Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the study of the hospital of San Roque in the city of Ourense, founded by bishop Francisco Blanco in the 16th century and in charge of attend, mainly poor and troop military. The aim is to rebuild the internal life of the hospital from internal and management books preserved in the AHPOu. Through the use of methods primarily, but not exclusively, quantitative, explores different aspects such as the government and administration of the centre, the evolution of hospital attendance, the geographical origin of patients, sex and marital status, the duration of the stay or mortality of the admitted. The results of these elements is intended to contribute to the study of an institution that has any contribution to the field of nursing, but with more modest contributions from the historical point of view. ; En este artículo se aborda el estudio del hospital de San Roque de la ciudad de Ourense, fundado por el obispo Francisco Blanco en el siglo XVI y encargado de atender, principalmente, a pobres y militares de tropa. El objetivo es reconstruir la vida interna del hospital a partir de los libros de administración y régimen interno conservados en el AHPOu. Mediante el uso de métodos sobre todo, pero no exclusivamente, cuantitativos, se estudian diferentes aspectos como el gobierno y administración del centro, la evolución de las asistencias hospitalarias, la procedencia geográfica de los enfermos, el sexo y el estado civil, la duración de las estancias o la mortalidad de los ingresados. Con los resultados de estos elementos se pretende contribuir al estudio de una institución que cuenta con alguna aportación en el campo de la enfermería, pero con contribuciones más modestas desde el punto de vista histórico.

A exemplo das relações econômicas internacionais, a saúde segue o ritmo da mundialização. Fala-se, ao mesmo tempo, de uma economia da saúde globalizada e da internacionalização dos riscos sanitários. No entanto, os países desenvolvidos e aqueles em desenvolvimento não estão no mesmo nível em relação ao combate às doenças. Observa-se uma "fratura sanitária" simbolizada, por anos a fio, pela epidemia da AIDS nos países pobres. Enquanto o progresso científico oferece respostas a numerosas doenças, a maioria dos habitantes dos países do "Sul" não tem acesso regular a medicamentos. No centro das políticas de saúde pública, o medicamento vem se tornando mercadoria, em uma economia mundial focada na exploração do conhecimento, no caso a inovação farmacêutica. A falta de acesso a tratamentos pode ser analisada como resultado da exclusão dos países em desenvolvimento frente ao mercado de produtos farmacêuticos, causada tanto pela situação socioeconômica, quanto pela estrutura do mercado e pelas regras da OMC relativas à propriedade intelectual. ; As international economic relations, health field follows the steps of the globalization. People talks, at the same time, about a global health economy and the internationalization of health risks. However, the developed countries and those who are in development are not in the same level to fight against diseases. There is a "health break" for many years symbolized by AIDS epidemic in poor countries. While scientific progress provides answers to several diseases, most of the inhabitants of the "South " has no regular access to medicines. At the heart of public health policies, the drug is becoming a commodity in a global economy focused on the exploration of knowledge, particularly the pharmaceutical innovation. The lack of access to treatment can be analyzed as a result of the exclusion of developing countries facing the pharmaceutical market, caused by socioeconomic status, by the structure of the market and by WTO's intellectual property rules. ; À l'instar des relations économiques internationales, la santé vit au rythme de la mondialisation. Aussi parle-t-on d'une économie de la santé globalisée comme d'une internationalisation des risques sanitaires. Pourtant les pays développés et les pays en développement ne sont pas sur un pied d'égalité face au poids de la maladie. Le constat est celui d'une "fracture sanitaire", symbolisée depuis plusieurs décennies par le fléau du sida au sein des pays à faible revenu. Alors que les progrès scientifiques permettent de répondre à de nombreuses maladies, la majorité des habitants des pays du "Sud" n'a pas accès régulièrement aux médicaments. Au cœur des politiques de santé publique, le médicament est parallèlement devenu un objet de marché dans une économie mondiale centrée sur l'exploitation commerciale du savoir, en l'occurrence l'innovation pharmaceutique. Le manque d'accès aux traitements peut alors s'analyser comme le résultat d'une exclusion des pays en développement vis-à-vis du marché des produits pharmaceutiques, causée tant par leur situation socio-économique que par la structure du marché et les règles de l'OMC relatives à la propriété intellectuelle.

The paper tries to shed some light on the problems of centralization and decentralization within an economic union and the federal member states. Integration and decentralization are not opposite policy strategies but both meaningful if the single public goods and services supplies are analyzed in more detail. Both strategies doubtlessly have advantages, which can be realized if the manifold possibilities are combined in an efficient approach of good governance. Best practice approaches in inter- or supra-national integration, fiscal federalism and taxation do exist and have to be successfully implemented. Obviously such a modern fiscal policy has to be accompanied by an appropriate monetary policy, which in an economic union has to be carried out by an independent central bank as one of the necessary countervailing powers in a democratic setting. A modern fiscal policy strategy efficiently controls budget deficits, which naturally have to be limited to finance reliable public investments. Such strategy has to be safeguarded through modern methods of budgeting and fiscal planning. Modern public management with a clear code of conduct for the government officials ensures corruption free administration.

Публикация посвящена проблематизации явления бедности популярным печатным изданием в конкретный исторический период (весна 1999 г.). Особенности этого периода определялись последствиями финансового кризиса 1998 г., связанного с девальвацией рубля и резким ростом инфляции в стране. По официальным данным весной 1999 г. бедность охватила значительную часть населения страны. Был проведен анализ материалов, опубликованных с марта по май 1999 г. в газете «АиФ». Обнаружено, что выполняя функцию снятия социальной напряженности, издание избегало наиболее «острых» тем в формировании общественного дискурса. Конструируя стереотипный образ российской бедности, оно ставило акцент на тех факторах бедности, преодоление которых не могло привести к позитивному изменению размаха и глубины бедности. Сделан вывод, что в исторический отрезок времени, характеризуемый нарастанием кризиса политической власти, выхода из финансового кризиса, бедность как социальная проблема в риторике конкретного печатного издания была депроблематизирована. ; The publication is dedicated to problematization of poverty phenomenon by the popular printed edition within the given historical period (spring 1999). Peculiarities of this period were determined by consequences of 1998 financial breakdown, associated with ruble devaluation and severe inflation in the country. According to official sources, poverty has stricken significant share of the country's population in spring 1999. An analysis of AiF publications spanning the period from march till may 1999 has been carried out. It has been discovered that while serving as social tension eliminator, the newspaper had avoided the most 'edgy' topics in forming the social discourse. Constructing the stereotypical image of Russian poverty, it had stressed those poverty factors, overcoming which could not lead to positive change in scale and depth of poverty. According to the conclusion being drawn, within the given historical period, characterized by deepening political power crisis, end of financial crisis, poverty as a social problem in a given printed mass media rhetoric had been deproblematized.

THE PRECONDITIONS OF POLICY MAKING ARE A CONCERN ABOUT SOME SITUATION PERCIEVED AS IMPORTANT AND THE CONCEIVED POSSIBILITY THAT HUMAN ACTION COULD MAKE IT BETTER. PERCEPTIONS OF THE SITUATION AND ACTIONS SEEN AS AVAILABLE VARY WITH THE SOCIETY INVOLVED AND CHANGE WITH TIME. THIS THEME IS ILLUSTRATED BY A SUMMARY OF BRITISH RESPONSE TO POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT.

Este artículo presenta una discusión teórica en torno a la construcción social de la categoría de pobreza, con el objetivo de indagar sobre los supuestos y los usos del principal indicador utilizado en el debate público (la tasa de pobreza). El análisis parte de establecer los vínculos entre la categoría de pobreza, la estructuración del espacio social y la intervención del Estado. En segundo lugar, se elabora una problematización de los indicadores de pobreza, identificando sus principales debilidades en el marco de los límites del paradigma positivista dominante. Por último, se discuten estos elementos teóricos en el caso de la medición de la tasa de pobreza en Argentina. Aquí, además de estas cuestiones de tipo metodológico, ha surgido un conflicto político evidente en torno a la producción y uso de este indicador. ; This article presents a theoretical discussion about the sociocultural construction of the category of poverty, in order to investigate the assumptions and uses of the most used indicator in the public debate (the poverty rate). The analysis starts by establishing the links between the category of poverty, the structuring of social space and state intervention. Secondly, it problematizes poverty indicators, by identifying its main weaknesses within the limits of the dominant positivist paradigm. Finally, these theoretical elements are discussed in the case of measuring the poverty rate in Argentina. Here, in addition to these methodological issues, a manifest political conflict has arisen over the production and use of this indicator.

In Ghana, like in other developing countries, microfinance has been acknowledged as a pro-poor development intervention because of its special program models in meeting the special needs of the poor. The Ghanaian informal economic landscape is replete with Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), which are assumed to have varied orientations and outcomes for their clients. MFIs have long provided microfinance products and services with the expectation of improving the socio-economic and political well-being of the Ghanaian poor. This study explores the role of non-financial institutions in capital mobilization for economic development via poverty reduction. In addition, the study examines the challenges faced by both the MFIs and the beneficiaries in granting and accessing credit. Specific objectives were developed to facilitate the achievement of the study. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to collect primary data from about 100 respondents recruited from the MFIs. The study found that MFIs services serve a perfect platform for petty traders, artisans and SMEs to accumulate capital and raise enough funds to boost their businesses. This is done through daily savings of any amount by the client. The study found out the various savings instruments used by MFIs to attract customers, the various services they provide to the public, their largest categories of borrowers, their clientele base and measures they put in place to reduce their credit interest rate risk. The study came out with recommendations to improve the services and operations of MFIs and also how the beneficiaries can also benefit and utilize the services of MFIs and what government can also do in protecting the citizenry

A food survey has been conducted in Amman, the capital of Jordan, with the overall objective to identify the impact of the "Economic Adjustment and Restructuring Programs" on the food consumption patterns of the poor population. Since the implementation of these programs 1987, the poor consume less food and energy- producing nutrients. The food consumption patterns of the poor consist mainly of food items that are characterized by low- income elasticity of demand; such as cereal products, legumes, sugar and oils. Cereal products present 35% of the total protein, 69% of carbohydrates, and 53% of the total energy intake. The daily consumed food of the individual of this population produced about 6lgr. from both protein and fats, 370 gr. carbohydrates and 2250 Kcal/capita/day, while the daily shortage of these items for the individual was 14.2 gr. of total protein, 4.4 gr. of animal protein, 8.9 gr. of oils and fats, 33.6 gr. of carbohydrates and 270 of Kcal /capita /day. To cover this shortage, an additional consumption of about 25gr. of poultry, 100gr.of milk, 40 gr. of broad beans and 2 gr. of fat with a total additional cost of about JD 233/family/year are needed to save the poor from malnutrition. The study revealed that the abject poverty line comes up to JD 170/family/month instead of the official estimation of JD 150. Moreover, the food budget of the poor is not sufficient to cover the cost of the required food. Therefore, a food subsidy is not elusive in spite of the commitment of the Jordanian government to the economic adjustment programs.