Suchergebnisse

The purposes of this paper are twofold (i) to evaluate changes in welfare gains and their distribution due to trade liberalization when imperfect labor markets are considered, (ii) to evaluate the impact of the recent reforms of European agricultural policy on the world welfare. The results of two versions of a dynamic world computable genaral equilibrium (CGE) model, usign the GTAP database version 6 are compared. In the first version, a standard world CGE approach is followed by perfect labor mobility across sectors. In the second version we assume that labor shift s freely within the aggregated sectors -agriculture, manufactures, services,- but not across them. After a brief description of the two versions, changes in welfare, represented not only by the world GDP but also by the consumption level of two types of household (middle-low and middle-high) in 7 regions (Brazil, China, India, Least developed countries, European Union, United States, Rest of the World) after partial trade liberalization are presented. Theoretical and political consequences of the results are discussed. .French Abstract : Cet article a un double objectif (i) évaluer les modifications des gains de la libéralisation lorsque certaines imperfections des marchés du travail sont prises en compte, (ii) quantifier les impacts des réformes récentes de la Politique Agricole Commune. Deux versions d'un modèle mondial d'équilibre général, utilisant la base de données GTAP (version 6), sont utilisées à cet effet : dans la première l'hypothèse standard de mobilité parfaite du travail entre secteurs est adoptée, alors que dans la seconde on suppose que si le travail se déplace librement à l'intérieur de secteurs agrégés (agriculture, manufactures, services), il ne peut passer de l'un à l'autre. Après une brève description des principales caractéristiques des deux versions du modèle, les résultats obtenus dans des scénarii de libéralisation partielle, pour 7 régions du monde (Brésil, Chine, Inde, PMA, UE, USA, RDM) et deux types de ménages (riches ...

Agriculture is the main source of income, food and employment for a majority of the population in Mauritania. Due to the high variability of rainfall and the decline in irrigated land, many people living in rural Mauritania continue to face economic hardship, pushing more and more agricultural workers into non-agricultural activities. This study examines the effect of non-agricultural worker participation on poverty reduction in rural Mauritania. We used data from the 2014 EPCV survey and applied empirical techniques of probit, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to control potential selection bias. We tested the relationship with off-farm labour activity in terms of incidence as well as intensity and severity of poverty. The results show that the probability of being poor is 5.9% lower among households that have at least one member participating in non-farm activities compared to those only associated with the agriculture sector. Participation in non-farm activities indicates a reduction in the intensity and severity of poverty by 3.6% and 1.9%, respectively. These results are robust to the variable definitions and econometric methods used. We found that surplus-labour released by the agriculture sector is absorbed in the non-farm economy. Income generation through diversification into non-farm activities seems to be an effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas. ; L'agriculture est la principale source de revenus, de nourriture et d'emploi pour une majorité de la population de Mauritanie. En raison de la grande variabilité des précipitations et de la diminution des terres irriguées, de nombreuses personnes vivant en Mauritanie rurale continuent à être confrontées à des difficultés économiques, poussant de plus en plus de travailleurs agricoles vers des activités non agricoles. Cette étude examine l'effet de la participation des travailleurs non agricoles sur la réduction de la pauvreté en Mauritanie rurale. Nous utilisons les données de l'enquête EPCV de 2014 et ...

Agriculture is the main source of income, food and employment for a majority of the population in Mauritania. Due to the high variability of rainfall and the decline in irrigated land, many people living in rural Mauritania continue to face economic hardship, pushing more and more agricultural workers into non-agricultural activities. This study examines the effect of non-agricultural worker participation on poverty reduction in rural Mauritania. We used data from the 2014 EPCV survey and applied empirical techniques of probit, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to control potential selection bias. We tested the relationship with off-farm labour activity in terms of incidence as well as intensity and severity of poverty. The results show that the probability of being poor is 5.9% lower among households that have at least one member participating in non-farm activities compared to those only associated with the agriculture sector. Participation in non-farm activities indicates a reduction in the intensity and severity of poverty by 3.6% and 1.9%, respectively. These results are robust to the variable definitions and econometric methods used. We found that surplus-labour released by the agriculture sector is absorbed in the non-farm economy. Income generation through diversification into non-farm activities seems to be an effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas. ; L'agriculture est la principale source de revenus, de nourriture et d'emploi pour une majorité de la population de Mauritanie. En raison de la grande variabilité des précipitations et de la diminution des terres irriguées, de nombreuses personnes vivant en Mauritanie rurale continuent à être confrontées à des difficultés économiques, poussant de plus en plus de travailleurs agricoles vers des activités non agricoles. Cette étude examine l'effet de la participation des travailleurs non agricoles sur la réduction de la pauvreté en Mauritanie rurale. Nous utilisons les données de l'enquête EPCV de 2014 et ...

Agriculture is the main source of income, food and employment for a majority of the population in Mauritania. Due to the high variability of rainfall and the decline in irrigated land, many people living in rural Mauritania continue to face economic hardship, pushing more and more agricultural workers into non-agricultural activities. This study examines the effect of non-agricultural worker participation on poverty reduction in rural Mauritania. We used data from the 2014 EPCV survey and applied empirical techniques of probit, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to control potential selection bias. We tested the relationship with off-farm labour activity in terms of incidence as well as intensity and severity of poverty. The results show that the probability of being poor is 5.9% lower among households that have at least one member participating in non-farm activities compared to those only associated with the agriculture sector. Participation in non-farm activities indicates a reduction in the intensity and severity of poverty by 3.6% and 1.9%, respectively. These results are robust to the variable definitions and econometric methods used. We found that surplus-labour released by the agriculture sector is absorbed in the non-farm economy. Income generation through diversification into non-farm activities seems to be an effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas. ; L'agriculture est la principale source de revenus, de nourriture et d'emploi pour une majorité de la population de Mauritanie. En raison de la grande variabilité des précipitations et de la diminution des terres irriguées, de nombreuses personnes vivant en Mauritanie rurale continuent à être confrontées à des difficultés économiques, poussant de plus en plus de travailleurs agricoles vers des activités non agricoles. Cette étude examine l'effet de la participation des travailleurs non agricoles sur la réduction de la pauvreté en Mauritanie rurale. Nous utilisons les données de l'enquête EPCV de 2014 et appliquons les techniques empiriques de probit, d'appariement des scores de propension (PSM) et de pondération inverse des probabilités (IPW) pour contrôler le biais de sélection potentiel. Nous vérifions la relation avec l'activité de travail non agricole en termes d'incidence ainsi qu'en termes d'intensité et de gravité de la pauvreté. Les résultats montrent que la probabilité d'être pauvre est inférieure de 5,9 % parmi les ménages dont au moins un membre participe à des activités non agricoles par rapport à ceux dont tout les membres sont uniquement associés au secteur agricole. La participation à des activités non agricoles indique une réduction de l'intensité et de la gravité de la pauvreté de 3,6 % et 1,9 %, respectivement. Ces résultats sont robustes à utilisation des définitions des variables et des méthodes économétriques employées. Ces résultats indiquent que le surplus de travail libéré par le secteur agricole est absorbé dans l'économie non agricole. La génération de revenus par la diversification dans des activités non agricoles semble être un moyen efficace de réduire la pauvreté dans les zones rurales.

Microfinance accounts, around the world, a way to fight against poverty by improving the living conditions of poor households. Its beneficial effects are best known in developing countries and represents an alternative source of financing for the poor who have no access to banks.This potential of the microfinance sector has attracted the attention of the authorities in Djibouti to fight against poverty and significant funding has been invested in this sector.The Djiboutian surveys of households (EDAM, 2002 and 2012) showed an increase in poverty. Different policies against poverty put in place since the late 90's had very little impact in the fight against poverty.But can we generalize this positive impact of microfinance? In the case of Djibouti, is the appropriate response microfinance faces the needs of needy. Our thesis seeks to verify by empirical data if the hypothesis of a positive impact on the well-being of clients is still relevant in Djibouti ; La microfinance représente, de part le monde, un moyen de lutte contre la pauvreté en améliorant les conditions de vies des ménages pauvres. Ses effets bénéfiques sont surtout connus dans les pays en voie de développement et elle représente une autre source de financement pour les populations pauvres qui n'ont pas accès aux banques. Cette potentialité du secteur de la microfinance a retenu l'attention des pouvoirs publics, à Djibouti, pour lutter contre la pauvreté et des financements importants ont été investis dans ce secteur. Les enquêtes Djiboutiennes auprès des Ménages (EDAM, 2002 et 2012) ont montré une progression de la pauvreté. Les différentes politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté mises en place depuis la fin des années 90 ont eu un impact très faible dans la lutte contre la pauvreté. Mais peut-on généraliser cet impact positif de la microfinance ? Pour le cas de Djibouti, la microfinance est-elle la réponse adéquate face aux besoins des populations nécessiteuses ? Notre thèse cherche à vérifier par des données empiriques si l'hypothèse d'un impact ...

Microfinance accounts, around the world, a way to fight against poverty by improving the living conditions of poor households. Its beneficial effects are best known in developing countries and represents an alternative source of financing for the poor who have no access to banks.This potential of the microfinance sector has attracted the attention of the authorities in Djibouti to fight against poverty and significant funding has been invested in this sector.The Djiboutian surveys of households (EDAM, 2002 and 2012) showed an increase in poverty. Different policies against poverty put in place since the late 90's had very little impact in the fight against poverty.But can we generalize this positive impact of microfinance? In the case of Djibouti, is the appropriate response microfinance faces the needs of needy. Our thesis seeks to verify by empirical data if the hypothesis of a positive impact on the well-being of clients is still relevant in Djibouti ; La microfinance représente, de part le monde, un moyen de lutte contre la pauvreté en améliorant les conditions de vies des ménages pauvres. Ses effets bénéfiques sont surtout connus dans les pays en voie de développement et elle représente une autre source de financement pour les populations pauvres qui n'ont pas accès aux banques. Cette potentialité du secteur de la microfinance a retenu l'attention des pouvoirs publics, à Djibouti, pour lutter contre la pauvreté et des financements importants ont été investis dans ce secteur. Les enquêtes Djiboutiennes auprès des Ménages (EDAM, 2002 et 2012) ont montré une progression de la pauvreté. Les différentes politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté mises en place depuis la fin des années 90 ont eu un impact très faible dans la lutte contre la pauvreté. Mais peut-on généraliser cet impact positif de la microfinance ? Pour le cas de Djibouti, la microfinance est-elle la réponse adéquate face aux besoins des populations nécessiteuses ? Notre thèse cherche à vérifier par des données empiriques si l'hypothèse d'un impact ...

The purpose of this dissertation is the understanding of the mechanisms of the development of microfinance in relation to gender issues in Upper Guinea, in the republic of Guinea. Indeed, the examination of social relations in Upper Guinea suggests gender disparities to the detriment of women. They are disproportionately affected by many socio-economic, cultural, and political inequalities: they have little or no involvement at all in the decision-making process; they have very low levels of education and training in comparison to men; they have no control over productive and economic resources (trees, fruit trees, mines, fishing, among others). This situation results in the devaluation of their social status, significant domestic workload, and above all, women's generalized impoverishment. Confronted with this reality, some women adhere to the logic of borrowing, which is based on micro-credits in order to start, strengthen or diversify income generating activities in the trade, crafts and agriculture sectors. For the purpose of further exploring that issue, this dissertation attempts to analyze the effects of microfinance on women's life in this region of Guinea.Using a methodological approach, which is primarily qualitative, the examination of field realities shows that microfinance is not a miracle solution to fight poverty among women and gender inequalities. It may just as well produce opposite effects resulting in the worsening of their economic and social situation (over-indebtedness, poverty, migration, exclusion, divorce, prostitution, exposure to HIV/AIDS). ; Cette thèse a pour objet la compréhension des mécanismes de diffusion de la microfinance en relation avec les questions de genre en Haute-Guinée. En effet, l'examen des rapports sociaux en Haute-Guinée laisse entrevoir des disparités de genre au détriment des femmes. Majoritairement elles touchées par de nombreuses inégalités d'ordre socio-économique, culturel et politique : elles sont peu ou pas du tout impliquées dans le processus de prise de ...

Many research or development studies underline the crucial role of small ruminant (SR) activities in the non tropical dry areas of world, and in particular in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. With camels, they are considered as key components of production systems over much of this vast region, which is characterized by water scarcity and erratic rainfall. SR activities may constitute the main remunerative activity or at least a pillar to ensure the viability of a large number of families in the region, particularly in remote areas. Some studies proposed to estimate the monetary contribution of SR activities in the household net income. But few studies analyze the contribution of SR activity in terms of poverty reduction and livelihood improvement. The reasons are numerous but one of them is the difficulty to apprehend the multiple and complex contributions of livestock activity to the household economy through their direct and indirect products, the intra-annual and inter-annual rhythm of production, the particular status of animal between capital-treasory-saving-social asset. "Despite its potential importance to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction, livestock sector development has received limited attention from the international donor community and national governments in recent years" (Alive platform). Within the Alive Platform, partnership for livestock development, poverty alleviation and sustainable growth for Africa, the Alive secretary, PPLPI (FAO), CIRAD and WB join their effort to develop a methodological Guide to the appropriate inclusion of the livestock sector in poverty reduction policies or agenda. In this communication, we propose to present an overview of the content of this Livestock and Poverty guide.