Suchergebnisse

El artículo revisa el proceso de estratificación ocupacional de jóvenes de hogares rurales que han sido beneficiarios del programa Oportunidades por hasta diez años. Con Oportunidades, el gobierno mexicano ha buscado reducir la transmisión intergeneracional de la pobreza mediante la promoción del capital humano y así mejorar la inserción laboral de los descendientes de familias en pobreza extrema. Con base en información estadística y la aplicación de modelos de análisis de trayectorias, se analiza la relación entre distintos factores adscritos y meritocráticos en el proceso de logro ocupacional. Se concluye que la educación es el factor que más incide sobre el estatus de estos jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo, pero que los factores relacionados con su origen social tienen, en su conjunto, un efecto de magnitud semejante. Asimismo, se observan diferencias por sexo y condición de migración que resaltan la importancia de las características del contexto y de los mercados laborales. Los resultados sustentan que la educación es un elemento clave para impulsar la movilidad intergeneracional de este sector, por lo cual se deberá prestar atención a políticas educativas que garanticen el acceso a educación de calidad en todos los niveles para la población que vive en pobreza. No obstante, esto por si sólo sería insuficiente. Se requieren, además, acciones de política en otros frentes que logren reducir la asociación entre los orígenes y destinos sociales de los mexicanos.

Se evalúan los efectos de
PROCAMPO, programa más reciente de la
política agrícola mexicana, en la reducción de
la pobreza rural de los beneficiarios en dos
municipios chihuahuenses: Cuauhtémoc y
Guachochi durante el periodo de 1994 a 2013.
La investigación partió de información de
fuentes secundarias, además de 50 cuestionarios
aplicados en los municipios mencionados.
Los resultados indican que el ingreso que
proporcionó PROCAMPO no fue suficiente para
mejorar el ingreso real de los beneficiarios en
situación de pobreza, ya que dependen de actividades
laborales no agrícolas. Una estrategia
para reducir la pobreza rural es la búsqueda de
rentabilidad en la producción agrícola.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 are set in goals to which almost all the governments of the world adhere, and it is the first time that they have agreed on a multidimensional poverty objective that explicitly includes children. In the last decade, there have been many contributions that have been made from the conceptual and methodological point of view to the construction of multidimensional poverty measures, particularly aimed at measuring the phenomenon of child poverty. These proposals, in some cases, either take the perspective of Sen's capabilities, or the human rights approach, or are more aligned with the approach of socially agreed deprivation. This last approach is the one used by the European Union, and incorporated through 18 indicators in a specific module of "Material Deprivation" of the Survey of the European Union of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), in which Relevance information from households with children. Based on the proposal for the EU and with the intention of being able to develop a comparative analysis between Spain and Argentina, progress was made in adapting the indicators of the Argentine Social Debt Survey (EDSA) of the Debt Observatory Program Social Argentina (ODSA) of the Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), seeking comparability with those present in the Survey of Living Conditions (ECV) of the National Institute of Statistics of Spain. In this process of compatibility of the instruments, conceptual and methodological decisions will be made that are systematized and discussed in this article. The compatible constructed index reconciles 11 common indicators for children between 3 and 15 years of age in Argentina and Spain that were found to be valid, valid, reliable and additive.

El presente texto presenta insumos de las discusiones del grupo de investigación kavilando, en torno a la Medellín de hoy, en términos de pobreza; del cómo dicha categoría resulta ser un excelente lugar que ubica al grueso de la población como merecedora de intervención técnico-social, no para restablecer su dignidad y cambiar el sistema inequitativo de distribución de la riqueza, sino como un mecanismo que bien hace circular el presupuesto público hacia privados, con cara de altruismo, con el discurso de la inclusión, buscando demagógicamente hacer de los pobres nuevos consumidores, emprendedores, etc., dilatando así, la discusión esencial.

The main idea of the research paper is the redistribution of personal incomes. The subject is the effects of eliminating excess inequality. The core of the research paper is creating a model of erasing personal incomes under the subsistence minimum using a redistribution model. One possible way to get rid of personal incomes below the subsistence minimum is a partially progressive tax, which separates income into different sectors and settles a tax rate for each sector. Eventually, the redistribution can be held by certain society groups using a tax for wealthy people and government subsidies for poor segment of the population or evenly proportional income redistribution. It is useful to consider and compare two indicators: subsistence minimum and minimum consumer budget. A minimum consumer budget is a set cost of food and non-food products and services that meet basic physiological and sociocultural needs. In fact, it is the cost of the minimum consumer basket. The minimum consumer budget determines the lower bound value of life in society, followed by poverty. In Russia, this indicator is not popular, but it has a potential to be useful. In fact, one of the most important function of a tax system is keeping balance in society. The methodology is a redistribution optimization model. The optimal level of income inequality implies that there is a level of income inequality that maximizes economic growth. The optimization model consists of key parameters that determine inequality level, such as tax rate, education, and fertility. In some ways, the tax scale is not fair for definite groups of people. People have a social order to reconsider a tax scale. The result is a block of recommendations for shifting personal income inequality rate to a balanced point. The paper is aimed to provide a strategy for applying the fairer redistribution model with simple computations and prove that it can be applied with relatively low effort.

The main objective of this work is to carry out a descriptive and explanatory analysis of the income distribution in the EU-15 during the Great Recession of 2008, with special attention to salaries. Its content is structured in three sections. Firstly, we make a diagnosis of the national dynamics of poverty and economic inequality from 2005 to 2017, which also allows us to establish country groups based on empirical standards. In the second part we analyze the individual determinants of the salary status of European workers from 2005 to 2015. The results point to a countercyclical behavior of economic inequality during the crisis, to a greater affection of it in the wages of partial and/or temporary workers and, also, in southern and northern Europe. In addition, the recession would have also intensified the previous dispersion according to sex and/or qualification level of the worker.

This article reviews the origin, characteristics, & development of policies to administer poverty in Mexico, 1970-1994. Specifically, it considers the Investment for Rural Development Program (Pider, 1970-1982), the National Plan for Depressed Areas & Marginal Groups (Coplamar, 1976-1983), & the National Solidarity Program (Pronasol, 1988-1995). Analysis of these programs shows that, in Mexico, focalized policies do not appear with the neoliberal model but once the former, postrevolutionary, model is exhausted. The article also points out that while these policies have not accomplished all of their explicit objectives -- overcome underdevelopment, eliminate marginality or combat poverty in the target groups -- they have generated popular support for the president in turn, & they have also been effective in dealing with politically or socially conflictive or potentially conflictive areas. Rather than solving the problem of poverty, the programs have to do with the government's need of political & social stability. 5 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 10 References. Adapted from the source document.

In the last 4 years of economic recession, the social fabric of Uruguay has suffered & social & economic vulnerability have increased. Economic recovery will not necessarily mean an improvement in social equality & justice. An analysis of poverty in Uruguay shows that economic activity began to soften in the 1980s, due to deep-seated structural problems. The precarious labor market, unemployment, & increasing isolation of social classes meant that the poorer schools & barrios became even poorer. The roles of the state, unions, & business in improving the social & economic situation are discussed; business sectors need to take on a more consistent attitude & initiative. Being anti-political today is tempting, although dangerous. Adapted from the source document.

This paper explores the duty of charity as a new interpretation key for the lockean theory of property. First, I explicit its demands, deontic status, and theological and philosophical foundations. This analysis is complemented by a consideration of a brief essay of 1697, in which Locke proposed a reform of the elizabethan English Poor Law. As a result of this examination I conclude that even though the duty of charity does not compromise any property rights, it presupposes a minimal core of redistributive justice. Adapted from the source document.

The article examines the occupational stratification process of youths from rural households who have been beneficiaries of the Oportunidades program for up to ten years. With Oportunidades the Mexican government has tried to reduce intergenerational transmission of poverty through the promotion of human capital as a means of improving labor market insertion of the descendants of families living in extreme poverty. Based on statistical data and path analysis models, the relationship among assigned and meritocratic factors in the process of occupational achievement is analyzed. The study concludes that education is the most influential factor in the work market status of these youths, but that factors related with their social background on the whole have a similarly significant effect. Furthermore, differences by sex and migratory condition are found to highlight the weight of contextual characteristics and those of labor markets. The study's findings support that education is a key element for the promotion of intergenerational mobility of this sector, a stress should be thus given to educational policies that guarantee access to quality education at all levels for population living in poverty. Nevertheless, this alone would be insufficient. Policy activities are also required in other fields in order to reduce the link between social origin and social destiny of Mexicans. Adapted from the source document.