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For the past hundred years thinking about poverty has been stuck within an empiricist framework that has concentrated on the measure ment of poverty to the neglect of theory and explanation. This has had very limiting effects on the way that both poverty and the poor have been understood. It is time to re-think how poverty is looked at and analysed in order to locate it within its proper political perspective, not only to arrive at more meaningful measurement but also to help de velop a strategy to overcome it.

AbstractSince the early 1970s, the World Bank has recognized that economic growth alone will not reduce poverty. Yet it has not fully accepted the fact that effective poverty reduction requires a 'learning process approach', rather than the 'blueprint approach' commonly used by development agencies. To facilitate the learning process approach, the Bank should consider using qualified intermediary, grass‐roots, and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs); stimulating pluralism and competition; and encouraging cooperation between central and local institutions. However, helping the poor is going to require more administrative resources than heretofore provided, making funds available for careful and flexible project design, staff exposure to poverty conditions and programmes, training in and recruitment of appropriate interdisciplinary fields, monitoring and evaluation, and continual project revision.This article was initially written as a Working Paper: Salmen, L. (1990). Institutional Dimensions of Poverty Reduction. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Do social inquiry reports adequately reflect the true extent of defendants' poverty and debt to minimise the likelihood of unrealistic and counter productive financial penalties? Max Beatson and Una Mulrenan of the Nottinghamshire Probation Service Benefits, Employment and Accommodation Resources Unit (BEAR) summarise the results of a recent survey which showed wide disparity in practice.

Die Weltbank muß umlernen, wenn Armutsbekämfung gelingen soll. Die mangelhafte Zielgruppenorientierung wird an einer Reihe von gescheiterten Projekten in verschiedenen Ländern gezeigt. Planung für die Armen genügt nicht, vielmehr müssen in teilnehmender Beobachtung die Empfängervorstellungen ermittelt werden. Konkrete Bedarfsermittlung ist unspezifischen Angeboten vorzuziehen. Kompetente, miteinander konkurrierende lokale Träger sollen zwischengeschaltet, nicht-staatliche und Graswurzelorganisationen genutzt werden. Projekte müssen laufend angepaßt und verändert werden. Bei den Mitarbeitern sind interdisziplinär befähigte Generalisten den Spezialisten vorzuziehen. Weltbankpersonal mit Kontrollaufgaben muß Ortskenntnisse haben, die während längerer Zeit erworben wurden. Derartig armutsorientierte Projekte kosten zwar mehr Geld, Personal und Zeit, aber der gesteigerte Nutzen und die bessere Akzeptanz gleichen dies aus. (APAF-Glz)