Suchergebnisse

Cet article étudie l'impact de la microfinance sur la pauvreté en analysant les liens de causalité entre l'intensité de la microfinance et les indicateurs de pauvreté et d'inégalité (indice de Gini et taux de pauvreté). Nous utilisons des techniques de causalité hétérogènes sur un panel composé de 52 pays en développement et d'une période allant de 1996 à 2011. Les résultats de cette analyse macro-économique montrent que l'accès au microcrédit, grâce à l'augmentation du nombre d'emprunteurs actifs, améliore le revenu des pauvres et conduit à une réduction des inégalités. Nous observons aussi un lien entre l'indice de Gini et le niveau des prêts individuels.

The comparative analysis of Quebec's social policies has developed through two types of approaches: explicative and qualificative. This article proposes a comparative analysis of Quebec's strategy to fight poverty and social exclusion, a perspective which is not often adopted in light of these two approaches. This double comparison makes it possible, on the one hand, to evaluate the weight of Quebec's strategy as an explicative factor for social inclusion policies (through a comparison with EU-15 member states) and, on the other hand, to analyze more precisely the political choices of Quebec's strategy (compared to those of Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario and Nova Scotia). Adapted from the source document.

The book of D. Fassin La Force de l'ordre produces an analysis of French anti-crime police units named BAC. The survey results, similar to those established for several years by the sociology of the police, are linked to a triple ambition: to carry out an anthropology of public/social order in working-class districts and, ultimately, of the state; to conduct a comprehensive analysis of police action in order to make it possible to criticize this action; to generate a public debate on police practices. These three objectives are thwarted, respectively, by the poverty of the descriptions mobilized by the author, by the asymmetric treatment he reserves to the actors and, finally, by a misconception of the relationships between social sciences and society. Adapted from the source document.

The dynamics of poverty in Russia:
An analysis in terms of exit and entry
Since poverty in Russia is mainly a transitory phenomenon, with many movements in and out, analyzing it necessitates evaluating transition probabilities. Data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey and duration models are used to study poverty transitions in Russia between 1994 and 2000. A nonpara- metric method estimates poverty exit, entry and re-entry rates, which depend on how long spells of poverty and nonpoverty last. Logistic discrete-time models are then estimated separately for exits and entries so as to identify the factors associated with poverty transitions. Variables are introduced for taking into account strategic household behaviors; and emphasis is laid on the distinction between promotion and prevention strategies with the aims, respectively, of exiting from, or preventing an entry into, poverty.

Definition, level and factors of poverty in contemporary Russia
How to measure poverty? And what are the major economic and social factors that favored its growth in Russia during the first five years of the market economy? This period was marked by a massive decline in the population's real income followed by a decrease in poverty during episodes of economic growth. The official definition of poverty in Russia is based on a methodological approach that differs from the one used in European countries in terms both of the calculation of the poverty threshold and of the appraisal of the population's monetary income. For this reason, the particularities of official calculations of the level and scope of poverty is a central theme herein. Special attention is paid to the causes of poverty among the working-age population and to the impact of social transfers on inequality and poverty. Low incomes are identified as the principal cause of poverty whereas social transfers, apart from old-age pensions, have not really improved the living standard of the underprivileged. Russia is well known for the large number of social transfers in kind, which are mainly available to persons with middle-range incomes. In conclusion, social policies that might reduce poverty are presented; and the limits of an analysis and measure of poverty based on the official approach, which does not take into account nonmonetary forms of poverty, are pointed out.

Having officially adopted, since the end of the 1990s, a program for the struggle against poverty under the aegis of international aid donors, Mali must now implement development policies that have been formulated in consultation with various social actors. While the analysis of the "participation" of social actors in the Strategic Framework for the Reduction of Poverty reveals new compromises made between the State, its international partners, and NGOs, the impact on State governance practices remains limited. (Polit afr/DÜI)

Rolf Meier, Marc Raffinot — Working out programs with the IMF in Africa : A new approach ? Analysis of the Rwanda and Burkina Faso cases Since 1999, programs supported by the IMF must align with a poverty reduction strategy designed by government. However, this prerequisite of ownership, that sounds like a major reorientation, was also present during the preparation of Structural Adjustment Programs, but difficult to reach. Based on experiences in Burkina Faso and Rwanda, this article analyses the practice of designing macro- economic frameworks with the IMF. It shows that the IMF teams favored standard diagnoses and policies that were barely adapted to the specificities of the country, disregarding local settings and rejecting programs elaborated by the governments - even as a basis for discussion.

Sébastien Bainville, Rolando Mena, Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat, Isabelle Tou- ZARD — Family farming poverty in Nicaragua : Technical delay or lack of land ? This study, based on an analysis of farming in ten Nicaraguan communities, presents three main categories depending on land held, salaries and labour force involved : farm work is either carried out solely by hired labour, shared between farmers and extra hired labour, or entirely done by farmers and their families. The comparison of the technical and economical achievements of these groups shows the interest in family farming : it is often more productive and offers more rural employments. This article thus stresses the need to support and maintain small farms, although increasing liberalism seriously threatens favourable land policies.

Après avoir connu une baisse continue jusqu'aux années 1990, la part de la population touchée par la pauvreté relative en France s'est stabilisée. D'ici 2012, le gouvernement souhaite réduire d'un tiers (par rapport à 2007) la pauvreté, désormais au cœur de la politique sociale du pays. Pendant des années, l'absence de définition claire de la pauvreté et la difficulté à collecter des données ont fait obstacle à un suivi réactif de la pauvreté et retardé la mise en place de mesures efficaces. Un nouvel instrument de suivi reposant sur des enquêtes auprès de la population permet depuis de mesurer l'évolution de la pauvreté. Ce tableau de bord intègre une variété d'éléments permettant d'apprécier les diverses facettes de l'exclusion sociales. On constate une diffraction entre la pauvreté mesurée et la pauvreté ressentie, de plus en plus marquée au sein de la population. Celle-ci est liée au caractère très émotionnel du discours public, ainsi qu'à l'évolution de la pauvreté, devenue plus jeune, féminine, urbaine et touchant désormais les salariés.

Cette étude analyse la production du secteur informel non-agricole camerounais et détermine dans quelle mesure son efficience peut contribuer à améliorer les niveaux de vie au Cameroun. A cet effet, les techniques d'enveloppement des données (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) ont été utilisées pour mesurer le niveau d'efficience. Nous apprécions ensuite l'impact que pourrait avoir l'élimination de l'inefficience sur les niveaux de vie en comparant les niveaux de pauvreté et d'inégalité obtenus de la distribution de revenus observée sur le marché du travail avec ceux résultant de l'hypothèse d'efficience de toutes les unités informelles étudiées, le niveau d'investissement restant identique. Nous élucidons les déterminants de l'efficience dans un troisième axe. Il ressort de l'étude un faible niveau d'efficience avec un score moyen de 0,40. L'amélioration de l'efficience de ces unités pourrait réduire la pauvreté de 19%.