The article is devoted to the issue, which has not been actually studied in bibliology and culture studies − the origin and formation of noniction books and periodicals as an independent genre in Russia. Indeed, today, when the circulation of popular science periodicals dropped by several orders of magnitude compared with the end of the 1980s, it seems highly improbable that in Russia, destroyed by the First World War and the Civil War, that popular scientiic literature amounted more than a third (36 %) of total books production. Even political literature noticeably lagged behind this igure. Based on rich archival, bibliographic and statistical material of the second half of the XVIII − beginning of the XXI century, found in the inaccessible primary sources, many of which have become a rarity, the author makes an attempt to reconstruct the social mechanisms of formation of the popular science genre. It is shown that one can not speak about the popular science genre as a once and for all formed phenomenon. The complexity of a clear deinition of the genre of scientiic popularization is explained by the fact that this genre is essentially historical. The author suggests using a model of the historical dynamics of the popular science genre he has developed – "Popular Science" / "Industrial Education" / "Entertaining Science" / "Nauchpop" (Popular Science 2.0) – in the analysis of the evolution of forms of popularization of science in Russia. It is shown that in our country the development of scientiic popularization began approximately a century later than in the West, having bypassed the Popular Science stage. In fact, this stage was combined with the stage of the "Industrial Education". It is important to keep in mind, at least in order to adequately deine the subject in the course of today's multiple discussions about the place and role of science popularization in society.
At present, owing to the development of knowledge and innovation economy, the popularization of science and the results of scientiic and technical activities is becoming more important in society. Due to the close cooperation of science, government and society in developed countries, the popularization of science and scientiic activity is at a higher level of development than in Russia. The most efective tool for promoting the results of scientiic and technical activities in society is television. The authors analyze domestic and foreign experience in the ield of popularizing scientiic and technical activities on television. The article presents a brief historical overview of the development of popular science television in Russia, as well as the main Russian projects for popularizing scientiic and technical activities. In addition, the most popular educational TV-channels and programs of the USA and UK were studied. The purpose of this study is to identify barriers to the development of popularization of scientiic and technical activities in Russia. The study shows that, despite the currently used mechanisms aimed at the development of popular science genre on television, it is too early to speak about its revival and blossom. One of the main reasons for this situation is the decreasing prestige of Russian science. The result of the research is the determination of the main directions for the revival and development of popular science genre in Russia taking into account the positive experience of foreign countries. The proposals of the authors will contribute to increasing availability of popular science programs and TV channels, attracting more interested people to the world of science and technology, and thus, to the growth of the prestige of science. ; For citation: ZHAROVA, E.N., AGAMIROVA, E.V. (2018) Analysis of foreign experience and main directions of popularization of scientiic and technical activities on television in Russia. Science. Innovations. Education. No. 3 (29). Pp. 45-60.
In the popular science review, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the first publication of the Periodic Table of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev, the elements of the 5th (main) Group (namely nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) are considered. The history of these elements discovery and some their properties are shortly described. The elements of the fifth group are also called "the elements of life", which is linked with both the development of living organisms themselves and their compounds importance for human life. The review confirms this thesis in a popular-science form, using the available literature data on the role of chemical compounds of Group 5th elements in the development of living nature as well as in the progress of human civilization.
The paper examines the conventionalism that arose within the framework of the second positivism in European philosophy at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, in connection with Russian science and philosophy. Despite its being popular and developed mainly in Western philosophy, we demonstrate that its ideas were also reflected in Russian culture. Moreover, we argue that it was the achievements of Russian mathematicians that influenced the emergence of this direction in European philosophy. To determine the place of conventionalism in Russian culture, the works of such scientists, philosophers and historians of science as A. Poincaré, N.V. Efimov, G.V. Florovsky, P.S. Yushkevich and others were used. The article also provides an overview of their main works and ideas. The analysis also deals with the influence of ideological and political factors on the development of philosophy in the XX century in Russia and the USSR. It is shown that the achievements of Russian mathematicians had a significant influence on the emergence of conventionalism, and the ideas of conventionalism, in turn, were reflected in the concepts of Russian thinkers concerning the philosophy of science and the philosophy of history. Thus, N.I. Lobachevsky can be called a harbinger of mathematical conventionalism, some ideas of P.S. Yushkevich and A.A. Bogdanov can be referred to natural-scientific conventionalism, and some ideas of G.V. Florovsky can be called historical conventionalism. We conclude that Russian science, firstly, was one of the reasons for the emergence of conventionalism in Europe, and secondly, Russian philosophy adopted and applied some of its ideas, in particular, concerning the impossibility of complete knowledge of the world or the relativity of ways of expressing truth, which remain relevant today.
During the Mongolian era at the population of Lower Angara region the set of weapon including both local forms, and popular in a steppe belt of Eurasia objects was created. Weapon of remote fi ght is presented by fi nds of details of slozhnosostavny onions and tips of arrows. The taiga population used onions with massive trailer to slips inserts, executed from a horn. They fi nd the next analogies in monuments of the North of Western Siberia. Among tips of arrows iron fl at and linzovidny products in section so popular in the Mongolian time prevail, but also specifi c shipasty and dolotovidny pronikatel are widely presented. The polearm is presented by vtulchaty and petiolar tips of copies. Knives, hatchets, broadswords belong to means of conducting infighting. Hatchets are massive rezhushche–cutting the weapon known only in a taiga zone of Middle Siberia. Objects of protective arms aren't found yet therefore there are no bases to speak about presence of tyazhelovooruzhenny soldiers. Existence in burials of a bit of a diff erent design and bones of a horse on settlements, allows to assume at the Angarsk population existence of a cavalry though it is probable, in limited quantity. ; В Монгольскую эпоху у населения Нижнего Приангарья сформировался набор оружия, включающий как местные формы, так и общераспространенные в степном поясе Евразии предметы. Оружие дистанционного боя представлено находками деталей сложносоставных луков и наконечников стрел. Таежное население использовало луки с массивными концевыми накладкам–вкладышами, выполненными из рога. Ближайшие аналогии они находят в памятниках севера Западной Сибири. Среди наконечников стрел преобладают железные плоские и линзовидные в сечении изделия столь популярные в монгольское время, но также широко представлены специфичные шипастые и долотовидные проникатели. Древковое оружие представлено втульчатыми и черешковыми наконечниками копий. К средствам ведения ближнего боя относятся ножи, тесаки, палаши. Тесаки – это массивное режуще–рубящие оружие, известное только в таежной зоне Средней Сибири. Предметы защитного вооружения пока не найдены, поэтому нет оснований говорить о наличии тяжеловооруженных воинов. Наличие в погребениях удил разной конструкции и костей лошади на поселениях, позволяет предполагать у ангарского населения наличие конницы, хотя вероятно, в ограниченном количестве.
This article describes those interaction between applied sciences (mathematics and information technology) and sociologists in the 1960's and 1980's which influenced the subsequent development of Russian sociology. The object of research is scientific articles and other texts (popular science articles, memoirs, interviews) of those participating in past and present interdisciplinary interaction. The main trait of the interdisciplinary cooperation between sociologists and mathematicians is the paradigmatization of sociology as a field of science. Precise sciences played a special role in this process, as they participated in the formation of the language, thematic repertoire and methodological arsenal of sociology. As shown by our analysis, the demand for cooperation was formed by three tasks: of the methodological, instrumental and practical (socio-engineering) variety. The article describes three cases of cooperation. Number one — when it was formed by the organizational and intellectual leadership of mathematicians (Novosibirsk school). Number two — when leadership positions were held by sociologists (Leningrad school). And number three — when "game rules" were set by external agents — the cooperation of sociologists and mathematicians in the name of solving industrial tasks. The typical tasks which scientists collectively solved in each of these three cases were identified and systematized. The article offers conclusions about the significance of this period for the development of sociology. Further development of this topic, in our opinion, lies within giving direction to the analysis of cooperation mechanisms between sociologists and researchers in the field of precise sciences, as well as its institutionalization.
Круглый стол. Люблинская уния ; В статье выявлены главные концептуальные положения белорусской исторической мысли периода между Первой и Второй мировыми войнами, которые касаются истории Речи Посполитой. По своему характеру белорусская историография тогда была национально-демократической и национально-романтической. Позиция белорусских историков, писателей, общественных деятелей была изложена в научно-популярной, учебной, публицистической литературе в советской Беларуси (до конца 1920-х годов), Западной Беларуси в составе Польши, в среде белорусской эмиграции в Литве, Чехословакии и других странах. Великое княжество Литовское признавалось полиэтническим (белорусско-литовским) государством, только часть радикальных белорусских авторов считала ВКЛ исключительно белорусским государством. XVI столетие пропагандировалось как «золотой век» в истории Беларуси. Люблинская уния 1569 г. и Брестская церковная уния 1596 г. оценивались негативно, т.к. они способствовали упадку государственности ВКЛ. Отрицательно были оценены и разделы Речи Посполитой в конце XVIII в. С конца 1920-х годов в советской Беларуси произошли кардинальные изменения в исторической науке. Речь Посполитая рассматривалась как государство, которое было чужим и враждебным для белорусского народа. ; The article identifies the main conceptual provisions of the Belarusian historical thought of the period between the First and Second World Wars, which relate to the history of Rzeczpospolita. By its nature, Belarusian historiography was then national democratic and national romantic. The position of Belarusian historians, writers, public figures was set forth in popular science, educational, journalistic literature in Soviet Belarus (until the end of the 1920s), Western Belarus as part of Poland, among Belarusian emigrants in Lithuania, Czechoslovakia and other countries. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was recognized as a multi-ethnic (Belarusian-Lithuanian) state, only a part of the radical Belarusian authors considered the GDL to be exclusively a Belarusian state. The 16th century was promoted as the "golden age" in the history of Belarus. The Union of Lublin in 1569 and the Church of Brest Union in 1596 were evaluated negatively, as they contributed to the decline of statehood on. Divide of Rzeczpospolita at the end of the 18th century were also negatively evaluated. Since the end of the 1920s, Soviet Belarus underwent dramatic changes in historical science. Rzeczpospolita was regarded as a state that was alien and hostile to the Belarusian people.
The article gives a review of interpretations of the significance of the personality of Peter I for understanding the historical meaning of his acts. It presents the data of a study on images of the collective memory about Peter I among various groups of the Russians. The majority of our contemporaries consider Peter I to be the most significant figure in the history of Russia. The respondents note the cultural transformations carried out by the emperor, the strengthening of the army and navy, the construction of St. Petersburg, the "window to Europe" and the new level of Russia's development. The time of his reign is regarded as crucial for the future fate of Russia.It is shown that the influence of institutional memory (the content of school history textbooks, popular feature films about Peter I), focused on the given interpretations, generates the effect of the exaltation of the emperor and his deeds among the general public. The authors are practically unanimous in assessing the greatness of his personality, they praise the talents of the emperor, pointing out that he mastered various sciences and crafts and had extensive knowledge in different fields (lawmaking, military art, diplomacy, history, geography, carpentry, etc.).The results of scientific research reveal the presence of deep contradictions in the personality of Peter I, and his personality itself is not presented so unambiguously. Combining the available assessments and judgments in this direction, we can point to three groups of opinions: "panegyrists" who believe that Peter I is an outstanding figure; "denunciators" who claim that he destroyed the established Russian traditions and principles; "objectivists" who strive to present both the merits and shortcomings of Peter I in a balanced way. At the same time, the majority of authors, despite their adherence or negativism towards the emperor, highlight the pronounced contradiction of his nature.As a result, it is noted that the study of scientific interpretations of the activities of Peter I in the collective memory of the Russians and in the stereotypes propagated by the means of institutional memory will help to better understand the trends of modern political consciousness. ; Статья посвящена обзору интерпретаций значения личности Петра I для понимания исторического смысла его деяний. Приводятся данные исследования образов коллективной памяти различных групп россиян о Петре I, связанные с тем, что в коллективной памяти наших современников Петр I остается наиболее значительной фигурой в истории России. Респонденты отмечают культурные преобразования, произведенные императором, укрепление армии и флота, строительство Санкт-Петербурга, «окно в Европу» и новый уровень развития России. Время его правления рассматривается как судьбоносное для дальнейшей истории России.Показано, что влияние институциональной памяти (содержание школьных учебников истории, популярные художественные фильмы о Петре I), сфокусированной на заданные трактовки, порождает эффект превознесения императора и его деяний у широкой публики. Авторы практически единодушны в оценке величия его личности, восхваляются таланты императора, указывая на то, что он овладел многими науками и ремеслами: был законотворцем, полководцем и флотоводцем, дипломатом, писателем, историком, географом и картографом, а также плотником и токарем.Результаты научных исследований обнаруживают наличие глубоких противоречий в личности Петра I, а сама его личность представлена далеко не так однозначно. Объединяя имеющиеся оценки и суждения в этом направлении можно указать на три группы мнений: «панегиристы», считающие, что Петр I является выдающейся личностью; «обличители», утверждающие, что он разрушил сформировавшиеся русские традиции и устои; «объективисты», стремящиеся сбалансированно представить и заслуги, и недостатки деятельности Петра I. При этом, большинство авторов, несмотря на свою приверженность или негативизм по отношению к императору, отмечают ярко выраженную противоречивость его натуры.В итоге отмечается, что изучение научных интерпретаций деятельности Петра I в коллективной памяти россиян и в стереотипах, распространяемых средствами институциональной памяти, помогут лучше понять тенденции современного политического сознания.
Приведен научно-исторический очерк об известных харьковских физиках, входивших в состав знаменитой "высоковольтной бригады" Украинского физико-технического института, первыми в СССР расщепивших искусственно ускоренными в высоковольтном генераторе с электроразрядной трубкой протонами на энергию до 350 кэВ ядро атома лития и достигших в недалеком будущем своих научных академических вершин и новых научно-технических свершений в области ядерной физики и физики высоких энергий. ; Description of the basic distinguished scientific achievements of members of «high-voltage brigade» of the Ukrainian Physical-Technical Institute (UPhTI) and future Academicians in area of nuclear physics − Valter A.C., Sinelnikov C.D., Leypunskiy A.I. and Latyshev G.D. Methodology. Scientific approaches at treatment and systematization of physical knowledges. Historical method atresearch of development in Ukraine and Russia of nuclear physics and mastering of intranuclear energy for military and peaceful aims. Results. The basic creative and vital stages, and also prominent scientific results, obtained by the indicated scientists in the area of nuclear physics, physics of high energies and nuclear energy, are resulted in the compressed and systematized way. Some technical descriptions created by these Kharkov physicists of powerful high-voltage electrostatic and linear dynamitrons and protons, and also nuclear reactors fast-neutron are indicated. Originality. Firstly in the area of history of scientific-technological authoritative enough scientist-electro-physicist, which is engaged not alone ten of years by creation of powerful generators of very high voltage and large currents, and also presents a theoretical electrophysics a wide reader a scientifically-historical essay with not popular details about the first in the USSR breaking up the physicists of UPhTI of atomic kernel of lithium by artificially speed-up protons. Firstly the basic distinguished scientific achievements of the considered physicists-nuclear engineers are resulted in the concentrated way. Practical value. Scientific popularization of physical knowledges and achievements of the known compatriots, bringing ina big contribution to development of nuclear physics, physicists of high energies and nuclear energy.
Приведен научно-исторический очерк об известных харьковских физиках, входивших в состав знаменитой «высоковольтной бригады» Украинского физико-технического института, первыми в СССР расщепивших искусственно ускоренными в высоковольтном генераторе с электроразрядной трубкой протонами на энергию до 350 кэВ ядро атома лития и достигших в недалеком будущем своих научных академических вершин и новых научно-технических свершений в области ядерной физики и физики высоких энергий. ; Наведено науково-історичний нарис про відомих харківських фізиках, що входили до складу знаменитої «високовольтної бригади» Українського фізико-технічного інституту, що першими в СРСР розщепнули штучно прискореними в високовольтному генераторі з електророзрядною трубкою протонами на енергію до 350 кэВ ядро атома літію і що досягли в недалекому майбутньому своїх наукових академічних вершин і нових науково-технічних звершень в галузі ядерної фізики і фізики високих енергій. ; Purpose. Description of the basic distinguished scientific achievements of members of «high-voltage brigade» of the Ukrainian Physical-Technical Institute (UPhTI) and future Academicians in area of nuclear physics − Valter A.C., Sinelnikov C.D., Leypunskiy A.I. and Latyshev G.D. Methodology. Scientific approaches at treatment and systematization of physical knowledges. Historical method at research of development in Ukraine and Russia of nuclear physics and mastering of intranuclear energy for military and peaceful aims. Results. The basic creative and vital stages, and also prominent scientific results, obtained by the indicated scientists in the area of nuclear physics, physics of high energies and nuclear energy, are resulted in the compressed and systematized way. Some technical descriptions created by these Kharkov physicists of powerful high-voltage electrostatic and linear dynamitrons and protons, and also nuclear reactors fast-neutron are indicated. Originality. Firstly in the area of history of scientific-technological authoritative enough scientist-electro-physicist, which is engaged not alone ten of years by creation of powerful generators of very high voltage and large currents, and also presents a theoretical electrophysics a wide reader a scientifically-historical essay with not popular details about the first in the USSR breaking up the physicists of UPhTI of atomic kernel of lithium by artificially speed-up protons. Firstly the basic distinguished scientific achievements of the considered physicists-nuclear engineers are resulted in the concentrated way. Practical value. Scientific popularization of physical knowledges and achievements of the known compatriots, bringing in a big contribution to development of nuclear physics, physicists of high energies and nuclear energy.
The article deals with the current topic of manipulation in politics. The author makes scientific analysis of this phenomenon and tells about identify hidden mechanisms of manipulation, classification of manipulation and study the impact of manipulation on the values and behavior of people. For the first time the manipulations of cause-and-effect relations are considered, including the well-known experiment "universe 25". These manipulations are aimed at influencing the values of a person and cause the belief in the impossibility of social transformations aimed at significantly improving the quality of life and social relations. The author is convinced that the study of manipulation by the scientific community, and further teaching the ability to resist manipulation will make the population less susceptible to political manipulation and more free in their political choice. The author believes that manipulation in politics is, on the one hand, a serious scientific problem, and, on the other hand, a topic of interest in politicized groups of social networks, as well as a frequent subject of popular science materials. Political manipulation affects the value worldview of people and their behavior, the problems of manipulation in politics is closely related to a larger range of other political problems. ; В статье рассматривается актуальная тема манипуляций в политике, указывается на необходимость научного анализа данного явления, необходимость выявления скрытых механизмов манипуляций, классификации манипуляций и исследования влияние манипуляций на ценностные установки и поведение людей. Впервые рассматриваются манипуляции причинно-следственными связями, в том числе именно так классифицируется известный эксперимент «Вселенная 25». Данные манипуляции имеют цель повлиять на ценностные установки человека и вызвать убеждение в невозможности социальных преобразований, направленных на существенное улучшение качества жизни и социальных отношений. Автор убеждён, что изучение манипуляций научным сообществом, и в дальнейшем преподавание умения противостоять манипуляциям сделают население менее поддатливым на политические манипуляции и более свободным в своём политическом выборе. Автор считает, что манипуляции в политике – это, с одной стороны, серьёзная научная проблема, а, с другой стороны, тема, вызывающая интерес в политизированных группах социальных сетей, а также частый предмет научно-популярных материалов. Политические манипуляции влияют на ценностные мировоззренческие установки людей и на их поведение, то с проблемами манипуляций в политике тесно связан больший круг других политических проблем.
Восстание Ната Тернера, произошедшее в августе 1831 года в округе Саутгемптон, штат Вирджиния, является одним из самых знаковых и в то же время хорошо изученных и задокументированных событий американской истории. Тем не менее, можно с уверенностью утверждать, что в отечественной американистике должного внимания ему никогда не уделялось. До настоящего времени не вышло ни одного масштабного исследования. Даже сам ход восстания в русскоязычной литературе описан крайне поверхностно и, в основном, в публицистических работах, являющихся в большинстве своем переводом или компиляцией нескольких американских журналистских материалов. В данной статье автор попытался восполнить указанный пробел и восстановить общую картину и хронику событий, опираясь на источники и работы ведущих зарубежных специалистов по направлению «Афроамериканская история» (Black History) ⁎ . В статье подробно прослеживается маршрут продвижения группы мятежников по округу Саутгемптон и основные события, происходившие в активной фазе восстания, т.е. в период с 22 часов 21 августа до 5 часов утра 23 августа 1831 г. При этом вопросы выявления причин и предпосылок, а также непосредственной подготовки восстания автор намеренно опускает, фокусируясь исключительно на описании хода вооруженного выступления рабов. Автором предложена собственная периодизация восстания, а также определен круг причин его поражения. Nat Turner's Rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831 is one of the most iconic and at the same time well-studied and documented events in American history. Nevertheless, it is safe to say that Russian American studies have never paid due attention to this issue. Not a single major study has been published so far. Even the course of the rebellion is described in Russian-language literature in a superficial manner mainly in popular science and journalistic works, which are mostly translations or compilations of several American journalistic materials. In this article, the author tried to fill this gap and to reconstruct the overall picture and chronicle of events, relying on the sources and works of leading foreign experts in the field of African American History (Black History).⁎ The article retraces in detail the advance of the rebel group through Southampton County and the main events that took place in the active phase of the rebellion, i.e. in the period between 10 p.m. on August 21 and 5 a.m. on August 23, 1831. The author deliberately omits the questions of identifying the causes and prerequisites of the rebellion as well as its immediate preparation, focusing exclusively on the description of the course of the armed slave uprising. The author proposes his own periodization of the rebellion and also determines the range of reasons for its defeat.
С позиций конституционно-правовой науки рассматриваются понятия, различные подходы к определению, признаки юридических конструкций правовой государственности и парламентаризма, их соотношение. Соответственно предлагается воспринимать парламентаризм как теоретическую концепцию, как правовой институт, как принцип устройства государства, а также как особую систему организации государственной власти, отражающую существенную роль парламента в том или ином государстве на практике. Делается вывод о том, что для формирования парламентаризма помимо функционирования парламента необходимо верховенство закона; разделение властей с четко обозначенными и реальными полномочиями парламента; участие парламента в формировании органов иных ветвей власти; подотчетность исполнительной власти парламенту; особый статус депутата со свободным мандатом и ответственно -стью перед законом; многопартийность; независимость судебной власти. Обозначается авторское мнение по поводу практической значимости рассматриваемых концепций: теория парламентаризма может помочь в решении практико-ориентированных вопросов с позиций предотвращения узурпации власти в лице исполнительных органов власти. Достоинство концепции правовой государственности видится автором в отражении значимости формально-юридической и содержательной роли закона.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)3-10 ; The article describes the concept, different approaches to the definition, symptoms of legal constructions of legal statehood and parliamentarism, their relationship from the standpoint of constitutional and legal science. Accordingly, the parliamentary system is proposed to be taken as a theoretical concept, a legal institution, the structure of the state principle, and a special system of state power organization, reflecting the significant role of Parliament in a particular country in practice. It is concluded that for the formation of parliamentarism besides Parliament's functioning, the following components are required: rule of law; separation of powers with clear and real powers of Parliament; Parliament's participation in the formation of other branches of government; accountability of the executive power to Parliament; the special status of the deputy with a free mandate and responsible before the law; multi-party system; independence of the judiciary power. The author's opinion is expressed about the practical relevance of discussed concepts: the theory of parliamentarism can help in solving of practice issues to prevent the usurpation of power by the executive bodies. The advantage of the concept of the rule of law is seen by the author in the reflection of the importance of formal legal and meaningful role of the law.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)3-10
