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The author presents a documented analysis of schooling, employment, & income distribution in Latin America & the Caribbean, which leads him to maintain that these elements constitute a vicious cycle. Middle & higher education are needed to increase the possibility of obtaining employment that yields an income high enough to overcome poverty. However, poor families have limited access to higher education &, consequently, better-paying jobs. It is concluded that formal education will not be able to satisfy the role that society has assigned it in relation to combating poverty, promoting regional development, & redistributing national income in a more equal way unless serious efforts are made toward equal distribution of opportunities to receive middle & higher education, & toward economic growth that will ensure a demand for skilled labor. 28 Graphs. Adapted from the source document.

Can any State become democratic? Can the whole world become democratic? This article argues that the answers to both questions are yes, & that neither culture nor history nor poverty are insurmountable obstacles. Indeed, for much of the world that remains trapped in poverty, a growing body of evidence & policy analysis suggests that democratic, accountable, transparent governance is a fundamental condition for sustainable development. There are no preconditions for democracy, other than a willingness on the part of a nation's elite to attempt to govern by democratic means. But that, in itself, will require strong pressure from below, in civil society, & from outside, in the international community, to generate the political will for democratic reform. And sustaining democracy in the context of unfavorable cultural, social, & economic conditions requires institutions to foster effective, accountable governance as well as robust international engagement & support. Democracy can emerge anywhere, but it can only take root if it brings about, however gradually, a more prosperous, just, & decent society. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this piece is to explore how we might go about understanding the political conditions for poverty alleviation via agrarian reform. It argues that the traditional conceptualizations of agrarian reform & its politics are too limiting. The traditional economic focus on the intersection of landed rights, agriculture, & poverty needs to be broadened to incorporate technological change enabled by the biological revolution & the importance of ecological systems that support both agriculture & survival strategies of the poor. The traditional political focus on agrarian classes needs to incorporate new social forces interested in the correlates of agrarian inequality & the social correlates of land-based inequality -- "new social movements" & their domestic & international allies. A policy agenda for pro-poor reform must retain elements of the venerable core of the agrarian project & yet recognize the potential of larger coalitions for the poor. These elements include environmental integrity & regeneration, women's rights, human rights, cultural survival, & democratization. This analysis is not meant to replace class with postmodernist identity politics, but rather, to emphasize the reality of new coalitional possibilities. 135 References. Adapted from the source document.

El presente texto derivado de investigación, presenta los resultados del análisis prospectivo para el desarrollo agrario de las regiones colombianas, de cara a un posible acuerdo fruto de las actuales (2014) negociaciones de Paz entre la guerrilla de las Farc-EP y el Gobierno Colombiano, acuerdo que de firmarse permitiría a la sociedad Colombiana entrar en lo que por ahora se ha denominado posconflicto. En este texto se proyectan posibles escenarios al año 2025; nos planteamos 4 posibles escenarios, dos alternos identificados como: Bienestar a Media y Sobreviviendo, un escenario catastrófico denominado Pobreza Absoluta y nuestro escenario apuesta: Paz y Prosperidad.

The humanitarian crisis of unaccompanied migrating minors coming from the northern triangle in Central America allows an approximation of the analysis of migration of women from the perspective of the crisis of care and with the categories that provide the feminist economy. The so-called «feminization of migration» is a phenomenon that is not produced in an isolated way or outside the configuration of the «global chains of care». And these, in turn, are generated from the confluence of two crises: the crisis of social reproduction in the country of origin (poverty, unemployment, and violence) and the crisis of care in the destination country. (Nueva Soc/GIGA)

Progress and development for some, displacement and poverty for others, two correlations to identify and to problematize in defense of communities and territories regarding the progress of the so-called development. In order to contribute to the understanding of this dilemma, an analysis of the multiple effects caused to the community of the El Naranjal Settlement is made, which is a village of San Cristóbal, Medellín, as a result of the construction of the "El Mar 1 Highway", which is a Fourth generation highway (4g), which will connect the center of the country with the harbor of Urabá. This is a reality, which is repeated throughout the Colombian territory.

Examines the social liberalism of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari of Mexico, based on analysis of his Mar 1993 speech in honor of the sixty-third anniversary of the foundation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, immediate antecedent of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional. The revival of ideological principles upheld by nineteenth-century Mexican liberals is a central point in this discourse. The reality that inspired those thinkers is still in force, particularly the contrast between poverty & wealth. President Salinas's Solidarity program is aimed at reducing the polarization of Mexican social classes. However, postrevolutionary social liberalism has failed to reach this objective. Thus, there is a recognized need to "reform the revolution," though meaningful discussion of what this entails is lacking. R. Jaramillo

The objective of this article is to show how the concept of development that the global context has imposed on developing nations and that prioritizes purely economic growth together with the type of Nation-State prevailing in these types of nations have played a preponderant role in the design of public policies aimed at rural areas. A theoretical-qualitative analysis was carried out, where through the analytical-synthetic method of information, an exhaustive review of sources on the subject was carried out in order to provide a frame of reference for the study of public policies rural in Mexico. This analysis made it possible to determine that in Mexico the implementation of policies oriented to the economic market and not to the holistic development of the Mexican countryside; far from meeting the objectives of developing it, they led it to deterioration and its consequent structural crisis and the persistence of a formula: welfare + subsistence that generates a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break.

The author sets out to demonstrate that there is a clear positive correlation between social equality & political rights & civil liberties. Based on this correlation, he argues that social equality is a determining factor for democratization. This is because social inequality, especially when accompanied by structural poverty, has negative effects on a civil society's development, which in turn is essential to create the basic conditions needed for democracy, or more specifically, for polyarchy. To prove this hypothesis, the author makes a comparative analysis covering 24 countries, from both Eastern Europe & Latin America, that represent the so-called "third wave" of democratization. He focuses on the Latin American experience, which is marked by political transitions under extremely unequal conditions. The results of his analysis seem to confirm the causal relationship between equality & democracy, & suggest that social inequality was the main handicap for Latin American democratization processes in the late 1900s, & will continue to be the main obstacle in consolidating democratic institutions in the future. 3 Tables, 8 Graphs. Adapted from the source document.

En este trabajo se presenta una reflexión sobre el debate de la minería ilegal en Colombia. Se abordan aspectos tales como el contexto legal e ilegal de la minería, los enfoques narrativos del mismo, los efectos ambientales y la existencia de una meta-narrativa que con supuestos básicos constituyentes contribuya a la solución del problema. Se utilizó un método de análisis de conceptos y criterios, dentro de un enfoque narrativo. El análisis indica que la metanarrativa de la comunidad con los supuestos constituyentes de la diversidad con inadecuación medios-fines y la relación productiva con el medio ambiente internalizando los efectos ambientales, junto con una lógica policontextural y dialógica, pueden ayudar a superar el conflicto entre las diferentes narrativas.

The present article addresses the process of assisted migration for agricultural purposes from Italy to Chile after World War II. Through the reconstruction of the history of three colonies (located in La Serena, Coquimbo, and Parral) and the analysis of a set of interviews conducted with settlers, it proposes an examination based on migration theories, identifying the "macro" factors that shaped these experiences of human mobility, as well as the "micro" elements that played a role in individual migration decisions. It is concluded that structural factors such as poverty, unemployment, and limited access to land were fundamental in generating the political will to implement assisted migration. Additionally, individual and family motivations were driven not only by economic reasons but also by the desire to improve their overall quality of life.

This paper addresses a cultural and legal analysis of the viability of marketing indigenous handicrafts through the use of digital media as a strategy to innovate and empower the enterprises of indigenous peoples living in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Through a legal and social documentary research study, several prevailing factors have been identified, such as insufficient and ineffective legal protection on the design of handicraft products and their incursion into e-commerce, as well as the conditions of marginalization and poverty, lack of access to Information and Communication Technologies and digital illiteracy in which artisans find themselves. This causes a disproportionate negative impact, both in the loss of cultural values and identity, as well as in the lack of economic gains and development opportunities for indigenous peoples.

The global social and health crisis as a result of COVID-19 exposes the social vulnerability of the migrant population. The purpose is to carry out an analysis of the confirmed coronavirus cases between March to July 2020 in Chile, and the incidence of these among the migrant population, considering social and health conditions and multidimensional poverty rates. The data analyzed not only reflects vulnerability to the pandemic but also shows the hidden realities of migration processes and new challenges to this population. The information has been collected through the Transparency Act and the Sub-Secretariat of Health. Since this information is not public and disaggregated, it represents a limitation when making political, social, and health decisions for the benefit of the migrant population.

The phenomenon of urbanization in underdeveloped, capitalist countries is investigated. The analysis builds on the ideas of Milton Santos (L'Espace Partage [Shared Space], publication data not given). Urbanization in Mexico City from 1910 to 1970 is examined, based on census & other statistics, considering the nation as a whole & then the separate SE regions of Monterrey & Guadalajara. The causal factors of growth & problems arising from it are discussed. The concept of cities as parts of systems is developed, & a list of 38 subsystems of cities in 7 regions of Mexico is drawn up. In Commentarios a la Ponencia: Crecimiento e importancia regional de nuestras ciudades (Comments on "The Growth and Regional Importance of Our Cities"), Alejandro Camalich Guerrero appreciates Bassols Batalla's pioneering study, which has demonstrated how urbanization is displacing the Ru way of life, & expands on the characteristics of urbanization identified by Bassols Batalla & their negative effects on poverty & individual & collective disorganization. 2 Tables. C. Waters