Suchergebnisse

International propaganda is the aspect of the cold war which has been most frequently attacked. It has taken the form, since the end of WWII, of an attempt by the major powers to demonstrate the merits of their respective institutions. After a pause during 1946-1947, this propaganda was resumed with increasing intensity. One of the first situations in which it was decisive was during the Italian elections of 1948. International propaganda has merely developed since that time. It is an official instrument of action of the nation in time of peace. This is not a new function. George Kennan has described the need for this weapon, & Walter Lippman has analyzed many of its aspects. The first systematic use of this technique can be traced to the `war of nerves' of Hitler. This propaganda has many variants & notably, we may cite `cultural influence' whose origins are very ancient. War propaganda plays an essential role & has its own peculiar characteristics, depending esp on a distortion of news. Abusive international propaganda was condemned at one of the first sessions of the UN. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

In Jan 1955 the Institute of French Opinion asked a sample of individuals to list in order of preference ten French pol'al figures. A factoral analysis of the 1,436 replies showed that the 'leftist-rightist' continuum was of major importance in French pol'al preferences on the eve of the fall of Mendes-France, & accounted for 26.4% of the variance. Next in order of importance were factors related to European problems & questions related to the French Union. These results indicate how important post-WWII problems are in the view of the public, as well as the continued importance of the left-right distinction. Tr by J. A. Broussard from 1PSA.

A côté des formes les plus traditionnelles de la rémunération au rendement individuel, on voit apparaître des formes de rémunération collective plus adaptées aux techniques modernes de production. Les premières formes gardent une grande actualité dans la mesure où elles répondent, en période d'expansion économique et de modifications techniques rapides, à l'intérêt commun des travailleurs — dont les gains augmentent — et des employeurs soucieux surtout de rendement. Mais, dès que l'économie se ralentit, le contrôle de l'accroissement de la masse des salaires est mieux assuré par des formes de salaire plus forfaitaires. Si la production devient techniquement indépendante des travailleurs, ces nouvelles formes de salaire s'appliquent facilement et se généralisent.
Cependant, la rémunération au rendement — individuel ou collectif — remplit deux fonctions importantes : elle permet d'abord dans une économie à fortes hausses de prix, de distinguer entre l'ajustement des gains au coût de la vie dune part, à la productivité d'autre part. Elle est ensuite un moyen d'ajuster la diversité des qualités individuelles à la réglementation rigide des classifications. Mais la personnalisation des formes de salaire et l'affectation des travailleurs aux postes plus ou moins payés fournissent aussi ce moyen.

The adaptation of pol'al sci to the existing African pol'al situation is not easy since that situation is extremely complex. It is best to analyze this situation in depth & to view it in 3 diff forms: (1) under its traditional aspect which appears in a singular diversification of forms (societies whose pol'al aspects are joined to kinship groupings, those whose clan systems & lineages are the framework for pol'al life, those where other systems are the basis of pol'al action, & finally, those which exist as pol'al entities); (2) under its colonial aspect with its own peculiarities (the change in pol'al structure, the joining together of 2 admin'tions, the destruction of the traditional authorities, econ & cultural intervention); & (3) under its post-colonial aspect with its problems (the difficulties of integrating the pre-colonial past with the colonial past, the difficulty of adapting to modern pol'al & admin'tive life). In making use of ethnological & sociol'al studies, pol'al sci can effectively study 2 aspects of present day African politics: the pol'al parties & the pol'al doctrines or ideoloeies. Tr from IPSA by J. A. Broussard.

It is difficult to know precisely the structure & org of the CDU except that it is fundamentally a heterogeneous party, which has federalist influence & which has lost many effective party members as have many other German parties since Jun 1948. What distinguishes the CDU from the Zentrum party of pre-WWII yrs is its bi-confessional characteristic. Even though Cath members outnumber the Protestant members 3:1, this can be explained by the fact that the Cath's, who have better defined goals, also have a more active clergy. The leaders of the party, in order to win over non-Cath voters, encourage the placing of Protestants in important positions, accomplishing this chiefly by running more Protestant candidates than the number of Protestant party members would warrant. Statistics indicate that the CDU does not represent all SC's. Workers, who are markedly underrepresented, are even fewer than in the immediate post-WWII yrs. The Mc makes up the major portion of the party, & the UMc is playing a more & more important role in the party. As a result the leaders of the CDU are are more representative of the extreme elements of the party. Regionally, half of the members of the party are from the Rhine provinces of North Westphalia. As a result, the CDU will have to, in the next few yrs, consolidate its gains, & it has, fortunately, become more & more aware of the problem of organizing its membership. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

In the type-region of the Maastrichtian of Dumont for a long time strata have been recorded which differ considerably in faune from the underlying Maastrichtian tuffaceous chalk.
Recently they were again discovered in the neighbourhood of Geul-hem (6 kms NE of Maastricht) and, on account of the microforami-nifera they yielded, ascribed to the Paleocene by Hofker.
The definition of the age of these layers offers an important strati-graphical problem : the fixation of the upper limit of the Maastrichtian and its relations with the Secondary-Tertiary boundary, which problem occupies many micropaleontologists and stratigraphers in the world at present.
In 4 localities layers were observed differing from the underlying tuffaceous chalk in lithological aspect by the presence of a more or less large quantity of glauconite. They are separated from the latter by a typical hard ground or by a series of coarse strata rich in fossils conspicuously reworked from the Maastrichtian.
The hard ground contains many Ammonites, Baculites and other typical cretaceous Molluscs and the underlying tufïaceous chalk, characterized by abundant Hemiaster prunella, yielded several Belem-nella Casimir ovensis, which is generally considered as the last Belem-nite of the Maastrichtian.
The overlying glauconitic tuffaceous chalk did not yield any Ammo¬ nite or Belemnite, but a macrofauna composed of species which do generally not occur in the Maastrichtian. Crania brattenburgica, a characteristic Brachiopod of the Danian of Denmark, is represented here by the subspecies Cr. brattenburgica geulhemensis.
Examination of the planktonic Foraminifera from samples taken at several levels and spots in the various sites showed a marked change in microfaune above the hard ground or its equivalent. In the tuffa-ceous chalk planktonic Foraminifera, though relatively rare, were found forming an association of typical cretaceous species, with the exception, however, of a representative of the group Girt, compressa, species until now known from Post-Maastrichtian deposits only. In the glauconitic tuffaceous chalk the planktonic fraction consists of an entirely different association, with dominating species Gl. daub-jergensis, which species characterizes Danian strata all over the world.
The author concludes that the upper limit of the Maastrichtian in the type-region is characterized by a typical hard ground or its lateral equivalents. The overling strata are, especially on account of the planktonic Foraminifera they contain, ascribed to the Danian.