which stipulates that everyone, including the visually impaired, can participate fully and equally in political, economic and cultural life of society.