Suchergebnisse

Poverty is a fundamental problem faced by the people of Indonesia. This thesis discusses the empirical the charity if charity has mustahiq poverty rate using poverty indices and income mustahiq Determination program at Tegal village and the village of Kampung Anyar Babakan Sabrang, Ciseeng district, Bogor regency. Determination Program is a poverty reduction and empowerment of the poor by the Institute Amil Zakat Wallet Dhuafa Republika, Foundation for Community Empowerment, and Governmental Cooperative Self Determination. This study used FGT index consisting of headcount index (H), the depth of poverty (P1) and severity of poverty (P2). The findings of this study indicate that the poverty index mustahiq measured using FGT index, the poverty rate mustahiq will increasingly come down once they join the program endeavor. It can be concluded that the income per capita mustahiq significantly affected by income from a job / business which uses funds from the Program Determination, activity mustahiq work, and the number of families mustahiq the load.Keywords: Poverty, Zakat, FGT index

Malnutrition is a consequence of consumption of dietary nutrient either insufficiently or exclusively by especially children. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of malnutrition-dependent factors among under-five children in developing countries. The study was carried out by reviewing publications on researches on malnutrition conducted in Africa and Asia with particular reference to factors associated with malnutrition. It was found that, of the 162 million children under five years who were stunted, 36% of them resided in Africa while 56% were found in Asia. It was also observed that an estimated 60 million under-five children in developing countries were found to be stunted out of which 11 million were Nigerian children. The severity of childhood malnutrition was observed to steadily increase from11% in 2003 to 18% in 2013 for wasting; 24% in 2003 to 29% in 2013 for underweight, although there was a decline from 42% in 2003 to 37% in 2013 for stunted children. It was observed that high rates of mortality of malnourished children in Sub-saharan Africa result from factors such as low intake of calories, high rates of Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), political instability, conflicts among groups and poor implementation of government policies. For instance, 50% mortality of malnourished children in Malawi, Burundi andMadagascar were stunted as a result of poor dietary intake or poor consumption of vital nutrient. Other major factors observed were poverty, absence of exclusive breastfeeding, maternal factors such as poor nutrition during pregnancy, lack of appropriate weight gain, poor consumption of vitamin supplement, illness, environmental factors, and socioeconomic/ household factors, all of which affect the nutritional status of children. In conclusion, governments of developing countries and the global community should work together to remove these factors. Keywords: Malnutrition, under-five children, factors, illiteracy, poverty.

Research on the effects of enterprise zones – especially state programs – has generally failed to find evidence of beneficial effects such job growth or poverty reduction. In contrast, Ham, Swenson, Imrohoroğlu, and Song (2011, hereafter HSIS) present evidence that state and federal enterprise zones (EZs) established in the 1990s substantially reduced poverty. However, their estimates of the effects of EZs in reducing poverty are badly overstated for two reasons. First, HSIS have a substantial error in their data on poverty rates by Census tract, which accounts for most of the estimated impact of state EZs that they find. Second, their estimates of the effects of federal Empowerment Zones (EMPZs) and Enterprise Communities (ENTCs) appear to be strongly influenced by selection of areas that experienced negative shocks. An estimator based on comparing federally designated zones to more-comparable areas that applied for and were rejected as zones, or became zones in the future, yields much smaller estimates than those in HSIS. And the large poverty-reduction effects of ENTCs that HSIS found are largely spurious – not surprisingly, given that ENTCs received meager benefits and had no hiring credits.

ResumenEl presente trabajo pretende abordar una problemática de carácter mundial y que encuentra en África una de sus expresiones más patentes: la feminización de la pobreza. Las mujeres son las más desfavorecidas entre los pobres, quedando excluidas tanto de los recursos económicos como de los políticos. Durante las últimas décadas, los microcréditos se han convertido en una herramienta clave de lucha contra la pobreza, incentivando la creación de pequeños negocios por parte de personas con dificultades de acceso a los recursos financieros tradicionales. El hecho de que la mayor parte de dichos productos sean concedidos a mujeres, nos empuja a estudiar la importancia de este fenómeno en la vida de las mujeres africanas.Palabras clave: pobreza, desarrollo, mujeres, microcréditos, empoderamiento.AbstractThis paper aims to address a global problem which has in Africa one of his most overt expressions: the feminization of poverty. Women are the poorest among the poor, excluded from both economic and political resources. In recent decades, microcredit has become a key tool in the fight against poverty, encouraging the creation of small businesses by people without access to traditional financial resources. The fact that most of these products are awarded to women, encourages us to study the importance of this phenomenon in the lives of African women.Keywords: poverty, development, women, microcredit, empowerment.

The Social Assistance Scheme (SAS) is the main social assistance program in Kosovo and the sole program targeted at poverty reduction in Kosovo and, importantly, the only program in which household income and assets are used to identify beneficiaries. In the absence of SAS, the overall poverty gap would have been 1.8 percentage points higher in 2016, and the poverty rate would have been 1.5 percentage points higher. Yet, the importance of SAS in Kosovo's social protection system has declined; decreases in spending on targeted social assistance in Kosovo goes against a worldwide trend. The Government of Kosovo seeks to reform the SAS to eliminate discrimination in program design, promote inclusion and reduce poverty. This report reviews the main design criteria of the SAS, its performance in international comparison, and provides directions for reform based on simulations with household survey data.

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the states of sub-Saharan Africa have been subjected to a seemingly irreversible spiral of poverty as well as social, political and economic unpredictability, causing continued underdevelopment. This underdevelopment occurred despite the fact that a total of $568 billion of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid have been channelled to the region during the abovementioned period. This channelling of foreign aid coincided with, and was motivated by decolonisation in the post-Second World War dispensation, the Cold War dispensation, the energy crisis of the 1970s, the post-Cold War dispensation, and the era of trade bloc formation and expansion (global developmental time frames). The most recent so-called "big push" initiative to kick start development in the region was the adoption and implementation of the (pro-poor) eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations (UN) in 2000. This initiative was supported by the adoption of the G8, Gleneagles commitment on aid and debt relief in 2005. From a global perspective, the MDGs seem to be successful in poverty reduction efforts in specifically Asia and South America. There is, however, consensus amongst most academics and thinkers that the MDGs will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa before the target date of 2015. The reality is that the levels of underdevelopment remain high and are even escalating. In terms of relevance and scholarly contribution, this article seeks to analytically describe and explain the presumed failure of collective foreign aid, and suggests ways and means to stimulate development in sub-Saharan Africa in the years to come.

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the states of sub-Saharan Africa have been subjected to a seemingly irreversible spiral of poverty as well as social, political and economic unpredictability, causing continued underdevelopment. This underdevelopment occurred despite the fact that a total of $568 billion of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid have been channelled to the region during the abovementioned period. This channelling of foreign aid coincided with, and was motivated by decolonisation in the post-Second World War dispensation, the Cold War dispensation, the energy crisis of the 1970s, the post-Cold War dispensation, and the era of trade bloc formation and expansion (global developmental time frames). The most recent so-called "big push" initiative to kick start development in the region was the adoption and implementation of the (pro-poor) eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations (UN) in 2000. This initiative was supported by the adoption of the G8, Gleneagles commitment on aid and debt relief in 2005. From a global perspective, the MDGs seem to be successful in poverty reduction efforts in specifically Asia and South America. There is, however, consensus amongst most academics and thinkers that the MDGs will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa before the target date of 2015. The reality is that the levels of underdevelopment remain high and are even escalating. In terms of relevance and scholarly contribution, this article seeks to analytically describe and explain the presumed failure of collective foreign aid, and suggests ways and means to stimulate development in sub-Saharan Africa in the years to come.

Migrant remittances, money sent by migrants overseas back to their family and friends, have emerged as an important source of development finance. Remittances surpassed Official Development Assistance (ODA) in 2002 and the amount of remittances is now twice as large as ODA (Figure 1). In 2014, officially recorded remittances to developing countries reached US$ 362 billion while ODA amounts to only about US$ 180 billion. As a source of development finance, remittances are known to be effective. Remittances directly augment household income and studies show that household spending in education and healthcare increase as a result. Both micro-level and aggregate data show that remittances largely reduced poverty. Although whether and how these development effects can be scaled up remains to be seen, development experts and policy makers are paying greater attention to remittances. Remittances have a noticeable impact on development but carry significant transaction costs. This led to a growing interest in reducing remittance prices in the international development community. For example, G20 has set a goal to reduce the global average costs to 5 percent and called for action to promote financial inclusion including access to payments, savings, credit and other services related to remittances.

Undersøgelserne af fattigdom i Danmark har ikke ført til nogen fælles forståelse af, hvad fattigdom er her og nu. Tværtimod debatteres definitionen på fattigdom, og hvordan den måles hidsigt. På det politiske plan er debatten resulteret i en modsætning mellem dem, der vil have operationaliseret såkaldte fattigdomsindikatorer, og dem der vil have opstillet en officiel fattigdomsgrænse. Debatten har været præget af en manglende sondring mellem på den ene side, hvad der er en fattigdomssituation, og på den anden side fattigdommens årsager og dens konsekvenser. De kun vagt præciserede fattigdomsindikatorer handler tilsyneladende om mulige årsager til fattigdom, mens en officiel fattigdomsgrænse sigter på at opgøre, hvor mange der rent faktisk er fattige, og hvad der karakteriserer netop dem. Regeringen har nu besluttet, at der skal udarbejdes forslag til en mulig dansk fattigdomsgrænse. Hvilke af de fremherskende definitioner og metoder i fattigdomsforskningen kan en fattigdomsgrænse da bygge på? I artiklen præsenteres et svar herpå.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Erik Jørgen Hansen: Poverty and Poverty Lines

There is no consensus in Denmark about the substance of poverty, despite considerable research into the topic. On the contrary there has been a heated public debate about the concept and measurement of poverty. At the political level this debate has resulted in a contradiction between adherents of introducing so-called poverty indicators and proponents of an official poverty line. This debate is characterized by a lack of distinction between, on the one hand, poverty as such, and its causes and effects on the other. The vaguely defined poverty indicators seem to deal with possible causes of poverty, whereas an official poverty line refers to counting, how many in fact are poor, and what characterizes these people. The Danish government has now resolved to work out proposals for an official Danish poverty line. So the question is which of the definitions and methods in poverty research can be used to develop a poverty line. The article presents an answer to this question.

Key words: Poverty definitions, poverty indicators, low income, deprivation, basic budgets, poverty line.

This volume looks at concepts and processes of social exclusion and social inclusion. It traces a number of discourses, all of them routed in a relational power analysis, examining them in the context of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030 with its commitment to "leave no one behind." The book combines analysis that is fundamentally critical of the rhetoric of social inclusion in academic and UN discourse with narratives of social exclusion processes and social inclusion contestation, based on ethnographic field research findings in La Paz, Kingston, Port-au-Prince, Kampala, Beijing, Chongqing, Mumbai, Delhi, and villages in Northern India. As a result, it contributes to revealing the politics of social inclusion, offering policy proposals towards overcoming exclusions. ; Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP) at the University of Bergen. ; publishedVersion

Policy diffusion studies often invoke explanations that draw on the directional pressures for emulation, whether top-down, horizontal, or bottom-up. This article develops a theoretical framework that accounts for the multidirectional features of diffusion, including sub-national, cross-national, and international mechanisms, through the illustrative case of Brazil's federal adoption of Bolsa Escola (School Grant Program), a conditional cash transfer program that preceded the internationally acclaimed poverty alleviation program called Bolsa Familia (Family Grant Program). Using process tracing, I argue that bottom-up pressures, including professional norms and intergovernmental competition, were key for policy emulation. Cross-national competition had little effect on decision-making. Finally, top-down processes, including norms and financing, reinforced adoption decisions and ensured these programs would endure. Adapted from the source document.

Focus is on the question of whether mother-only families are part of an emerging urban underclass, defined as a population exhibiting weak labor force attachment & residential isolation in neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty & unemployment. Analysis of national longitudinal survey data indicates that only a small minority of single mothers fit the description of an underclass -- less than 5% -- but a small & growing minority of black, never-married mothers meet all three criteria. It is argued that welfare programs are necessary, but that too heavy a reliance on welfare can facilitate the growth of an underclass. In contrast, universal programs such as child support assurance, child care, health care, children's allowances, & full employment would discourage such a trend & promote economic independence among single mothers. 1 Table. HA

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Fifty Years of Development -- Building a Climate for Investment, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in India -- Globalization, Reform, and Poverty Reduction: The Challenge and Implications for Indonesia -- Investing in Education and Institutions: The Path to Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan -- Reform, Poverty Reduction, and the New Agenda in China -- A Strategy for Development -- Investment and Poverty: The Role of the International Financial Institutions -- References.