This article examines content, features, mechanisms of political dimensions of freedom in conditions of the establishment of democratic principles of government. A special place is given to the analysis of the dynamics of social factors in the context of the definitions of value of human life, the primary feature of which is freedom. Keywords: freedom, political freedom, liberalism, early bourgeois liberalism, neoliberalism. ; Досліджено зміст, особливості вияву та механізми формування політичних вимірів свободи в умовах становлення демократичних засад влади. Проаналізовано динаміку соціального чинника, в контексті ціннісних означень людського життя,первинною ознакою яких стає свобода. Ключові слова: свобода, політичні свободи, лібералізм, ранньобуржуазний лібералізм, неолібералізм.
Introduction. Customs control is one of the fundamental elements of ensuring not only customs security, but also the security of the national economy as a whole. In order to block and prevent the threats to the customs security of Ukraine, customs, within it competence, are obliged to use the most effective instruments of customs control. Today, one of the tasks of Ukrainian customs is the introduction of a modern, effective system of post-release audit, which focuses on risky economic operators, and the simplification of international trade procedures for persons, who work without violating customs rules.Purpose. Analysis the existing mechanisms of selection companies for conducting the post-clearance audit and identifying the directions for developing the system of risk criterias for selection economic operators for conducting a post-clearance audit in Ukraine.Results. The study substantiates proposals in developing the system of risk criterias for selection economic operators for conducting a post-clearance audit in Ukraine. It was analyzed international, national foreign and Ukrainian legislation on risk management during customs control. The experience of the advanced states on risk management and using of the risk management system during post-clearance control were explored. According to the results of analysis of the international standards it was detected and proved discrepancy of the Ukrainian risk management system in part of economic operators assessment within post-clearance audit. The article proposes to use automated risk system for selection economic operators for conducting a post-clearance audit in Ukraine and describes components and tools of the system. It is also proposed to introduce certain amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine.Originality. Proposed recommendations and developed components of risk system for selection economic operators for conducting a post-clearance audit in Ukraine: main aspects of risk analysis during customs audit, analysis area to identify riskiness, objects of analysis, classification of risk criterias, peculiarities of organization of work with the system of selection of enterprises, reaction on risks within the framework of Ukrainian legislation.Conclusion. In accordance with the international commitments, undertaken by Ukraine and in order to increase the level of state economic security, it is necessary to improve the work of post-clearance audit. The introduction of a risk management system for post-release control will allow the creation of an information space that includes information on previous audits and checks, violations, identified risks, causes and conditions, that conducive to non-compliance with legislation by economic operators, assessment of the effectiveness of detection activities, risk analysis and identifying risks. This will ensure timely detection and prevention of violations of customs legislation of Ukraine.
Modern society is on the stage, which is characterized by new economic and ideological positions. With the development of information in today's world, humanity is moving to a new stage of development, namely the post-industrial society whose core values is information and knowledge. Purpose. Description of industrial society and the definition of stage the development of Ukrainian society today. Results. Physical work is changing by mental work in most developed countries since the 20th century. The intellectual potential of human, her skills and ability is the main resource in the post-industrial society. The representatives of intellectual work are appearing in the job market. These workers are the joint owners and separating gains. It is serving as encouragement to enhance of their creativity. This situation leads to a decent financial reward and improving of material living standards and is a potential incentive for new motivational system. The gained knowledge applied in the production process and provided the main source of added value. It makes the human and her work a basic mechanism of post-industrial economy. The negative factor is the trends in labor migration, namely the departure of skilled workers overseas. Originality. Attempt of Ukrainian society enter into European economic and political space indicates the presence in Ukrainian youth especially creative approach to labor relations on this day. Ukrainians are oriented to individual success, recognition in society, professionalism, competitive and this shows their awareness in construction of post-industrial society. Conclusion. Service industry, recreation and education play a primary role in post-industrial society. Investment in human capital is needed for Ukraine to improve the quality and results of work.
This article examined the content, features, mechanisms of political dimensions of freedom in conditions of the establishment of democratic principles of government. A special place is given to the analysis of the dynamics of social factors in the context of the definitions of value of human life, the primary feature of which is freedom. Keywords: freedom, political freedom, liberalism, early bourgeois liberalism, neoliberalism. ; Досліджено зміст, особливості вияву та механізми формування політичних вимірів свободи в умовах становлення демократичних засад влади. Проаналізовано динаміки соціального фактору, в контексті ціннісних означень людського життя,первинною ознакою яких стає свобода. Ключові слова: свобода, політичні свободи, лібералізм, ранньобуржуазний лібералізм, неолібералізм.
Abstract. On the horizon of literary criticism today, text just does not have a general meaning, but any text is in a state of waiting to read readers and reproduce new meanings. Shakespeare's texts are texts that are repeatedly presented with different types of readings from different perspectives, and each time a new reproduction of them is obtained. The present research seeks to present a new reading of Shakespeare's Othello drama using post-colonial studies. The Othello play has qualities that can be considered postcolonial. Therefore, the present paper, with a post-colonial approach, reciprocates Edward Said views with a qualitative, analytical, and descriptive approach to reading this play, referring to a large historical and political structure.Keywords: Post-Colonial Studies-Edward Said-Othello-William Shakespeare. ; Abstract. On the horizon of literary criticism today, text just does not have a general meaning, but any text is in a state of waiting to read readers and reproduce new meanings. Shakespeare's texts are texts that are repeatedly presented with different types of readings from different perspectives, and each time a new reproduction of them is obtained. The present research seeks to present a new reading of Shakespeare's Othello drama using post-colonial studies. The Othello play has qualities that can be considered postcolonial. Therefore, the present paper, with a post-colonial approach, reciprocates Edward Said views with a qualitative, analytical, and descriptive approach to reading this play, referring to a large historical and political structure.Keywords: Post-Colonial Studies-Edward Said-Othello-William Shakespeare.
Abstract. On the horizon of literary criticism today, text just does not have a general meaning, but any text is in a state of waiting to read readers and reproduce new meanings. Shakespeare's texts are texts that are repeatedly presented with different types of readings from different perspectives, and each time a new reproduction of them is obtained. The present research seeks to present a new reading of Shakespeare's Othello drama using post-colonial studies. The Othello play has qualities that can be considered postcolonial. Therefore, the present paper, with a post-colonial approach, reciprocates Edward Said views with a qualitative, analytical, and descriptive approach to reading this play, referring to a large historical and political structure.Keywords: Post-Colonial Studies-Edward Said-Othello-William Shakespeare. ; Abstract. On the horizon of literary criticism today, text just does not have a general meaning, but any text is in a state of waiting to read readers and reproduce new meanings. Shakespeare's texts are texts that are repeatedly presented with different types of readings from different perspectives, and each time a new reproduction of them is obtained. The present research seeks to present a new reading of Shakespeare's Othello drama using post-colonial studies. The Othello play has qualities that can be considered postcolonial. Therefore, the present paper, with a post-colonial approach, reciprocates Edward Said views with a qualitative, analytical, and descriptive approach to reading this play, referring to a large historical and political structure.Keywords: Post-Colonial Studies-Edward Said-Othello-William Shakespeare.
The article analyzes the specifics of the conceptualization of neoliberalism in the European and Anglo-American traditions. Neoliberalism, which emerged along with Keynesianism, offered its own vision of the problems of government regulation. The most significant areas of neoliberal discourse were developed in Austria (Vienna School: L. Mises, F. Hayek and others.), Germany (Freiburg School: W. Eucken, L. Erhard et al.), the UK (London School: Е. Kennan, L. Robbins et al.), the USA (Chicago School or «monetarism» F. Knight, G. Stigler, М. Friedman et al.).It is noted that quite deep fundamental differences can be found between German and Anglo-American neoliberal schools. For the German neoliberal direction a number of social issues which solutions had to be constantly in sight of public institutions became important enough. While the Anglo-American neoliberal schools focused their attention on purely economic entity, they were not interested in framework that would outline the entity's behavior.Today the most acute problem in neoliberalism is that neoliberals are seriously suspicious relating to democracy, they are ready rather to give power to experts and elite of the society than accept the principle of rule by majority that democracy provides. ; Анализируется специфика концептуализации неолиберализма в европейской и англо-американской традициях. Наиболее значительные направления неолиберального дискурса были разработаны в Австрии (Венская школа), Германии (Фрайбургская школа), Великобритании (Лондонская школа), США (Чикагская школа или «монетаризм»). Отмечается, что довольно глубокие основные различия наблюдаются между немецкой и англо-американскими неолиберальными школами. Для немецкого неолиберального направления достаточно важным стал блок социальных вопросов, тогда как англо-американские неолиберальные школы фокусировали внимание исключительно на хозяйствующем субъекте, их не интересовали рамки, определяющие поведение этого субъекта. ; Аналізується специфіка концептуалізації неолібералізму в європейській та англо-американській традиціях. Найбільш значні напрями неоліберального дискурсу були розроблені в Австрії (Віденська школа), Німеччині (Фрайбурзька школа), Великобританії (Лондонська школа), США (Чиказька школа або «монетаризм»). Зазначається, що доволі глибокі засадничі відмінності спостерігаються між німецькою та англо-американськими неоліберальними школами. Для німецького неоліберального напряму достатньо важливим став блок соціальних питань, тоді як англо-американські неоліберальні школи фокусували увагу суто на господарюючому суб'єкті, їх не цікавили рамки, які б окреслювали поведінку цього суб'єкта.
The article analyzes the specifics of the conceptualization of neoliberalism in the European and Anglo-American traditions. Neoliberalism, which emerged along with Keynesianism, offered its own vision of the problems of government regulation. The most significant areas of neoliberal discourse were developed in Austria (Vienna School: L. Mises, F. Hayek and others.), Germany (Freiburg School: W. Eucken, L. Erhard et al.), the UK (London School: Е. Kennan, L. Robbins et al.), the USA (Chicago School or «monetarism» F. Knight, G. Stigler, М. Friedman et al.).It is noted that quite deep fundamental differences can be found between German and Anglo-American neoliberal schools. For the German neoliberal direction a number of social issues which solutions had to be constantly in sight of public institutions became important enough. While the Anglo-American neoliberal schools focused their attention on purely economic entity, they were not interested in framework that would outline the entity's behavior.Today the most acute problem in neoliberalism is that neoliberals are seriously suspicious relating to democracy, they are ready rather to give power to experts and elite of the society than accept the principle of rule by majority that democracy provides. ; Анализируется специфика концептуализации неолиберализма в европейской и англо-американской традициях. Наиболее значительные направления неолиберального дискурса были разработаны в Австрии (Венская школа), Германии (Фрайбургская школа), Великобритании (Лондонская школа), США (Чикагская школа или «монетаризм»). Отмечается, что довольно глубокие основные различия наблюдаются между немецкой и англо-американскими неолиберальными школами. Для немецкого неолиберального направления достаточно важным стал блок социальных вопросов, тогда как англо-американские неолиберальные школы фокусировали внимание исключительно на хозяйствующем субъекте, их не интересовали рамки, определяющие поведение этого субъекта. ; Аналізується специфіка концептуалізації неолібералізму в європейській та англо-американській традиціях. Найбільш значні напрями неоліберального дискурсу були розроблені в Австрії (Віденська школа), Німеччині (Фрайбурзька школа), Великобританії (Лондонська школа), США (Чиказька школа або «монетаризм»). Зазначається, що доволі глибокі засадничі відмінності спостерігаються між німецькою та англо-американськими неоліберальними школами. Для німецького неоліберального напряму достатньо важливим став блок соціальних питань, тоді як англо-американські неоліберальні школи фокусували увагу суто на господарюючому суб'єкті, їх не цікавили рамки, які б окреслювали поведінку цього суб'єкта.
A comprehensive study of management policy of post-conflict territory is done. It is characterized as a management process that is localized within the territory affected by the armed conflict. It is seen as a resource by various political actors and requires the establishment of institutional order and overcoming the consequences of the conflict.Management policy of post-conflict territories was studied through its components: "post-conflict territory", "armed conflict", "post-conflict", "postconflict management". The study of the subject became possible due to interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological approaches and methods of political science, political geography, geopolitics, international relations, political regionalism, conflict studies, law and management.It is substantiated that in the context of studying the management policy of post-conflict territory, there is no need to study the territory as a subject of conflict. The expediency of studying such a territory as a space affected by the armed conflict is argued. As a result of the conflict the territory has a ruined system of governance or weak institutional forms of development that require development "from scratch" or reintegration into a national high-level system. ; Здійснено комплексне дослідження політики управління постконфліктними територіями як управлінського процесу, який локалізується в межах території, що зазнала впливу збройного конфлікту, розглядається як ресурс різними політичними акторами, потребує встановлення інституційного порядку і подолання наслідків конфлікту.Політику управління постконфліктними територіями досліджено через категорії: «постконфліктна територія», «збройний конфлікт», «постконфлікт», «постконфліктне управління», «політика управління». Вивчення предмету дослідження стало можливим завдяки міждисципінарним теоретикометодологічним підходам і методам політичної науки, політичної географії, геополітики, міжнародних відносин, політичної регіоналістики, конфліктології, права і політичного менеджменту.Обґрунтовано, що в контексті вивчення політики управління постконфліктними територіями немає потреби вивчати територію як предмет конфлікту. Доведена доцільність вивчення такої території в якості простору, що зазнав впливу збройного конфлікту, внаслідок чого має зруйновану систему управління або заслабкі інституційні форми розвитку, що потребують розбудови «з нуля» або реінтеграції в національну систему вищого рівня.
The author examines the peculiarities of the process of post-conflict reconciliation and peacebuilding in Rwanda, determines the role of international and local justice in the post-conflict reconciliation and punishment of perpetrators of mass genocide, identifies features of state policy to eliminate genocide and restore justice. Using historical, analytical and comparative methods, the author concludes that gachacha tribunals as a means of restorative justice have helped to restore trust and social harmony in Rwandan society, to regenerate its value and cultural matrix. The study found that in order to build positive peace, governance decisions and actions on the population in all spheres of public life contained a peacekeeping context, and the government worked to protect Rwandan society from a recurrence of future conflict. The findings found Rwandan's peace-building strategy to be effective because, following a large-scale genocide, a policy of national unity and reconciliation was pursued to build a united nation, restore peace and justice, good governance and economic development.
The article analyzes the phenomenon of post-truth as a significant intellectual and cultural symptom of modernity. There are considered its ability to reveal the content of the modern epoch, the place of post-truth in postmodern discourse, and the heuristic potential of the discourse upon the «post-». The main features of the post-truth as a communicative strat- egy are analyzed. On this basis, the incorrectness of definition of the present day as an era of «post-» is proved. The phenomenon of post-truth is just one of the symptoms of a deep crisis of justice, public morality and democratic governance, and, in general, the degradation of political responsibility and standards of public behavior in a globalizing world. ; У статті аналізується феномен постправди як вагомий інтелектуальний та культурний симптом сучасності. З'ясовуються його можливості щодо виявлення змісту сучасної епохи, місце постправди у постмодерному дискурсі та евристичний потенціал дискурсу «пост-». Аналізуються головні особливості постправди як комунікативної стратегії. На цій підставі доводиться некоректність визначення сучасності як епохи постправди. Феномен постправди є лише одним із симптомів глибокої кризи правосвідомості, суспільної моралі та демократичного урядування й загалом деґрадації політичної відповідальності та стандартів публічної поведінки за умов ґлобалізації.
The return of the state to sociological discourse can be based on the study of the role of state measures in societies that overcome the consequences of violence. The purpose of the article – is to outline the problems and some ways of overcoming them facing the state in the post-conflict reconstruction of society and can be successfully addressed by state authorities with varying degrees of success.Given that the state in a post-conflict society, as a rule, has a low level of public confidence and limited resources to resolve the conflict, the practice of peacekeeping operations and other organizational arrangements for building peace is widespread.In addition to the organizational component, the assistance of the Western world is in promoting and sometimes imposing in the transitional societies the legal norms and political institutions of the "old world", which often complicated the peace process and did not take into account the local context of peace-building. In addition, the speed at which international donors wanted to obtain a result from international intervention could contradict the long-term process of psychosocial and economic recovery of victims of the conflict.Modern theories of "transitional justice" try to overcome the contradiction between the limited support of international actors on the one hand and the fragility of the state and the weakness of civil society on the other.The researchers are proposing a model where the state interacts with civil society on the path to peace in the long run and reconciliation.A decentralized transitional justice model emerged in Northern Ireland, where local conciliation initia- tives combined community efforts and government and non-governmental interventions. Particular emphasis on overcoming the effects of violence is on reparations. However, there is no unambiguous universal form of payment to victims of the conflict to meet all economic needs. Reparations can take different forms – from money to symbolic ones. In addition, the decision to pay reparations is implemented by the state on the basis of agreements at the level of institutes of transitional justice, first of all, the truth-establishing commissions.In order to overcome the consequences of violence and the post-conflict reconstruction of a society, the state must take into account the whole range of social problems – political, socio-psychological, and economic. The solution to political problems is through the provision of broad political rights and ensuring the inclusiveness of social groups in society. Socio-psychological problems are solved in particular through the transformation of the group identity of the oppositional conflicts of social groups in the context of the exchange of social experience. Economic issues of post-conflict reconstruction concern the development of an effective reparation system at the individual, group and national levels. ; Стаття стосується спектра державних заходів щодо подолання наслідків насилля в процесі постконфліктного відновлення. Розкриваються соціально-політичні, соціально-психологічні та соціально-економічні особливості державної політики в постконфліктних суспільствах.
The return of the state to sociological discourse can be based on the study of the role of state measures in societies that overcome the consequences of violence. The purpose of the article – is to outline the problems and some ways of overcoming them facing the state in the post-conflict reconstruction of society and can be successfully addressed by state authorities with varying degrees of success.Given that the state in a post-conflict society, as a rule, has a low level of public confidence and limited resources to resolve the conflict, the practice of peacekeeping operations and other organizational arrangements for building peace is widespread.In addition to the organizational component, the assistance of the Western world is in promoting and sometimes imposing in the transitional societies the legal norms and political institutions of the "old world", which often complicated the peace process and did not take into account the local context of peace-building. In addition, the speed at which international donors wanted to obtain a result from international intervention could contradict the long-term process of psychosocial and economic recovery of victims of the conflict.Modern theories of "transitional justice" try to overcome the contradiction between the limited support of international actors on the one hand and the fragility of the state and the weakness of civil society on the other.The researchers are proposing a model where the state interacts with civil society on the path to peace in the long run and reconciliation.A decentralized transitional justice model emerged in Northern Ireland, where local conciliation initia- tives combined community efforts and government and non-governmental interventions. Particular emphasis on overcoming the effects of violence is on reparations. However, there is no unambiguous universal form of payment to victims of the conflict to meet all economic needs. Reparations can take different forms – from money to symbolic ones. In addition, the decision to pay reparations is implemented by the state on the basis of agreements at the level of institutes of transitional justice, first of all, the truth-establishing commissions.In order to overcome the consequences of violence and the post-conflict reconstruction of a society, the state must take into account the whole range of social problems – political, socio-psychological, and economic. The solution to political problems is through the provision of broad political rights and ensuring the inclusiveness of social groups in society. Socio-psychological problems are solved in particular through the transformation of the group identity of the oppositional conflicts of social groups in the context of the exchange of social experience. Economic issues of post-conflict reconstruction concern the development of an effective reparation system at the individual, group and national levels. ; Стаття стосується спектра державних заходів щодо подолання наслідків насилля в процесі постконфліктного відновлення. Розкриваються соціально-політичні, соціально-психологічні та соціально-економічні особливості державної політики в постконфліктних суспільствах.
The article presents an attempt of the author to address the issue of post-truth in the legal reality. It tries to cover the issues of post-truth genesis as a term, its interrelation within philosophical, religious, journalistic discourse, and its essence and role in law. The author concludes that post-truth cannot be viewed as a newly established term and that it has continuously been used before. It has been used by different ancient nations' educated citizens, and continued on with being used by religious leaders and European philosophers afterwards. The idea of post-truth can be traced in most classic philosophic works, and it keeps getting attention by legal, philological, and philosophical researchers, as well as the researchers in other fields. Post-truth is currently one of the most addressed topics around the world due to its tight links with the current highly debatable political occurrences (annexation of Ukrainian Crimea, subsequent military operations in Eastern Ukraine, Brexit, recent United States' presidential elections, as well as many other aspects being clear only to a certain point. The main goal of post-truth as a term is to divert the attention of its object from applying rational decision making to applying emotional decision making even if one is not fully substituted by the other. It urges the object to be guided by emotions more than by common sense and rational choice while it does not fully dwell on emotions thus leaving room for certain rational choice decisions made under strict control of the newly created reality it is a basis of. This reality is also not a unique accomplishment. Virtual reality has been a subject of research for the whole of human history. It was well addressed by religious leaders (and still is), by scientists, psychologists, novelists, medical researchers, journalists, philosophers, as well as lawyers. The article specifically focuses on the role of post-truth in law, and makes a conclusion that this term is not new for law and legal practice, while there is a long evidence of post-truth ideas having been used in almost all court hearings, and by almost all participants. The article also points out the fact that due to its long history of co-existence with post-truth, law has developed a comprehensive set of borderlines partly aimed at dealing with post-truth negative outcome. It includes legal norms, procedural norms, legal knowledge, and common sense. The article also stresses the fact that posttruth methods may not always be used in a negative context. It is not uncommon of post-truth methods to have outcome positive for society or for certain individuals.Article received 13.05.2018 ; Статтю присвячено роздумам про актуальне на сьогодні поняття постправди у всій різноманітності його сприйняття. Автор робить спроби оцінити його з погляду релігії, журналістики та передусім права. Здійснено аналіз історії виникнення явища, його позитивних та негативних характеристик, а також подано рекомендації щодо боротьби з його можливими негативними проявами.Матеріал надійшов 13.05.2018
The article presents an attempt of the author to address the issue of post-truth in the legal reality. It tries to cover the issues of post-truth genesis as a term, its interrelation within philosophical, religious, journalistic discourse, and its essence and role in law. The author concludes that post-truth cannot be viewed as a newly established term and that it has continuously been used before. It has been used by different ancient nations' educated citizens, and continued on with being used by religious leaders and European philosophers afterwards. The idea of post-truth can be traced in most classic philosophic works, and it keeps getting attention by legal, philological, and philosophical researchers, as well as the researchers in other fields. Post-truth is currently one of the most addressed topics around the world due to its tight links with the current highly debatable political occurrences (annexation of Ukrainian Crimea, subsequent military operations in Eastern Ukraine, Brexit, recent United States' presidential elections, as well as many other aspects being clear only to a certain point. The main goal of post-truth as a term is to divert the attention of its object from applying rational decision making to applying emotional decision making even if one is not fully substituted by the other. It urges the object to be guided by emotions more than by common sense and rational choice while it does not fully dwell on emotions thus leaving room for certain rational choice decisions made under strict control of the newly created reality it is a basis of. This reality is also not a unique accomplishment. Virtual reality has been a subject of research for the whole of human history. It was well addressed by religious leaders (and still is), by scientists, psychologists, novelists, medical researchers, journalists, philosophers, as well as lawyers. The article specifically focuses on the role of post-truth in law, and makes a conclusion that this term is not new for law and legal practice, while there is a long evidence of post-truth ideas having been used in almost all court hearings, and by almost all participants. The article also points out the fact that due to its long history of co-existence with post-truth, law has developed a comprehensive set of borderlines partly aimed at dealing with post-truth negative outcome. It includes legal norms, procedural norms, legal knowledge, and common sense. The article also stresses the fact that posttruth methods may not always be used in a negative context. It is not uncommon of post-truth methods to have outcome positive for society or for certain individuals.Article received 13.05.2018 ; Статтю присвячено роздумам про актуальне на сьогодні поняття постправди у всій різноманітності його сприйняття. Автор робить спроби оцінити його з погляду релігії, журналістики та передусім права. Здійснено аналіз історії виникнення явища, його позитивних та негативних характеристик, а також подано рекомендації щодо боротьби з його можливими негативними проявами.Матеріал надійшов 13.05.2018
