Population aging is primarily the result of past declines in fertility, which produced a decadeslong period in which the ratio of dependents to working age adults was reduced. Rising old-age dependency in many countries represents the inevitable passing of this "demographic dividend." Societies use three methods to transfer resources to people in dependent age groups: government, family, and personal saving. In developed countries, families are predominant in supporting children, while government is the main source of support for the elderly. The most important means by which aging will affect aggregate output is the distortion from taxes to fund PAYGO pensions.
The Population Health Research Network (PHRN) is an Australian data linkage infrastructure capable of securely and safely linking and integrating data collections from a wide range of sources. It is an example of a national data linkage infrastructure in a country with a federated system of government. This population data centre profile describes Australia's unique approach to enabling access to linked data from single jurisdictions and from multiple jurisdictions. It covers the background to the establishment of the PHRN as well as information about how it operates today including operating models, governance, data, data linkage and data access. Some of the challenges of data linkage across jurisdictions are also discussed.
Research workers in the early 19th century endeavored to survey entire populations. This feat was tedious, and the research work suffered accordingly. Current researchers work only with a small portion of the whole population (a sample) from which they draw inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn. This inferential leap or generalization from samples to population, a feature of inductive or empirical research, can be full of pitfalls. In clinical medicine, it is not sufficient merely to describe a patient without assessing the underlying condition by a detailed history and clinical examination.The signs and symptoms are then interpreted against the total background of the patient's history and clinical examination including mental state examination. Similarly, in inferential statistics, it is not enough to just describe the results in the sample. One has to critically appraise the real worth or representativeness of that particular sample. The following discussion endeavors to explain the inputs required for making a correct inference from a sample to the target population. Use of the word population in epidemiological research does not correspond always with its demographic meaning of an entire group of people living within certain geographic or political boundaries. A population for a research study may comprise groups of people defined in many different ways, for example, coal mine workers in Dhanbad, children exposed to German measles during intrauterine life, or pilgrims traveling to Kumbh Mela at Allahabad.
The world's population has grown rapidly from about 2.5 billion in 1950 to a current size of 5.8 billion. As noted in this report, most of the increase has been recorded in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America due to continued high fertility in the face of reductions in levels of mortality. Kenya provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of various policy options on future population growth. The primary objective of this study is to measure the impact of different causes of continued population growth on Kenya's future size and to formulate appropriate policy measures to minimize the adverse socioeconomic consequences of population growth. This study briefly reviews population policies pursued by the Kenyan government since the formulation of the first such policy in 1967. Projections made by the World Bank and the United Nations are summarized, and a new set of projections is presented to highlight the contributions of the different causes of future growth. The study concludes with policy implications emanating from this analysis.
This paper aims at presenting the direction of changes and perspectives in populations and the movement of the population of Europe (as broadly defined) against the backdrop of the situation on other continents, as well as highlighting the internal diversity in terms of the realties of the current political divisions in Europe.
This paper aims at presenting the direction of changes and perspectives in populations and the movement of the population of Europe (as broadly defined) against the backdrop of the situation on other continents, as well as highlighting the internal diversity in terms of the realties of the current political divisions in Europe.
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This study aims to analyze the Population Administration Service Process through the SIAP Application Program in Batu City and to describe the problems faced by the Batu City Government in carrying out the Population Administration Service Process through the SIAP Application Program in Batu City. The data analysis technique used in this study was the data analysis technique from Miles and Huberman, namely: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion and verification. Based on the results of the research, it shows that the Population Administration Service Process through the Ready in Batu City Application Program facilitates all administrative processes that have been seemingly complicated and long. The problems faced by the Batu City Government in carrying out Population Administration Services through the SIAP Application Program have been reviewed from various things, namely conditional, participatory, equality of rights, the balance of rights and obligations, the government in charge of serving, the community served by the government, the policies that are presented as the foundation of public services, Sophisticated equipment or service facilities, The resort is available to be formulated in the form of service activities, quality of service that formulates the community according to the standards and principles of community service, management and leadership as well as community service organizations. The factor that hinders the Batu city government in providing population administration services through the ready application program in Batu City, namely the readiness of human resources in carrying out population administration services through the SIAP application program, there is a gap in the quality of these services in addition to being caused by inadequate facilities and infrastructure, human resources. which is still limited and also the management of the public service system that is not yet integrated. The factors that support the Batu city government in carrying out population administration services through the ready application program are the attitude and commitment of the implementers in carrying out population administration services that they are fully committed to using this SIAP application wisely so that it can bring many good benefits to the citizens of Batu City. The understanding of the implementer in carrying out population administration services through the SIAP application program is very familiar with how to operate this application because the application is very easy to understand, so it doesn't take a long time to understand it.
The birth of democracy in South Africa and the subsequent economic boom have made the country a prospective haven for many Africans willing or forced to leave their countries. Johannesburg has maintained its reputation as a city where everything is possible and accessible. Berea, Hillbrow, and Yeoville have become destinations for both internal and international (cross-border) migrants as a consequence of their proximity to the city center. However, migrant populations face obstacles that limit access to basic services such as health care, housing, transportation, employment, credit, and security. Asylum-seekers, refugees, and the undocumented are particularly vulnerable and at risk of discrimination. The Population Council and the Ford Foundation conducted a needs assessment to identify and document key social, legal, economic, and health-related issues affecting the populations in the inner city of Johannesburg. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore their needs, health-seeking behavior, capabilities, social networking, and coping strategies. As noted in this research summary, the goal was to understand these experiences and challenges from the migrants' perspective to help develop appropriate interventions to meet their needs.
The ascent to power by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949 was a period of great turmoil and confusion. Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Party and the head of government emerged as a powerful and willful dictator, and intellectually the chief strategist in determining China's future and what it would become. In the midst of this turmoil, Mao knew that one thing was certain: the population of the country would rise, and the increase would be large enough and swift enough that it would overwhelm the economy and the government. The national economy, even before WW II had left China deeply in poverty, underdeveloped, illiterate, and without direction or hope. All of this was made worse by the Japanese invasion and later the internal civil war. When the Communists won, few could conceive of them leading China to any bright new future.
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This paper deals with some variables that are not generally included as economic or market variables in order to show how these affect the question of population growth, which is after all the core of resource allocation. It shows that population growth may also depend on better medical treatments, higher productivity, less local violence and the decline of customary restraints (i.e. social and family pressures), and not only on the evaluation of the benefits and losses of having more children in relation to limited property resources. On the other hand, as far as demographic transition is concerned, there is one essential factor that affects family size throughout the world. This is education. School has decreased mortality by the emphasis on personal and household hygiene. It has then decreased fertility by the increased costs of bringing up children in a school situation, i.e. demographic transition is set in progress without urbanization, industrialization and scarcely without modernization, except for the school itself. Education, as we know it, preceded industrialization and intrusive urbanization in Europe too. It was not until very late (1870) that attempts at introducing compulsory education were made, and it was mass schooling that made a marked difference. Widespread education may also accomplish the control on fertility, i.e. later marriage. Education promotes consumerism and when there is a large gap between achievement in the economic and educational domains, major difficulties arise. Despite earlier hopes the economy has not expanded pari passu with education. There is a gap between the literates and the number of jobs. This discrepancy has produced a floating population of the young who are a threat to political stability. The other outlet is migration overseas. For good or for bad the globalisation of education releases a potent force in the globalisation of the family.
Abstract Based on the Constitution, the Population Census in Austria is a matter of the central state, serving many political-administrative, planning, research, and other purposes. After its start as a systematic operation in the middle of the 18th century, it developed further by a modern legal basis in 1857 and advances in statistical technology in 1890 (punch cards) and 1971 (machine-readable questionnaires). In the second half of the 20th century, the Population Census became a comprehensive operation, including dwellings, buildings, and workplaces. The communes organized the classical method of on the spot household data collection on behalf of the state. The register-based Census replaced the household collection in 2011. Following a government decision of 2000, which aimed at the sole use of available micro-data, the first steps for creating the necessary administrative and statistical registers took place in conjunction with the last traditional census of 2001. With new provisions for linking the records, the Register Census Act of 2006, and a full test census in the same year, the new methodology was established and evaluated in a short period. The first regular Register Census "took place" with reference date 31 October 2011. It is described in the central part of this communication, featuring the advantages, strengths, and weaknesses, the backbone registers, the "comparison registers," and the redundancy principle, which help to ensure high data quality and the fit of the census into the international framework. Current developments include the annual update of results, changes and improvements in the data sources, and a short outlook on the next census of 2021.
There have been significant changes in both the fertility rates and fertility perception since 1970s. In this paper, we examine the relationship between government policies towards fertility and the fertility trends. Total fertility rate, defined as the number of children per woman, is used as the main fertility trend variable. We use panel data from the United Nations World Population Policies database, and the World Bank World Development Indicators for the period 1976 through 2013. We find a significant negative association between a country's fertility rate and its anti-fertility policy. On the other hand, there is no significant and robust relationship between the fertility rate and a country's pro-fertility or family-planning policies. In addition we find evidence of spatial autocorrelation in the total fertility rate, and spatial spillovers from a government's policy on fertility.
