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This blog is based on an article in the Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy by Ilari Ilmakunnas. Click here to access the article. Despite the shared understanding that it is useful to analyse poverty by means of different measures, one measure is more commonly used than others. In the EU, the at-risk-of-poverty threshold… Continue reading Enhancing Clarity in Poverty Analysis →

Measuring poverty requires adjusting nominal consumption (or income) into a real value of consumption, across geographic areas and over time. To this end, data on consumer prices are used to construct a price index. There are a range of approaches to do this, from using the consumer price index, to survey-based unit values, which differ in the underlying sources of price data and methodologies for indexing. These different approaches can have large impacts on poverty measures and trends. Surprisingly little attention has been focused on this topic. This study reviews a range of issues and the evidence on how prices matter for measuring poverty, particularly in Africa. It draws on a wide literature, much from developed countries, and offers suggestions for future work in this area.

This research is entitled Analysis of Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Indonesiandevelopment. The purpose of this study is to find out about poverty, unemployment, inequalityand development in Indonesia and their causes and what has been done by the government toovercome them. The research method used is the library research method, which is the study ofliterature obtained from the reference of books, scientific papers, government reports in theCentral Statistics Agency, the DPR, and websites that are related to the title of this research.Poverty is the inability of people to meet their basic needs such as food, clothing and housingand other equality, unemployment resulting from lack of available employment and businessopportunities that do not support it to be implemented, as well as inequality between the richand the poor, between villages with the city. The result is that the current poverty rate is equalto 9,41% unemployment equals 5,01% inequality 0,382% Development has been carried outwith economic growth amounting to and GDB amounting to Rp3 963,5 triliun.

This research is entitled Analysis of Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Indonesian development. The purpose of this study is to find out about poverty, unemployment, inequality and development in Indonesia and their causes and what has been done by the government to overcome them. The research method used is the library research method, which is the study of literature obtained from the reference of books, scientific papers, government reports in the Central Statistics Agency, the DPR, and websites that are related to the title of this research. Poverty is the inability of people to meet their basic needs such as food, clothing and housing and other equality, unemployment resulting from lack of available employment and business opportunities that do not support it to be implemented, as well as inequality between the rich and the poor, between villages with the city. The result is that the current poverty rate is equal to 9,41% unemployment equals 5,01% inequality 0,382% Development has been carried out with economic growth amounting to and GDB amounting to Rp3 963,5 triliun.

Rural poverty presents an escalating problem for post-communist countries struggling with perpetual transition towards market economy. As a country deriving from such economic background, Republic of Macedonia is classified as one of the poorest countries in Europe. The rural population in the country is faced with different obstacles such as: limited access to institutions, infrastructure, finances, and other aspects which not only impede these population's living conditions but also obstruct the development and growth of the rural areas. In order to provide detailed description of the rural poverty situation as well as to identify the vulnerable and depraved group in the rural areas in the Republic of Macedonia, this paper represents an initial record of the poverty conditions in the rural areas. The poverty features are presented through the multidimensional poverty analytical tool and the indicators and dimensions of poverty on micro and macro (country) level in order to describe the socio-economic, environmental, political and institutional context. The comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis of the poverty dimensions in the Republic of Macedonia gives overview of the rural poverty situation and highlights several groups, suffering from multiple deprivations such as rural woman and agriculture households, which are part of an extremely vulnerable group, with the highest risk of going under the poverty base lines.

In this paper the authors discuss recent trends in poverty concepts and suggest a locally adapted multidimensional model for measuring and monitoring poverty. The model comprises nested layers with subjective wellbeing in the centre surrounded by a core of health, wealth and knowledge, and a context that includes natural, economic, social and political spheres, as well as service and structural aspects. These nine facets of poverty cover basic needs, individual assets and capabilities, and the enabling environment that helps people escape poverty by ensuring sustainability, providing opportunities and minimising vulnerability. The model was tested in several monitoring trials and in the official poverty and wellbeing monitoring of Kutai Barat District, Indonesia, in early 2006. Twenty-one subdistricts covering 223 villages with more than 150 000 people were assessed. Examples drawn from this experience illustrate possible applications of the model.

El proyecto concierne la elaboración y actualización de una herramienta Excel que cuantifique el valor económico y energético de consumos mínimos de agua, gas y electricidad en el territorio español. Se probarán distintos escenarios para su posterior comparación con las estimaciones actuales publicadas en Econometrics Analysis. Adicionalmente, el proyecto comprende el diseño de nuevas tarifas y políticas que ayuden a mejorar el escenario actual de pobreza energética. ; La pobreza energética es un tema cada vez de mayor preocupación es España. Se estima que aproximadamente dos millones de hogares presentan problemas para pagar los costes energéticos del hogar, no siendo posible el que mantengan dicho hogar a una temperatura adecuada durante los meses de invierno o que presenten atrasos en el pago de las facturas. La Unión Europea es consciente del problema y por ello está integrando medidas para solucionarlo. En España, en su lugar, en octubre del año 2017 entró en vigor la medida contra la pobreza energética más importante dada en el país, el Real Decreto 897/2017. El proyecto, determinando los consumos mínimos necesarios en una vivienda para garantizar unas condiciones de vida de confort estándar, realizando una segmentación a nivel provincial, evaluará el nivel de pobreza energética de las provincias y la actual medida en vigor. Con ello, se comprobará si el bono social es suficiente o, por el contrario, son necesarias diferentes medidas para encontrar una solución al problema que representa más de 7.000 muertes prematuras al año en el país. El proyecto fija como uno de sus principales objetivos el desarrollo de una herramienta modelo en Excel que estime los consumos mínimos de las viviendas, a nivel de provincias, dependiendo de diferentes entradas de variables. Gracias a la herramienta, el análisis regulatorio demuestra que para los índices de pobreza del 10% la nueva medida adoptada por el gobierno es más que insuficiente. Aproximadamente son 267 los millones de euros que el Estado destinará a ayudar a las familias en situación de pobreza energética. El análisis realizado con ayuda de la herramienta sitúa la inversión anual actual como un 37,72% de la necesaria en términos de electricidad, pero un 13,44% de la necesaria contando los recursos de agua y gas mínimos. ; Energy poverty is a topic of increasing concern in Spain. It is estimated that approximately two million households have problems in paying their energy costs, being impossible for them to keep the household at an adequate temperature during the cold months or having arrears in the payment of bills. The European Union is aware of the problem and therefore is introducing measures to solve it, such as directive 2009/72/EC regarding measures to be applied with vulnerable consumers in terms of electricity or 2009/73/EC for gas consumers. In the case of Spain, in October 2017, the most important measure against energy poverty in the country came into effect, the Real Decreto 897/2017. The project, based on the determination of the minimum consumptions needed in a household to guarantee standard living conditions, carries out a segmentation at the regional level, and evaluates the energy poverty level of the regions. In addition, it measures the impact of the social bond mentioned. With this, it will be verified if the social bonus is sufficient or, on the other hand, different measures are necessary to find a solution to the problem that represents more than 7,000 premature deaths per year in the country. The project establishes as one of its main objectives the development of a model tool in Excel that estimates the minimum consumptions of the households, per regions, and depending on different inputs of variables. Thanks to the tool, the regulatory framework analysis is performed and shows that for the 10% energy poverty indicator, the new measure adopted by the government is more than insufficient. There are approximately 267 million euros that the State will allocate to help families in situations of energy poverty, however, much more is required. The tool places the current annual investment as the 37.72% of what is required in terms of electricity, but it is the 13.44% of what is needed counting the minimum water and gas resources.

To be read in conjunction with the Asian Development Bank report Poverty: Is it an Issue in the Pacific? The intent of the papers is to foster broadly based consultation among the Asian Development Bank, governments, and civil society for the purpose of developing a supportive and appropriate approach to ensuring equitable growth and poverty reduction. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank or the governments of Pacific developing member countries.

This study uses household expenditure data from Nigeria to understand energy consumption patterns with respect to income levels, different energy goods, urban and rural livelihoods, and geographical distribution. Using the empirical subsidy simulation model by Araar & Verme (2012), this paper simulates 50% and 100% reductions of subsidies on petrol, electricity and kerosene. It presents the estimated effects of such reforms on consumption, poverty, and government revenue. This analysis also determines the minimum level of universal cash transfer that is required to achieve "poverty neutrality" of subsidy removal; i.e. the threshold at which direct cash compensation offsets increasing energy prices, such that the national poverty headcount rate is unchanged after the subsidy removal. By disaggregating this analysis to the state level, it is shown that poverty effects (and thus the required poverty neutral cash compensation) can vary significantly across states. Understanding these differences in vulnerability, and designing adequate compensation and social protection policies is critical for ensuring public and political support for subsidy reforms.

This short essay discusses the issue of poverty in Nepal. Despite a number of poverty-reduction programs run by a myriad of actors, poverty in Nepal is still rampant, and the country remains one of the poorest countries in the world. In this essay, I argue that many poverty alleviation programs in Nepal failed because they isolated poverty as an economic and growth problem, whereas, poverty should have been identified and tackled as a political and a human rights issue. I begin the essay by briefly sharing my own experience of poverty while growing up in rural Nepal. I, then, explore the overall poverty scenario in Nepal and analyze a few major causes and consequences of poverty in the country. After offering an overview of poverty reduction approaches in Nepal, I conclude the essay with a few recommendations intended for organizations and policymakers formulating poverty-alleviation strategies in Nepal.

Poverty is a variab1e condition with multiple effects on human life. There is no universal definition of poverty and it is understood differently in different countries. The poverty line is the criterion with which politicians or researchers distinguish whether people or households are poor. There are two main types of poverty lines: the absolute and the relative poverty line. Various methods are used to calculate both types of poverty line. They can be distinguished into the following groups: the budget or consumption basket; the subjective method; the economic distance method; and legal or political methods. ; Lietuvos žmonės dažnai vartoja žodį skurdas. Kasdienėje kalboje šis žodis yra suprantamas ir paprastai nekelia jokių abejonių. Tačiau atsakyti į klausimą, kuriuos gyventojus priskirti prie skurstančių ir kiek Lietuvoje yra skurstančių žmonių, sudėtinga. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama užsienio šalių patirtis, nagrinėjant skurdo problemas.

This paper aims to identify the presence of energy poverty in Ecuador. Three indicators proposed by the European Union Energy Poverty Observatory (EPOV) are used to construct a multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) based on measure conditions associated with energy poverty, in areas related to delays in the payment of electricity bills, disproportionate expenses, hidden energy poverty, and the 10% Boardman (1991) rule. The information comes from the Ecuatorian Life Conditions Survey. The results show that energy poverty is present in Ecuadorian households, at the national level, and just as these indicators have restrictions, advantages and disadvantages, which demand decisions about the choice of their use.

This paper aims to identify the presence of energy poverty in Ecuador. Three indicators proposed by the European Union Energy Poverty Observatory (EPOV) are used to construct a multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) based on measure conditions associated with energy poverty, in areas related to delays in the payment of electricity bills, disproportionate expenses, hidden energy poverty, and the 10% Boardman (1991) rule. The information comes from the Ecuatorian Life Conditions Survey. The results show that energy poverty is present in Ecuadorian households, at the national level, and just as these indicators have restrictions, advantages and disadvantages, which demand decisions about the choice of their use.

"This paper presents the poverty analysis of the 1997 98 Malawi Integrated Household Survey. The analysis developed basic needs poverty lines, using consumption-based measures of welfare to classify households and individuals as poor and nonpoor. Because consumption data were not of uniform quality across sample households, the analysis made adjustments to derive a more accurate assessment of the incidence of poverty across the country. The analysis provides poverty and inequality estimates for Malawi's population. About 65 percent were unable to meet their basic needs, and poverty was deep and pervasive. The distribution of household welfare was loosely examined within the context of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy to guide government action in helping poor households improve their own well-being." -- Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; FCND

The German Sociologist Ulrich Beck is best known for his book "Risk Society" which has been discussed extensively; however Beck's claims about modern poverty have not received the same attention among poverty researchers. The individualization perspective views poverty as a relatively transient phenomenon and the democratization perspective views the risk of poverty as spread equally in the population. Both perspectives challenge the mainstream tradition of class analysis, and therefore both view poverty as largely independent of traditional stratification factors. In this article, I argue that Beck's thesis about the individualization and democratization of poverty is based on narrow income based definitions and that (possible) empirical verification depends on the definitions of poverty and approaches used to examine poverty. My analyses show that the dynamic perspective (using income as measure of poverty) largely supports the democratization of poverty. But my other analyses of relative poverty and social exclusion do not support Beck's argument.