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"Judging Positivism is a critical exploration of the method and substance of legal positivism. Margaret Martin is primarily concerned with the manner in which theorists who adopt the dominant positivist paradigm ask a limited set of questions and offer an equally limited set of answers, artificially circumscribing the field of legal philosophy in the process. The book focuses primarily but not exclusively on the writings of prominent legal positivist, Joseph Raz. Martin argues that Raz's theory has changed over time and that these changes have led to deep inconsistencies and incoherencies in his account. One re-occurring theme in the book is that Razian positivism collapses from within. In the process of defending his own position, Raz is led to support the views of many of his main rivals, namely, Ronald Dworkin, the legal realists and the normative positivists. The internal collapse of Razian positivism proves to be instructive. Promising paths of inquiry come into view and questions that have been suppressed or marginalised by positivists re-emerge ready for curious minds to reflect on anew. The broader vision of jurisprudential inquiry defended in this book re-connects philosophy with the work of practitioners and the worries of law's subjects, bringing into focus the relevance of legal philosophy for lawyers and laymen alike."--Provided by publisher

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- INTRODUCTION -- I. Philosophy and Its History -- II. Positivism in Mexican Circumstances -- III. The Positivism of Auguste Comte -- IV. Mexican Positivism -- SECTION ONE: THE BIRTH -- I. The Positivist Interpretation of Mexican History -- II. Historical Circumstances in Mexico, 1867 -- SECTION TWO: THE ORIGINS -- I. The Forces of Progress and Reaction -- II. Mexican Liberalism's Ideals of Education and Government -- III. The Ideology of the Mexican Bourgeoisie in Its Combative Phase -- SECTION THREE: THE DEVELOPMENT, "GABINO BARREDA" -- I. Gabino Barreda and the Problem of Freedom -- II. Barreda's Defense of the Interests of the Mexican Bourgeoisie -- III. Gabino Barreda's Plan of Education -- IV. Barreda's Defense of His Plan of Education -- SECTION FOUR: THE DEVELOPMENT, "THE DISCIPLES" -- I. The Positivists and the Construction of the New Order -- II. The Application of the Positivist Method -- III. The Theory of Some Positivists concerning the Social Order -- IV. The Creation of the Social Order -- SECTION FIVE: THE UTOPIA -- I. Freedom of Conscience and Positivism -- II. The Ideal of a New Positivist Spiritual Power -- III. The Struggle for Spiritual Power -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX

Post-positivism presents a materialist, holist, monist, cognitivist theory of law and justice. It argues that positivism and natural law are complementary, not conflicting, and that normative inference (is-to-ought) can be a valid form of logical reasoning. These are two key breaks from 20th Century legal theory, which wrongly assumed that normative inferencing was logically flawed and consequently that positivism and natural law were logically contradictory. David Hume never rejected normative inferencing. Hume's counsel was that whoever wishes to make a normative inference must express their implicit premises. Normative propositions can be recast as logical conditionals and thus be used as premises of syllogisms. Laws are best understood as logical conditionals (if-then statements). Logic consists of two branches, theoretical rationality and practical reasoning. The inadequacy of binary logic to accurately describe law is seen in several logical paradoxes about law, which can be avoided by multivariate logic. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Method: Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology -- 2. Legal Theory in Antiquity: Aristotle -- 3. Pre Modern Theory: Medieval Scholasticism and the Universals (1400-1600) -- 4. Into Modernity: Natural Law and Normative Inference -- Introduction: The Contemporary View - The False Dichotomy of Either Positivism or Natural Law but not Both - Normative Inferencing -- 5. Modernity: Social Contract and Natural Law -- Natural Rights - Social Contract Theory - Contemporary Social Contract Theorists - Libertarians - Criticisms of the Social Contract - Conclusion: Explaining the Success of the Theory of Social Contract Theory -- 6. Late Modernity: Legal Realism -- Introduction - The Judicial »Revolution« - Post War: Co-opting Radicalism to Serve Global Hegemony - Conclusion -- 7. Beyond legal Realism (1950-1980) -- Introduction: The

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- Part I Separability, Sources and Rules -- 1 Joseph Raz (1985), 'Authority, Law and Morality', The Monist -- 68, pp. 295-324. -- 2 Jules L. Coleman (1991), 'Rules and Social Facts', Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 14, pp. 703-25. -- 3 Tim Dare (1997), 'Wilfrid Waluchow and the Argument from Authority', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 17, pp. 347-66

This 1996 book provides a detailed, systematic reconsideration of the neglected nineteenth-century positivist Auguste Comte. Apart from offering an accurate account of what Comte actually wrote, the book argues that Comte's positivism has never had greater contemporary relevance than now. The aim of the first part of the book is to rescue Comte from the influential misinterpretation of his work by John Stuart Mill. The second part argues that this deep historically-minded concern with the tradition of philosophy for current philosophical practice places Comte in the same camp as such well-known post-positivists as Richard Rorty, Charles Taylor, and Hilary Putnam. Professor Scharff concludes that, even though he was the first positivist, Comte is also the only positivist who retains his relevance today

Intro -- À propos de Collection XIX -- Titre -- Dédicace -- AVANT-PROPOS -- I - DE LA MÉTHODE POSITIVE -- Distinction entre la pratique et la théorie -- Esprit de la méthode positive -- Ordre des études scientifiques -- But et limite des études réelles -- II - DES SCIENCES POSITIVES -- Notion de loi naturelle -- Notion de modificabilité -- Hiérarchie des sciences -- LOGIQUE OU MATHÉMATIQUE -- De la méthode en mathématique -- COSMOLOGIE -- Astronomie -- De la méthode en astronomie -- Physique -- De la méthode en Physique -- Chimie -- De la méthode en Chimie -- MORALE -- Biologie -- De la méthode en Biologie (comparaison) -- Méthode pathologique -- Lois de la végétalité -- Lois de l'animalité -- III - LA SOCIOLOGIE -- De la méthode en Sociologie (méthode historique) -- Organisation sociale -- Propriété -- Famille -- Gouvernement -- Langage -- De l'Equilibre social - Religion -- Evolution sociale -- Loi des trois états -- Fétichisme -- Théologisme -- Positivisme -- IV - LA MORALE -- Morale théorique -- Théorie cérébrale -- De la méthode en morale -- De la méthode subjective -- Instincts -- Fonctions intellectuelles -- Fonctions de l'activité -- De l'harmonie des fonctions cérébrales -- MORALE PRATIQUE OU MODIFICATION DE L'HOMME -- De l'éducation -- Du culte -- Note au lecteur -- Page de titre de l'édition imprimée -- Copyright