Suchergebnisse

Résumé La présente recherche a pour objectif d'analyser l'impact des paiements directs de santé sur la pauvreté. Une base de données de 8043 ménages issue de la deuxième enquête congolaise auprès des ménages pour l'évaluation de la pauvreté a été utilisée. La méthode de Wagstaff et Doorslaer a permis de mesurer l'impact des paiements directs de santé. Pour identifier les déterminants de paiements directs de santé, le modèle à deux parties (MDP) est utilisé avec une spécification binaire. Les résultats montrent que les paiements directs de santé accentuent la pauvreté des ménages. Les ménages riches dépensent plus que les ménages pauvres. Les paiements directs de santé varient selon les caractéristiques de chaque ménage. En termes de politique économique, il est suggéré la réduction de la part des paiements directs dans les dépenses totales de santé en instaurant par exemple l'assurance maladie universelle. Mots clés : Santé, paiements directs, pauvreté Abstract The objective of this research is to analyse the impact of direct health payments on poverty. A database of 8043 households from the second Congolese household survey for poverty assessment was used. The Wagstaff and Doorslaer method was used to measure the impact of direct health payments. To identify the determinants of direct health payments, the two-part model (CDM) is used with a binary specification. The results show that out-of-pocket health payments increase household poverty and richer households spend more than poorer households. Out-of-pocket health payments vary according to the characteristics of each household. In terms of economic policy, it is suggested that the share of out-of-pocket payments in total health expenditure be reduced, for example by introducing universal health insurance. Keywords : Health, direct payments, poverty

International audience ; [On the one hand, the announced United Nations commitment to poverty reduction deserves to be addressed in the resulting statements. On the other hand, various national examples, taken on several continents, show that some solutions that seem appropriate in the short term prove to be ineffective in the medium term. Consequently, poverty reduction must be based on other elements that form a triptych.] ; D'une part, la volonté annoncée de l'ONU en faveur de la réduction de la pauvreté mérite d'être interrogée dans les énoncés qui en résultent. D'autre part, divers exemples nationaux, pris sur plusieurs continents, montrent que certaines solutions qui semblent appropriées à court terme, se révèlent inopérante à moyen terme. En conséquence la ré-duction de la pauvreté doit s'appuyer sur d'autres éléments qui forment un triptyque.

International audience ; [On the one hand, the announced United Nations commitment to poverty reduction deserves to be addressed in the resulting statements. On the other hand, various national examples, taken on several continents, show that some solutions that seem appropriate in the short term prove to be ineffective in the medium term. Consequently, poverty reduction must be based on other elements that form a triptych.] ; D'une part, la volonté annoncée de l'ONU en faveur de la réduction de la pauvreté mérite d'être interrogée dans les énoncés qui en résultent. D'autre part, divers exemples nationaux, pris sur plusieurs continents, montrent que certaines solutions qui semblent appropriées à court terme, se révèlent inopérante à moyen terme. En conséquence la ré-duction de la pauvreté doit s'appuyer sur d'autres éléments qui forment un triptyque.

This paper analyzes different approaches in poverty in Senegal, relying in particular on data provided by the last two household surveys (ESPS-2-2002 and ESAM 2006) conducted by the National Agency of Statistics and Demography in partnership with the World Bank.In the analysis of monetary poverty, we reveal important differences in terms of poverty lines in regions with at extremes, Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) and Tambacounda 515,70 FCFA (0,78€), suggesting little relevance to the use of a threshold at national level alone. On basis of these thresholds, the indices of poverty stemming from the Foster's generic formula, to Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) reveal a reduction in the rate of poverty between 2002 and 2006 from the 57.1 % to 50.8 %, that is 6.9 in the whole of country and a gap in the poverty's line passing from 18 % to 16,4 %. This decline is particularly observed in the regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis and Thies. At the departmental level, poverty rates show a significant concentration in rural areas and the existence of pockets of poverty enclaved in urban areas. The estimation of a spatial econometric model highlights the socioeconomic factors that may explain the interdepartmental differences in poverty rates observed in 2006, including the level of regional economic development (urbanization, employment) and household behavior related at infrastructure (education, health and fertility). Furthermore, we propose a dichotomous model from which it is possible to identify the determinants of income poverty of household heads. The results show that female-headed households are not the poorest layer. In general way, differences of poverty apparent between urban and rural areas are largely correlated with disabilities in terms of education and unequal access to information and communication resources.We are entering a multidimensional analysis of poverty in Senegal, through an estimate of the degree of deprivation of some basic household needs. The approach by the theory of fuzzy sets used for this purpose shows that poverty declined slightly: 1% against 7% for monetary poverty. Unlike the monetary approach, the observed decrease from non-monetary poverty affects other regions as Kolda and Ziguinchor and Kaolack and Diourbel saw an increase. The estimation of one-dimensional fuzzy indexes allowed identifying the domains in which the households post the degree of largest deprivation: the quality of housing, education and information and communication technologies, beyond income.The profiles of monetary poverty as well as multidimensional are excellent tools to target the most destitute groups of the population. However, these tools remain dumb on the perception of these poor people as for their own socioeconomic situation. In this sense, an econometric analysis of the determinants of poverty felt in Senegal in 2006 brings up the importance of certain non-economic dimensions (social exclusion, cultural and lack of consultation of stakeholders on policy development and cutter fight poverty). ; Ce travail analyse sous différentes approches la pauvreté au Sénégal en s'appuyant notamment sur les données fournies par les deux dernières enquêtes auprès des ménages (ESAM 2-2002 et ESPS-2006) réalisées par l'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie en partenariat avec la Banque mondiale.Dans l'analyse de la pauvreté monétaire, nous faisons apparaître des différences importantes en termes de seuils de pauvreté dans les régions avec aux extrêmes la région Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) et Tambacounda 515,70 F CFA (0,78€), ce qui suggère le peu de pertinence quant à l'utilisation d'un seuil établi au seul niveau national. Sur la base de ces seuils, les indices de pauvreté issus de la formule générique de Foster, Greer et Thorbecke (FGT) dévoilent une baisse du taux de pauvreté entre 2002 et 2006 de 57,1% à 50,8%, soit de 6,9 point dans l'ensemble du pays et un écart à la ligne de pauvreté passant de 18% à 16,4%. Cette baisse est particulièrement observée dans les régions de Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis et Thiès. Au niveau départemental, les taux de pauvreté montrent une concentration importante dans les zones rurales et l'existence de poches de pauvreté enclavées dans les zones urbaines. L'estimation d'un modèle économétrique spatial met en évidence les facteurs socioéconomiques susceptibles d'expliquer les différences interdépartementales de taux de pauvreté constatées en 2006, notamment le degré de développement économique des territoires (urbanisation, emploi) ainsi que les comportements des ménages liés au niveau d'infrastructures (d'éducation, de santé et de fécondité).Par ailleurs, nous proposons un modèle dichotomique à partir duquel il est possible de mettre en évidence les déterminants de la pauvreté monétaire des chefs de ménage. Les résultats montrent que les femmes chefs de ménage ne sont pas la couche la plus pauvre. De manière générale, les disparités de pauvreté manifestes entre milieux urbain et rural sont largement corrélées à des handicapes en matière de d'éducation et à l'inégal accès aux moyens d'information et de communication.Nous abordons une analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté au Sénégal, à travers une estimation des degrés de privation de certains besoins essentiels des ménages. L'approche par la théorie des ensembles flous utilisée à cet effet suggère que la pauvreté a faiblement diminué : 1 % contre 7 % pour la pauvreté monétaire. Contrairement à l'approche monétaire, la baisse de la pauvreté non monétaire observée concerne d'autres régions comme Kolda et Ziguinchor et les régions de Diourbel et Kaolack connaissent une hausse. L'estimation des indices flous unidimensionnels a permis d'identifier les domaines dans lesquels les ménages affichent le degré de privation le plus important : la qualité du logement, le niveau d'instruction et les moyens d'information et de communication, au-delà du revenu.Les profils de pauvreté monétaire aussi bien que multidimensionnelle sont d'excellents outils pour cibler les groupes les plus nécessiteux de la population. En revanche, ces outils restent muets sur la perception de ces pauvres quant à leur propre situation socioéconomique. En ce sens, une analyse économétrique des facteurs déterminants de la pauvreté ressentie au Sénégal en 2006 fait apparaître l'importance de certaines dimensions non économiques (exclusion sociale, culturelle et manque de concertation des intéressés sur les politiques de développement et de lutte cotre la pauvreté).

We wanted to describe the salesian way to poverty as well as the theological and practical prospects which wer thus opened by the founder of the visitation order. First we presented the diocesis of Geneva at the time when Francis of Sales was engaged in his episcopal ministry. Very heedful of the destitution of the people around him, especially of his clergy and of the monks, he acts with great effectiveness. He multiplies proceedings with those who hold political or religious authority in order to establish justice. He asserts with much firmness the rights of the most deprived people, of the converted ones : universalism marks his action. As a reforming bishop, he looks after the good quality of the religious life, he asks for new congregations to come and founds a palce of spiritual training, with the plan of turning it into a seminary. Another form of poverty also worries Francis of Sales : spiritual poverty. Far from resigning himself to the misery of sin, he displays on the contrary how the richness of god's love comes and fills all human weakness up. Only a misuse of his freedom may sever man from his creator. With much tactfulness, Francis of Sales induces those who want to follow him towards the path to humbleness and confidence that leads to peace and joy. The mystery of human life takes root from the contemplation of the incarnation mystery which is the real keystone of the salesian theology that is based itself on paulinian grounds : "you know the grace of our lord Jesus-Christ, rich as he was he made himself poor for your sake in order to make you rich by means of his poverty" (2cor 8,9). Imitation of Christ's destitution invites the christians to follow evangelical poverty, to act in a concrete way. Practice of the salesian poverty requires the same demands whatever the status of life may be ; only the applications change according to the circumstances, unworldliness means a greater availability to the spiritual values and fosters sharing. It makes up the first step that comes before the spiritual ...

We wanted to describe the salesian way to poverty as well as the theological and practical prospects which wer thus opened by the founder of the visitation order. First we presented the diocesis of Geneva at the time when Francis of Sales was engaged in his episcopal ministry. Very heedful of the destitution of the people around him, especially of his clergy and of the monks, he acts with great effectiveness. He multiplies proceedings with those who hold political or religious authority in order to establish justice. He asserts with much firmness the rights of the most deprived people, of the converted ones : universalism marks his action. As a reforming bishop, he looks after the good quality of the religious life, he asks for new congregations to come and founds a palce of spiritual training, with the plan of turning it into a seminary. Another form of poverty also worries Francis of Sales : spiritual poverty. Far from resigning himself to the misery of sin, he displays on the contrary how the richness of god's love comes and fills all human weakness up. Only a misuse of his freedom may sever man from his creator. With much tactfulness, Francis of Sales induces those who want to follow him towards the path to humbleness and confidence that leads to peace and joy. The mystery of human life takes root from the contemplation of the incarnation mystery which is the real keystone of the salesian theology that is based itself on paulinian grounds : "you know the grace of our lord Jesus-Christ, rich as he was he made himself poor for your sake in order to make you rich by means of his poverty" (2cor 8,9). Imitation of Christ's destitution invites the christians to follow evangelical poverty, to act in a concrete way. Practice of the salesian poverty requires the same demands whatever the status of life may be ; only the applications change according to the circumstances, unworldliness means a greater availability to the spiritual values and fosters sharing. It makes up the first step that comes before the spiritual ...

International audience ; The growing literature indicates that poor living conditions (unhealthy housing, education access,labor market access.) or low socio economics status are majors determinants of health and healthinequalities (Jusot, 2006). Regarding poor living conditions, a section of energy economics concerns thefuel poverty concept. In France, fuel poverty was deÖned in the Article 11 of the national commitmentto the environment (Grenelle II) of 12 July 2010: "an household who has di¢ culties disposing of thenecessary energy satisfy his basic needs due to the inadequacy of his resources or his living conditions isin fuel poverty under this Act ".The french deÖnition of fuel poverty appears as a interaction betweenhouseholds, their socio-economic situation and their dwelling. This one can create some cumulativese§ects or constitute a ripple e§ect. Moreover, the fuel poverty can considered as a part of the Precar-iousness framework as the food precariousness, the health precariousness, the Önantial precariousness.So, the fuel poverty can interact with the others types of precariousness. In this way, the fuel povertyconstitute a additional source of weakening for individuals. In more general terms, the fuel poverty con-tribute to increase vulnerability to Poverty.

International audience ; The growing literature indicates that poor living conditions (unhealthy housing, education access,labor market access.) or low socio economics status are majors determinants of health and healthinequalities (Jusot, 2006). Regarding poor living conditions, a section of energy economics concerns thefuel poverty concept. In France, fuel poverty was deÖned in the Article 11 of the national commitmentto the environment (Grenelle II) of 12 July 2010: "an household who has di¢ culties disposing of thenecessary energy satisfy his basic needs due to the inadequacy of his resources or his living conditions isin fuel poverty under this Act ".The french deÖnition of fuel poverty appears as a interaction betweenhouseholds, their socio-economic situation and their dwelling. This one can create some cumulativese§ects or constitute a ripple e§ect. Moreover, the fuel poverty can considered as a part of the Precar-iousness framework as the food precariousness, the health precariousness, the Önantial precariousness.So, the fuel poverty can interact with the others types of precariousness. In this way, the fuel povertyconstitute a additional source of weakening for individuals. In more general terms, the fuel poverty con-tribute to increase vulnerability to Poverty.

International audience ; Political declarations and manuals to combat poverty occur while poverty is sustainable within our society. Then, economic and political leaders consider tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. Policies that judiciously use tourism must allow a catch-up in favor of the poorest.The article emphasizes the complexity of tourism and the need to take into account the tourism project in its entirety. The host territory is the support for tourist consumption which require specific improvements. But the distribution of revenues from tourism, the international movement and the final distribution of the profits must be considered across all local, national and international actors involved in the field of tourism. ; Les déclarations politiques et les modes d'emploi destinés à combattre la pauvreté se succèdent tandis que la pauvreté s'inscrit durablement dans notre société. Désormais, les leaders politiques et économiques du moment considèrent le tourisme comme un outil privilégié pour réduire la pauvreté. Des politiques touristiques judicieuses doivent permettre un rattrapage économique en faveur des plus pauvres.L'article insiste sur la complexité du tourisme et la nécessité de prendre en compte le projet touristique dans sa globalité. Le territoire d'accueil est le support de consommations touristiques qui nécessitent des aménagements spécifiques. Mais la répartition des revenus du tourisme, la circulation internationale et la distribution finale des bénéfices doivent être considérées à l'échelle de tous les acteurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui interviennent dans le champ du tourisme.

International audience ; Political declarations and manuals to combat poverty occur while poverty is sustainable within our society. Then, economic and political leaders consider tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. Policies that judiciously use tourism must allow a catch-up in favor of the poorest.The article emphasizes the complexity of tourism and the need to take into account the tourism project in its entirety. The host territory is the support for tourist consumption which require specific improvements. But the distribution of revenues from tourism, the international movement and the final distribution of the profits must be considered across all local, national and international actors involved in the field of tourism. ; Les déclarations politiques et les modes d'emploi destinés à combattre la pauvreté se succèdent tandis que la pauvreté s'inscrit durablement dans notre société. Désormais, les leaders politiques et économiques du moment considèrent le tourisme comme un outil privilégié pour réduire la pauvreté. Des politiques touristiques judicieuses doivent permettre un rattrapage économique en faveur des plus pauvres.L'article insiste sur la complexité du tourisme et la nécessité de prendre en compte le projet touristique dans sa globalité. Le territoire d'accueil est le support de consommations touristiques qui nécessitent des aménagements spécifiques. Mais la répartition des revenus du tourisme, la circulation internationale et la distribution finale des bénéfices doivent être considérées à l'échelle de tous les acteurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui interviennent dans le champ du tourisme.

International audience ; Political declarations and manuals to combat poverty occur while poverty is sustainable within our society. Then, economic and political leaders consider tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. Policies that judiciously use tourism must allow a catch-up in favor of the poorest.The article emphasizes the complexity of tourism and the need to take into account the tourism project in its entirety. The host territory is the support for tourist consumption which require specific improvements. But the distribution of revenues from tourism, the international movement and the final distribution of the profits must be considered across all local, national and international actors involved in the field of tourism. ; Les déclarations politiques et les modes d'emploi destinés à combattre la pauvreté se succèdent tandis que la pauvreté s'inscrit durablement dans notre société. Désormais, les leaders politiques et économiques du moment considèrent le tourisme comme un outil privilégié pour réduire la pauvreté. Des politiques touristiques judicieuses doivent permettre un rattrapage économique en faveur des plus pauvres.L'article insiste sur la complexité du tourisme et la nécessité de prendre en compte le projet touristique dans sa globalité. Le territoire d'accueil est le support de consommations touristiques qui nécessitent des aménagements spécifiques. Mais la répartition des revenus du tourisme, la circulation internationale et la distribution finale des bénéfices doivent être considérées à l'échelle de tous les acteurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui interviennent dans le champ du tourisme.

International audience Political declarations and manuals to combat poverty occur while poverty is sustainable within our society. Then, economic and political leaders consider tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. Policies that judiciously use tourism must allow a catch-up in favor of the poorest.The article emphasizes the complexity of tourism and the need to take into account the tourism project in its entirety. The host territory is the support for tourist consumption which require specific improvements. But the distribution of revenues from tourism, the international movement and the final distribution of the profits must be considered across all local, national and international actors involved in the field of tourism. ; Les déclarations politiques et les modes d'emploi destinés à combattre la pauvreté se succèdent tandis que la pauvreté s'inscrit durablement dans notre société. Désormais, les leaders politiques et économiques du moment considèrent le tourisme comme un outil privilégié pour réduire la pauvreté. Des politiques touristiques judicieuses doivent permettre un rattrapage économique en faveur des plus pauvres.L'article insiste sur la complexité du tourisme et la nécessité de prendre en compte le projet touristique dans sa globalité. Le territoire d'accueil est le support de consommations touristiques qui nécessitent des aménagements spécifiques. Mais la répartition des revenus du tourisme, la circulation internationale et la distribution finale des bénéfices doivent être considérées à l'échelle de tous les acteurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui interviennent dans le champ du tourisme.

Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty's spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space's appropriations and space's uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political. ; Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d'habitants, s'affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l'Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n'aurait, en somme, plus lieu d'être. ...

Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty's spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space's appropriations and space's uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political. ; Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d'habitants, s'affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l'Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n'aurait, en somme, plus lieu d'être. ...

The notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d'Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into ...