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This report was presented at the High-Level Forum on Poverty Reduction and Country Strategy held in Malé in May 2001. Participants in the forum assessed the report and presented their views on the specific role of ADB in assisting the Government to operationalize its strategy. The key findings of the report and discussions during the forum have been culminated in ADB's Country Strategy and Program for the Maldives (2002-2006) and a partnership agreement on poverty reduction between the Government and ADB. The agreement will formalize a sustainable partnership setting a long-term vision and agreed targets and strategies for poverty reduction. This study was managed by Hideaki Imamura, Programs Officer, Operations Coordination Division, South Asia Department, with the support of William Murray. Marshuk Ali Shah, Country Director, Pakistan Resident Mission and former Programs Manager, Division 1, Programs Department (West), and S. Hafeez Rahman, Director, Operations Coordination Division, South Asia Department, provided overall guidance. Valuable assistance and support was provided by the Government of Maldives.

This report was presented at the High-Level Forum on Poverty Reduction and Country Strategy held in Malé in May 2001. Participants in the forum assessed the report and presented their views on the specific role of ADB in assisting the Government to operationalize its strategy. The key findings of the report and discussions during the forum have been culminated in ADB's Country Strategy and Program for the Maldives (2002-2006) and a partnership agreement on poverty reduction between the Government and ADB. The agreement will formalize a sustainable partnership setting a long-term vision and agreed targets and strategies for poverty reduction. This study was managed by Hideaki Imamura, Programs Officer, Operations Coordination Division, South Asia Department, with the support of William Murray. Marshuk Ali Shah, Country Director, Pakistan Resident Mission and former Programs Manager, Division 1, Programs Department (West), and S. Hafeez Rahman, Director, Operations Coordination Division, South Asia Department, provided overall guidance. Valuable assistance and support was provided by the Government of Maldives.

The geographic conditions of the Indonesian archipelago vary greatly, causing differences in climate, soil fertility, compatibility with plant species and productivity and its availability. Differences in cultivation techniques and staple food among regions also affect people's choices in meeting the dietary and food. Panel data from 33 provinces for 10 years (2007-2016) were analyzed by Path Analysis method. In the economics determinant, the decrease of Rice Prices, the decrease of Consumer Prices Indexed on Foodstuff, the increase of Government Expenditure will strengthen Food Security. In the non-economics determinant, the decrease of Food Availability will strengthen Food Security. Food Availability is the dominant factor to Food Security. The findings of this study are to reduce poverty need to strengthen food security. Government policies in spending budgets, rice price stability and inflation, and strengthening of domestic rice production need to be understood within the framework of Indonesia's geographical diversity. ; peer-reviewed

How did the differing strategies adopted to develop tourism in Guizhou and Yunnan affect patterns of economic development and poverty reduction? The answer is paradoxical. Both provincial governments incorporated tourism as part of their overall development strategies, but their tourism sites were distributed and structured strikingly differently. In Yunnan, although tourism contributed to rapid economic growth, it did not reduce rural poverty as much as might be expected from a large rural-based industry. By contrast, Guizhou's relatively small-scale tourism industry, although not contributing significantly to growth, was distributed largely in poor areas and was structured to allow poor people to participate directly. The conclusions have implications for our understanding of provincial development strategy in China and ways that tourism can be used for development and poverty reduction.

This study analyzes growth options in agricultural sub-sectors to accelerate overall economic growth and reduce poverty in Nigeria in the next nine years (2009-17) using an economy-wide, dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model. The model results show that if the individual agricultural subsectors' growth targets set by the Nigerian government can be achieved, the country will have 9.5 percent of agricultural annual growth and 8.0 percent of GDP growth in the next 10 years. The national poverty rate will fall to 30.8 percent by 2017, more than halving 1996's poverty rate of 65.6 percent, thereby accomplishing the objective for MDG1. The report emphasizes that in designing an agricultural strategy and in prioritizing growth, it is important to consider the following four factors at the subsector level: (i) the size of a subsector in the economy, (ii) growth multiplier effect through linkages of a subsector with the rest of the economy, (iii) poverty reduction - growth elasticity effect through growth primarily led by a subsector, and (iv) market opportunities and price effect for individual agricultural products. ; Canadian International Development Agency ; United States Agency for International Development ; Peer Review

This study was carried out to examine the impact of makeshift trading activities on poverty reduction among participants in Makurdi township of Benue State. The primary data for the study was obtained from structured questionnaire which were distributed to 588 sampled participants in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive and Probit Regression Model. The result showed that makeshift trading is an important source of income and employment in Makurdi metropolis. Also, the reasons why these people involve in makeshift trading are to avoid tax, lack of fund to pay for shops in the organized market, and to earn off-work income. We therefore recommend that the state government and the local municipal authority should consider improving on makeshift trading as part of their policies and programs and the participants in the market should evolve into a registered association.

This poverty assessment focuses on the evolution of poverty and other social indicators in Ethiopia between 2010-11 and 2015-2016 (henceforth referred to as 2011 and 2016). Using data from a variety of sources, mainly the twinned household living standards surveys (HCES and WMS), the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the poverty assessment documents trends in monetary and non-monetary dimensions of living standards and examines the drivers of observed trends, with a special focus on government programs. The aim of the poverty assessment is to provide policy makers and development partners with information and analysis that can be used to improve the effectiveness of their poverty reduction and social programs.

Does access to microfinance improve household welfare? We seek the answer to this question using data on 2,060 borrower and non-borrower households based in six major urban centers of Djibouti. We construct a composite index of multi-dimensional poverty and carry out estimations using a number of econometric techniques. Our results show that neither access to micro-credit nor its ostensibly productive use is significantly associated with poverty regardless of the duration of time since the loan was acquired. This holds both for access to, and the amount of micro-credit obtained. The results raise doubts on the effectiveness of Djibouti's microfinance programme.

Does access to microfinance improve household welfare? We seek the answer to this question using data on 2,060 borrower and non-borrower households based in six major urban centers of Djibouti. We construct a composite index of multi-dimensional poverty and carry out estimations using a number of econometric techniques. Our results show that neither access to micro-credit nor its ostensibly productive use is significantly associated with poverty regardless of the duration of time since the loan was acquired. This holds both for access to, and the amount of micro-credit obtained. The results raise doubts on the effectiveness of Djibouti's microfinance programme.

This poverty assessment focuses on the evolution of poverty and other social indicators in Ethiopia between 2010-11 and 2015-2016 (henceforth referred to as 2011 and 2016). Using data from a variety of sources, mainly the twinned household living standards surveys (HCES and WMS), the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the poverty assessment documents trends in monetary and non-monetary dimensions of living standards and examines the drivers of observed trends, with a special focus on government programs. The aim of the poverty assessment is to provide policy makers and development partners with information and analysis that can be used to improve the effectiveness of their poverty reduction and social programs.

It is often claimed that decentralisation is effective for the reduction of poverty due to inherent opportunities for higher popular participation and increased efficiency in public service delivery. This paper is a qualitative assessment of the potential of the Ugandan decentralisation reform for poverty alleviation. The Ugandan government initiated an ambitious decentralisation reform in 1992, which represents an example of full-fledged devolution with the transfer of far-reaching responsibilities to local governments. However, several shortcomings, such as low levels of accountability, insufficient human and financial resources, corruption, patronage, and central resistance to decentralisation, constrain the proper implementation of the reform, putting improvements in participation and efficiency at risk and ultimately jeopardising the intended impact on poverty. ; Es wird oft behauptet, dass Dezentralisierung durch die ihr inhärenten Möglichkeiten zur Steigerung der Partizipation der Bevölkerung an öffentlichen Entscheidungsprozessen sowie zur Erhöhung der Effizienz in der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen effektiv zur Reduktion von Armut beitragen kann. Dieser Frage geht die vorliegende qualitative Studie am Fall der Dezentralisierung in Uganda nach. Die ugandische Regierung leitete im Jahr 1992 eine ehrgeizige Dezentralisierungsreform ein, die ein Beispiel für konsequente Devolution mit der Übertragung weitgehender Rechte, Aufgaben und Finanzen an lokale Regierungen darstellt. Die Umsetzung dieser Reform leidet jedoch unter verschiedenen Restriktionen, so etwa niedriger Accountability, ungenügender Human- und finanzieller Ressourcen, Korruption, Patronage sowie anhaltender zentraler Einflussnahme auf die lokale Politik. Diese Defizite gefährden ernsthaft die Erhöhung von Partizipation und Effizienz und damit letztendlich auch eine Reduktion der Armut.

The Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) is a partnership between the Government of Japan and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that provides grants and technical assistance to reduce poverty in ADB's developing member countries. It also promotes long-term social and economic development in the countries, to add substantive value and development impact to ADB assistance. This annual report covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2020 and presents the background, project implementation progress, and achievements of the JFPR. It also highlights 2021 priorities.

The Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) is a partnership between the Government of Japan and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that provides grants and technical assistance to reduce poverty in ADB's developing member countries. It also promotes long-term social and economic development in the countries, to add substantive value and development impact to ADB assistance. This annual report covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2020 and presents the background, project implementation progress, and achievements of the JFPR. It also highlights 2021 priorities.

Lebanon's political development since independence has been influenced primarily by its evolving confessional system. However, this system, originally established to balance the competing interests of local religious communities, is increasingly seen as an impediment to more effective governance as it has resulted in a paralysis in decision-making and a general hollowing out of the state. Lebanon's confessional system has also proven extremely vulnerable to external influence, which has bred and exacerbated local conflict and violence. Subject to the design of reforms that are incentive compatible with the twin overarching constraints the following opportunities could materially improve Lebanon's development prospects: a) reduce macro-fiscal vulnerabilities; (b) improve governance and effectiveness of public institutions; c) address energy gaps to increase productivity of the private sector and reduce the macro-fiscal burden; d) strengthen ICT so Lebanon is fully connected to the global economy and can develop jobs needed in the 21st century; e) modernize the education sector to ensure youth have skills relevant to employers; f) improve the business climate to ease the burden on firm creation and operation; g) increase investments in transportation so people and products can move efficiently; and h) address environmental issues to protect Lebanon's natural resources, including water. Reforms in these areas must be tackled with a sense of urgency if Lebanon is to generate the number and quality of jobs it needs for its citizens and achieve progress towards the twin goals, to avoid further deterioration in the well-being of citizens and, importantly, to manage the added pressures stemming from regional conflicts.

This publication presents the background and rationale, project implementation progress, and achievements of the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction covering the period from 1 January to 31 December 2016. It contains general information about the fund's project grants and technical assistance, with details about their operational performance during the year. Administered by the Asian Development Bank and established in May 2000, the fund provides direct grant assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in Asia and the Pacific while fostering long-term social and economic development.