Suchergebnisse

Since 1985, the Chinese government has given high priority to building roads, particularly high-quality roads that connect industrial centers. This report evaluates the contribution roads have made to poverty reduction and economic growth in China over the last two decades. It disaggregates road infrastructure into different classes to account for differences in their quality, and then estimates the impact of road investments on overall economic growth, agricultural growth, urban growth, urban poverty reduction, and rural poverty reduction. The report makes the case for a greater focus on low-quality and rural roads in future infrastructure investment strategies in China. It does so by showing how investing in low-quality and rural roads will generate larger marginal returns, raise more people out of poverty per yuan invested, and reduce regional development disparity more sharply than investing in high-quality roads. The study's findings will have considerable implications for China's infrastructure policy. -- Authors' Abstract" ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; GRP32; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; DSGD

IFPRI3; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; EPTD; DSGD ; PR

In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy. ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment

Realiza-se, aqui, reflexão bioética sobre a concepção de pobreza enquanto condição, ou circunstância, de restrição e vulnerabilidade. Tal concepção prevê duas perspectivas: a econômica que relaciona pobreza com incapacidade (visão do Banco Mundial, a partir das recomendações políticas para o ajuste econômico dos países latino-americanos) e a ético-filosófica, relacionando pobreza com desigualdade (fundamentada nos conceitos de eqüidade e igualdade, enquanto desdobramentos da idéia de justiça). Uma das graves conseqüências é o tratamento injusto, no que diz respeito aos procedimentos de pesquisa dos países ricos que recrutam populações de países pobres como campo experimental para investigações na área da saúde, principalmente pesquisas biomédicas ou farmacêuticas, colocando sob questionamento ético o caráter de vulnerabilidade e autonomia desses indivíduos. ; Nos proponemos desarrollar una reflexión bioética acerca de la concepción de la pobreza como condición o circunstancia de restricción y vulnerabilidad. Esta concepción presentará dos perspectivas: la económica, relacionada con la incapacidad (visión del Banco Mundial desde las recomendaciones políticas para el ajuste económico de los países latinoamericanos) y la ético-filosófica, relacionada con la desigualdad (basada en los conceptos de equidad e igualdad como desdoblamientos de la idea de justicia). Una de las graves consecuencias de lo anterior es el tratamiento injusto, respecto a los procedimientos de investigación, de los países ricos que reclutan las poblaciones de los países pobres como campo experimental para investigaciones en el área de la salud. Este hecho se produce principalmente en las investigaciones biomédicas o farmacológicas, cuestionando así desde el punto de vista ético el carácter de vulnerabilidad y autonomía de los individuos. ; The article presents a reflection on conception of poverty as a condition or circumstance that restricts personal autonomy and increases vulnerability. Focusing on bioethical arguments, the authors discuss two perspectives: (i) economic, that relates poverty to incapacity to work and (ii) ethical-philosophical, which relates poverty to inequality and injustice. The first perspective corresponds to the World Bank's view according to its recommendations to the political and economic adjustment in Latin America. The second one is based on concepts of fairness and equality as components of social justice. The subjects' autonomy and vulnerability have been under question in an international movement that requests revision of ethical guidelines for the biomedical research. The bioethical arguments presented in this article enhance a discussion on unfair treatment to subjects enlisted in protocols sponsored by rich countries and hosted by poor nations.

Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...