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The article is about the characteristics of power as the subject of socialization. The author reveals the specifics of its functioning, indicating the methods, means and mechanisms applied. Particular attention is paid to the basic mechanisms and attributes of power - law, which affects the mass consciousness and behavior.

The degree of asymmetry of power is one of the key factors affecting the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee. The development of strategies for building relations should correspond to the legitimacy of the measures taken, as well as the costs of harmonization that arise in connection with a decrease in the adequacy of power relations between the subjects of relations. This article reveals the main factors that determine the legitimacy of power asymmetry, the consequences of not legitimate requirements described, as well as the costs of choosing different strategies on the part of the franchisor. The purpose of this article is to prove the inevitability of the emergence of power asymmetry in the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee, as well as a theoretical description of the influence of asymmetry on their relationships. The results of the article can be used by franchisors in formulating strategies for building relationships with franchisees.

Problem setting. There is evidence that Political power plays a crucial role in regulating social processes. But it is also a difficult concept to understand and define. That's why this phenomenon has been studied by many researchers using different methods and absolutely different scientific approaches, what has made it an ambigious term. It causes an actuality of synthesizing the most significant innovative concepts into unite theoretical background.Resent research and publication analysis. Previous research has established that Political power is related to Power of law. A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between Political power and Public governance, State Power. The issue has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the multidisciplinary field of sociological, culturelogical, psychological and even linguistical researches. As a result, this concept has recently been challenged by postmodernist's studies demonstrating its hidden features. We should notice a big number of scholars, from M. Faucault and P. Bourdieu to S. Lukes and K. Dowding, whose developments in the field of Cratology have led to a renewed interest in political power. Paper objective. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the innovative approaches to political power understanding and to give own definition of this phenomenon. Paper main body. The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on qualitative and quantative, theoretical and empirical studies. The overall structure of the study takes the form of two conditional parts. The first part of this paper examines the innovative approaches to general power understanding. In the section we are proving that power is based on information. The second part also begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks what is political power at postmodernist's context. In summary, information is seemed to be the most efficient power resource, because it touches each part of people existence. Conclusions ...

The populism phenomenon has become a mainstraim political research topic at the beginning of the 21st century. Scholars have focused on different aspects of this phenomenon. In the peer-reviewed monograph "Populism in power. Strategies and Consequences of a Populist Stay" (Wiesbaden, 2021) the author analyzes the results of a populist government in a geographical area. It is argued that populism in power has the following characteristics: charismatic leadership, public political opposition, networking and shutdown of patronage institutions that stand between populist status and the so-called "true people", paving the way for the autocratization of assemblies. The author shows the peculiar position of populist governments: how they come to power and what they do as a political elite to create their own legitimacy. Most of them act as the leaders of a permanent election campaign. The first step towards their new legitimacy is always the delegitimization of any opposition and this naturally opens the way to anti-pluralism.

In modern conditions the information power directly bind with formation of an information society, in which information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on the top on rate of growth. The intellectual property becomes the main form of ownership, a human capital becomes the important; an information becomes a subject of mass consumption, the new legal bases of functioning of an information society are formed. Now, freedom of speech and information on the basis of the rule of law and the respect of human rights are the main postulates of the creation of a civil society, the statement of a real democracy. Therefore, the limits of the existence of the information power have to be agreed with the rights and the freedoms of a person. So, the right for access to information becomes one of inalienable rights of a human and a citizen. A priority task of the Ukrainian state is the ensuring the freedom of speech, the freedom of an information, the right for expression of opinion and the citizen`s position, the right for the receipt and the dissemination of the reliable information without obstacles. The essence of information power comes down to the ability to disseminate through the media and the interpersonal communication of certain ideas. The right to access information becomes one of the inalienable human and citizen rights. The priority task of the Ukrainian state is to ensure freedom of speech, freedom of information, the right to express the opinion and position of a citizen, the right to receive and impart reliable information without hindrance. The most important for the further development of Ukrainian society is the interaction of the state power with the information power. In modern conditions information power has a decisive influence on the various spheres of social development, which transforms many political and state institutions. The effectiveness of state power largely depends on the comprehensive regulation of information relations, which determines the nature of its interaction with the information power. ; Формування інформаційної влади безпосередньо пов'язане зі становленням інформаційного суспільства, в якому інформація стає головним економічним ресурсом, а інформаційний сектор виходить на перше місце за темпами зростання. Інтелектуальна власність стає основною формою власності, важливим стає людський капітал; інформація стає предметом масового споживання, формуються нові правові основи функціонування інформаційного суспільства. Тепер свобода слова та інформації на засадах верховенства права та повага прав людини - це основні постулати створення громадянського суспільства, заява про справжню демократію. Тому межі існування інформаційної влади мають бути узгоджені з правами та свободами людини. Отже, право на доступ до інформації стає одним з невід'ємних прав людини і громадянина. Пріоритетним завданням Української держави є забезпечення свободи слова, свободи інформації, права на висловлення думок та позиції громадянина, права на отримання та поширення достовірної інформації без перешкод. Суть інформаційної влади зводиться до здатності поширення за допомогою засобів масової інформації та міжособистісного спілкування певних ідей. Право на доступ до інформації стає одним з невід'ємних прав людини і громадянина. Пріоритетним завданням української держави є забезпечення свободи слова, свободи інформації, право на вираження думки і позиції громадянина, право на отримання і поширення достовірної інформації без перешкод. Найважливіше значення для подальшого розвитку українського суспільства полягає у взаємодії державної влади з інформаційною владою. В сучасних умовах інформаційна влада визначальним чином впливає на різні сфери суспільного розвитку, що трансформує багато політичних та державних інститутів. Ефективність державної влади багато в чому залежить від всебічного регулювання інформаційних відносин, що визначає характер її взаємодії з інформаційною владою.

The subject of the work is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing of power – the study of its vertical structure as a complex of internal, stable, dynamic, shadow connections between subsystems and elements of a holistic shadow system of power. The purpose of the study is to define the content of the concept of «vertical structure of shadow power» as a complex of dependent shadow metasystems, subsystems, elements and components of power and their properties, the dynamic interaction between which and the external and internal environment forms the shadow power system as a new integrative non–transparent integrity. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural–functional, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of the study on the initial conditions for the formation of the structure of the shadow government. Results of work. The article substantiates the need to counteract the strong influence of the shadow vertical structure of power, limit and localize risks and dangers from the sources and emergence of the goals of the shadow power, identify general patterns of development of the vertical structure of shadowing power mechanisms in Ukraine. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of socio–economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the object of study and the means of their localization and limitation. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical results should be summarized as follows: 1) a megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadow power mechanisms, their vertical structure are the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous shadow dual power» in combination with a system of powerful external supranational and neo–imperialist shadow government; 2) one of the main conclusions of the study is the conclusion ...

The subject of research is the theoretical aspects of the mechanisms of shadow business and political intelligence in the structure of informal elite supranational relations, its importance in the system of state policy in the field of security of a totalitarian state by secret informal means. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of informal processes in the national security structure, as an important segment of the elite shadow power business and intelligence activities. Methods of research. The paper uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural–functional, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of the study on the initial conditions for the formation of shadow elite financial intelligence activities. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need for further study of an important element of external shadow management – informal elite cross–border intelligence, their impact on the official spectrum of state policy, the need to develop this segment of intelligence by appropriate national security, taking into account the latest conditions. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of socio–economic, legal sciences of national security on the problems of dysfunctional development of the object of study. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical results should be summarized as follows: 1) the megaproblem of the study is the conclusion about the existence of the initial shadow contradictions of development, in particular the existence of strong informal connections of the shadow intelligence nature of the establishment of the establishment of different countries of their business and political elite; 2) attention should be paid to the extremely strong potential of the influence of these ties on the official political sphere and their ability to solve many fundamentally important problems of the state; 3) it is necessary to ...

In information society, the information delivered by mass media and becoming the most effective weapon in "information wars" plays a huge role in the formation of public consciousness, the dominating ideological principles and motives of social actions. In the last decades, the strategy of "soft power", which different states treat in different ways, has become more relevant. Russia implements the policy of "soft power" as using the opportunities of civil society, informational and communicational, humanitarian and other methods and techniques, in addition to traditional diplomatic methods, which is defined by the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. There is another practical application of the policy of "soft power" that includes informational "brainwashing" and manipulation of consciousness and is directed at destabilization of political regimes. It acts as a technological resource of the USA, which has developed and field-tested the strategy of nonviolent change of political regimes. The author critically comprehends the techniques of "soft power" and "nonviolent resistance", analyzes ways of protection against destructive informational and psychological influence, define the backbone spheres in the course of any state counteracting a similar strategy. ; В информационном обществе огромную роль в формировании общественного сознания, доминирующих идеологических принципов, мотивов социальных действий играет информация, представляемая массмедиа и становящаяся наиболее эффективным оружием в «информационных войнах». В последние десятилетия более актуальной стала стратегия «мягкой силы», которая различными государствами трактуется различным образом. Россия реализует политику «мягкой силы» как использующую возможности гражданского общества, информационно-коммуникационных, гуманитарных и других методов и технологий, в дополнение к традиционным дипломатическим методам, что определяет Концепция внешней политики России. Есть и другое практическое применение политики «мягкой силы», которое включает информационную «обработку» и манипулирование сознанием, направлено на дестабилизацию политических режимов и выступает технологическим ресурсом США. Штаты выработали и апробировали таким образом стратегию ненасильственной смены политических режимов. Автор критически осмысливает технологии «мягкой силы» и «ненасильственного сопротивления», анализирует способы защиты от деструктивного информационного и психологического воздействия, определяет те сферы, которые являются системообразующими в процессе противодействия любого государства подобным стратегиям.

The classification of drones - both military and civilian according to the relevant criteria - is presented. Block diagrams of a typical unmanned aerial vehicle and its power system are shown. Typically, a drone power system of the "micro", "mini" or "short range" category, according to the UVS international classification, is a set of DC / DC converters with a microprocessor control system. The power source for such aircraft is usually a battery, less often - fuel cells. During the flight, the engine speed is variable, and its change depends not only on changes in flight speed or direction, but also on weather conditions, such as wind, as the stabilization system constantly aligns the drone. This leads to the fact that the power supply system of such a device is actually a significant part of the time in transition condition. This leads to a significant content of the component of exchange energy that battery consumed which in turn will increase losses, and thus reduces the range of the unmanned aerial vehicle. The phenomenon of the occurrence of exchange power in the power supply systems of electric vehicles which powered from DC sources and specifically in the power supply system of an unmanned aerial vehicle is analyzed. The time diagrams of current, voltage, active and inactive components of power consumed from the mains power supply network of electric locomotive DE1 are illustrated. It can be seen that with a sharp change in the modes of operation of traction units there is a significant component of exchange power in the motor-network system. Such processes are typical for almost any electric vehicle and are associated with the presence of a significant number of reactive elements in the power supply systems, as well as frequent changes in load parameters. A block diagram of a typical unmanned aerial vehicle is presented. The unmanned aerial vehicle system consists of three parts: the air part, the unmanned aerial vehicle itself, the ground control station, which can be autonomous or manned, the control ...

The study of political power as a public policy component requires addressing the following issues: first - this is a problem of categories, and the second - a combination of the theory of power and theories of public policy, and the third - the problem of adaptation of existing methodological approaches to the study of contemporary political and power relations in different types of systems and the formation of new theories. Political power as a public policy component can be viewed through a variety of methodological approaches: behaviouralism, systematic, non-institutional, network, elite, etc. But in spite of the vast array of works on the theme of public authority, it remains controversial among researchers and requires a new theoretical understanding. The traditional conceptualization of power was seen in political science through the prism of authority and resource capabilities and represented primarily as a public authority. ; Исследование политической власти как компонента публичной политики требует решения следующих проблем: первая - это проблема категорий, вторая - сочетание теории власти и теорий публичной политики и третья - проблема адаптации уже существующих методологических подходов для исследования современных политико-властных отношений в различных типах систем и формирования новых теорий. Политическая власть как компонент публичной политики может рассматриваться с помощью различных методологических подходов: бихевиорализма, системного, неинституционального, сетевого, элитарного и др. Но несмотря на огромный массив работ по теме публичной власти, она остается дискуссионной среди исследователей и требует нового теоретического осмысления. Традиционная концептуализация власти рассматривалась в политической науке через призму авторитета и ресурсной возможности и представлена преимущественно как государственная власть. В центре научных дискуссий западных политологов оказалось концепция о соотношении «власти над» и «власти для», которые находятся в постоянной диалектической связи. Данная концепция полезна для понимания сути публичной власти особенно через понимание интеркусивнои власти. ; Дослідження політичної влади як компонента публічної політики вимагає вирішення наступних проблем: перша - це проблема категорій, друга - поєднання теорій влади і теорій публічної політики і третя - проблема адаптації вже існуючих методологічних підходів для дослідження сучасних політико-владних відносин в різних типах систем і формування нових теорій. Політична влада як компонент публічної політики може розглядатися за допомогою різних методологічних підходів: біґевіоралізму, системного, неінституціонального, мережевого, елітарного ті ін., але незважаючи на величезний масив робіт по темі публічної влади, вона залишається дискусійною серед дослідників і потребує нового теоретичного осмислення. Традиційна концептуалізація влади розглядалася в політичній науці через призму авторитету та ресурсної можливості і представлена переважно як державна влада. В центрі наукових дискусій західних політологів опинилося концепція про співвідношення «влади над» і «влади для», які знаходяться в постійному діалектичному зв'язку. корисна для розуміння суті публічної влади особливо через концепт інтеркусивної влади.