Suchergebnisse

This paper analyses trends in domesticated reindeer numbers at the federal, regional, and local levels based on official statistics and interviews with herders in different northern districts across Russia. During the second half of the last century, the domesticated reindeer population in Russia shifted dramatically from a maximum of 2.5 million head to a minimum of 1.2. The most important trends were connected to changes in social and economic conditions linked to government directives. Post-Soviet reforms in the 1990s resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in the total number of domesticated reindeer. However in some regions, these political events had the opposite effect. The contrast was due to the abilities of herders to adapt to the new conditions. A detailed analysis of these adaptations reveals an important difference between reindeer-holding enterprises with common ownership (i.e. kolkhozes, sovkhozes, municipal enterprises, etc.) and households with family owned reindeer. The paper concludes that the effect the political context is so large as to conceal the impact of other natural factors on reindeer populations such as climate change. However, a gradual increase of reindeer populations in the north-eastern part of Russia in the 1960s can be associated with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns.

This article clarifies the potential environmental impacts of more or less expansive EU immigration policies. First, we project the demographic impacts of different immigration policy scenarios on future population numbers, finding that relatively small annual differences in immigration levels lead to large differences in future population numbers, both nationally and region-wide. Second, we analyze the potential impacts of future population numbers on two key environmental goals: reducing the EU's greenhouse gas emissions and preserving its biodiversity. We find that in both cases, smaller populations make success in these endeavors more likely – though only in conjunction with comprehensive policy changes which lock in the environmental benefits of smaller populations. Reducing immigration in order to stabilize or reduce populations thus can help EU nations create ecologically sustainable societies, while increasing immigration will tend to move them further away from this goal.

The number of common wombats can be estimated directly either by capturing every animal during a single trapping session or by mark-recapture over at least three trapping sessions. Indirect
estimates can be obtained by recording the number of burrows used every 24 h. Spotlight counts do not provide accurate population estimates.

Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate. David Henige. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. 532 pp.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter One: The Value of Kings -- Chapter Two: and the "Depopulation Letters" -- Chapter Three: Celibacy -- Chapter Four: Divorce, the Demographic Spur -- Chapter Five: Polygamy -- Chapter Six: Rousseau and the Paradoxes of Reproduction -- Chapter Seven: Population Politics in Revolution -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.