Realism explains the ruling of the international system through the underlying distribution of power among states. Increasingly, analysts have found this power analysis inadequate, and they have developed new concepts, most prominently structural power. The usage of structural power actually entails three different meanings, namely indirect institutional power, nonintentional power, and impersonal power. Only the first, however, is compatible with the current neorealist choice-theoretical mode of explanation. This is the basic paradox of recent power approaches: by wanting to retain the central role of power, some international relations and international political economy theory is compelled to expand that concept and to move away from the very theory that claims to be based on power. Neorealism does not take power seriously enough. At the same time, these extensions of the concept are themselves partly fallacious. To account simultaneously for the different meanings of structural power and to avoid a conceptual overload, this article proposes that any power analysis should necessarily include a pair or dyad of concepts of power, linking agent power and impersonal governance. Finally, it sketches some consequences of those concepts for international theory.
(The article is an earlier version of Chapters 5 and 6 of the author's EUI PhD Thesis, 1994.) http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5139 ; Realism explains the ruling of the international system through the underlying distribution of power among states. Increasingly, analysts have found this power analysis inadequate, and they have developed new concepts, most prominently structural power. The usage of structural power actually entails three different meanings, namely indirect institutional power, nonintentional power, and impersonal power. Only the first, however, is compatible with the current neorealist choice-theoretical mode of explanation. This is the basic paradox of recent power approaches: by wanting to retain the central role of power, some international relations and international political economy theory is compelled to expand that concept and to move away from the very theory that claims to be based on power. Neorealism does not take power seriously enough. At the same time, these extensions of the concept are themselves partly fallacious. To account simultaneously for the different meanings of structural power and to avoid a conceptual overload, this article proposes that any power analysis should necessarily include a pair or dyad of concepts of power, linking agent power and impersonal governance. Finally, it sketches some consequences of those concepts for international theory.
Power is a relational dynamic which produces a disparity of effects that cannot be reduced to an exclusive morality, good or bad, or a particular consciousness. It is not something that works according to a single causality, positive or negative. This is not generally acknowledged. Rather in both academic and popular discourse power is primarily thought to be an exclusive possession of a particular subject or social agent with a specific intent. In these discourses, power is dominated by a metaphoric sense of property--something which belongs to the state, government, capital, or technology. Power is thus conceptualised in terms of a possession/dispossession opposition. Discourse about power is preoccupied with identifying its locus and with indicating a particular type of relation which is repressive. This obscures the fact that power is in fact a feature or ontological property of all people in relation to one another, and is active within all interaction and discourse. This thesis refines and develops Foucault's more neglected insights into the peculiar ontology of power, emphasising the central point that power is not the referent for a single relation but is a dynamic active within all relations, both social, interpersonal and even intrapersonal. It can be repressive, enabling, and considered differentially to be negative and/or positive at the same time. One cannot control its effects as it can be inadvertent or unconscious, self-defeating, self-producing, perverse and/or ambiguous. It is therefore composed of an indeterminate efficacy, rather than an intentional will or direction. The common attempt to disassociate oneself from power, to identify it as the property of another, and as producing a single effect of good or evil, I argue, is in itself one of the empirical facts of power at work relationally. The case studies examined in this thesis illustrate the fact that power is the moving substrate of all interests: that of "the revolutionary", "the theorist", "the apathetic" and also "the model citizen". Therefore because all discourses of power produce multiple and indeterminate effects, and because this fact is not recognised, their ontology demands further attention.
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Congress has enacted many statutes that designate types of customers or geographic areas for preference and priority in purchasing electricity from federal agencies. In general, the preference has been intended to (1) direct the benefits of public resources--relatively inexpensive hydropower--to portions of the public through nonprofit entities, (2) spread the benefits of federally generated hydropower widely and encourage the development of rural areas, (3) prevent private interests from exerting control over the full development of electric power on public lands, and (4) provide a yardstick against which the rates of investor-owned utilities can be measured. The applications of various preference provisions have been challenged several times in the courts, which have directed a power marketing administration (PMA) to provide power to preference customers. In other instances, they have supported the denial of power to such customers. The characteristics of the electricity industry have changed. During the last 20 years, competition has been replacing regulation in major sectors of the U.S. economy. Several proposals have come before Congress to restructure the electrical industry, including some that would encourage the states to allow retail customers a choice in selecting their electricity supplier. As it debates these proposals, Congress has continued to consider the role of preference in the PMA's sale of electricity."
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the role of the Department of Energy's power marketing administrations (PMA), focusing on: (1) how federal legislation and major relevant court cases have, over time, directed the PMAs to give preference to particular customers in purchasing electricity; and (2) the role of preference in the PMAs' electricity sales in light of the restructuring of the electricity industry."
Defence date: 1 December 1994 ; Examining board: Prof. David Baldwin (Columbia University, New York) ; Prof. Pierre Hassner (CERI, IEP, Paris) ; Prof. Steven Lukes (EUI, co-supervisor) ; Prof. Susan Strange (University of Warwick, supervisor) ; Prof. Ole Waever (Centre for Peace and Conflict Research, Copenhagen)
Companion to: Western's Power system operations manual (PSOM), Power system safety manual (PSSM), Power system maintenance manual (PSMM) and Safety and Occupational health program (WAPA 3790.1). ; "April 2000." ; Mode of access: Internet.
Although the government sector represents only 10 to 15 percent of the economy in most countries, carefully targeted public procurement can play a significant role in market transformation through its influence on both buyers and suppliers. Government leadership in energy-efficient purchasing can set an example for other buyers, while creating opportunities for leading manufacturers and distributors to increase their sales and market share by offering energy-efficient products at competitive prices. Under proper circumstances, a highly visible government purchasing policy can have a disproportionately large influence on the market for efficient products. In the United States, President Bush signed an Executive Order in 2001 directing all federal agencies to buy products with low standby power (1 watt or less where possible). This represents a deliberate choice to use government purchasing - rather than regulations or incentives - as a market-based strategy to encourage energy savings. It also builds upon existing efforts to encourage Federal purchase of energy-efficient products (Energy Star products and others in the top 25th percentile of efficiency). This paper summarizes the Federal Energy Management Program s first 18 months of experience in implementing this Executive Order, including analysis of data on standby power, interactions with manufacturers and industry groups, and the relationship between these efforts and other federal programs concerning product labelling, testing, rating, and efficiency standards. After five years of implementing low-standby power purchasing, we estimate energy savings for federal agencies alone at about 230 GWh/year (worth US$14 million), with spillover effects on the broader market that will save all US consumers nearly 4000 GWh/year (US$300 million).
"Professional journal of the United States Air Force"--Cover p. [4] ; Title from cover. ; Issues include annual vol. numbered SE, called "special ed. [year]." ; Mode of access: Internet.
In addressing the anadromous fisheries resource affected by hydroelectric facilities in the Columbia River Basin, Congress directed that the Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Planning Council (Council) balance the values of this resource with the need for an economical electric power supply. The central thesis of this Article is that Congress, in the Northwest Power Act, required that appropriate mitigation measures for the fisheries resource shall be determined by balancing the fisheries values that would be achieved against the costs that would be incurred by electric power consumers. While some commentators have urged that an appropriate balancing does not require such weighing of values and costs, in our view, it is mandatory as a matter of law under the Northwest Power Act. This is clear from the plain language of the statute and from the only reasonable interpretation of the relevant legislative history. Moreover, the Pacific Northwest's declining energy surplus and a generally stabilized fishery in the Columbia River system dictate, as a matter of prudent public policy, a more careful and objective evaluation of the fisheries values to be achieved with the region's increasingly scarce ratepayer dollars. The historical background of the Northwest Power Act places the relevant power and fish interests in the proper context.
In Virgil's Aeneid, the hero is epic enough but is importantly different enough from the tradition of the Greek epic hero to warrant investigation. At the crux of it is that Virgil utilizes a Roman approach to the Greek cosmos. Thus the hero reflects the political changes and moods of the times. This paper traces how Virgil's use of language constructs this Roman vision of the Greek cosmos. In the end it suggests that humans in Virgil's world have a greater task than they did before and that only the pious will survive.
The phenomenon of power is implicit in numerous critiques of modern sciences and their methods, resulting in the crisis of rationality. Our analyses will follow two intentionalities, the vertical and the horizontal, showing that the modern scientific rationality assumes principles which exclude the vertical. By "intentionality" we mean a way of experiencing the world at the exclusion of other ways. Thus, intentionality is not a private affair but can be carried from generation to generations. For example, scientists invariably will say "let us look at the world mathematically," proposing a quantitative mode of perception over poetic, ritualistic, etc. The latter, while equally intentional, will be discarded by science.Thus the scientific conception of mathematical method, as a way of mastering the material world, intimates also a restriction of linguistic sign systems and uses to specific modes, mathematical discourse, at the expense and exclusion of other discursive forms. If not deliberate, there is a specific "bracketing" that was performed by the philosophies and sciences of the modern age that allotted the primacy of all understanding to language, and indeed to a specific language. The result of this development is manifested in the current claims by the semiotics and the deconstructionists that language or discourse is the primary power in all domains of human experience and praxis. While at first sight outlandish, this claim is well justified on the basis of most concrete analyses of modernity, with its ontology and scientific method.Our approach will trace out "bracketing" and show what phenomena become discarded and what phenomena remain in order to be constitutive of power. It is hoped that the result of this investigation will reveal specific formations which belong to no one, are nowhere, and yet comprise the very modalities of our modern awareness. What is meant here by awareness consists of specific noetic practices ruled by, and expressive of, a set of intentionalities. In addition, the noetic practices constitutive of power are also ruled by a specific form of transcendence lending such practices their autonomy. The latter is expressed in numerous ways across various socio-political, economic and scientific formations, aims, and imageries. It lends an appearance of a total transcendental arbitrariness to the noetic practices at all levels. The phrase "noetic practices" encompasses what the human actually does in relationship to the world of objects of whatever type and at whatever level of posited objectivity. ; Šiame straipsnyje glaustai nagrinėjami galios sampratos formavimosi ypatumai modernioje Vakarų mokslo kultūroje. Teigiama, kad kitų tradicijų įtraukimas į intelektinę diskusiją suteikia pagrindą platesniam ir gilesniam požiūriui į diskursyviosios galios raišką ir politinės retorikos kilmę. Galios samprata neatsiejama nuo moderniųjų mokslų ir jų metodų kritikos, kuri baigiasi racionalumo krize.Todėl čia vadovaujamasi dviem intencionalumo kryptimis – vertikalia ir horizontalia, parodant, kad modernusis mokslinis racionalumas įtvirtina principus, kurie atmeta vertikalumą. Teigiama, kad mokslinė matematinio metodo koncepcija, kaip būdas konstruoti medžiaginį pasaulį, teikia kalbinių ženklų sistemų suvaržymo pavyzdį. Kad ir nesąmoningai, moderniosios filosofijos ir mokslo formos "išskliaudžia" kalbinės raiškos formas suteikdamos pirmenybę specifinei kalbai.Šio straipsnio paskirtis – atskleisti specifinius darinius, kurie lyg ir niekam nepriklauso, tačiau jie sudaro moderniojo supratimo modalumus. Modernioji galios samprata remiasi savita duotybės sandara, pateikiama kaip transcendencija, kuri yra neprieinama tiesioginei intuicijai. Modernusis filosofinis ir mokslinis mąstymas teigia, kad matematika, ar kiekybinės procedūros, yra ne tik metodologinės gairės, bet pagrindžia teorinį mąstymą. Specifinė tokių procedūrų sandara rodo, kad jos apima struktūras ir taisykles, kurios gali būti formuluojamos neatsižvelgiant į santykį su intuityvia, t.y. kokybine, tiesioginio suvokimo sritimi.Kad šios procedūros ir struktūros įgytų pagrįstumą, remiantis šiomis procedūromis, turi būti sukurtas objektyvus pasaulis. Pirma, procedūros turi būti indiferentiškos suvokimo intuicijos atžvilgiu; jos perteikia visus įvykius kaip iš esmės homogeniškus. Antra, pagal šiuos reikalavimus – teoriškai-metodologiškai reikalaujamo homogeniškumo vardu – apibrėžiama intuicijos, tiesiogiai duotos suvokimui, sritis. Moderniojo amžiaus mąstytojai, siekdami rasti vietą formaliai sričiai, išranda "talpyklą", pavadindami ją protu. Čia tariamai gyvena minėtikiekybiniai ir formalūs komponentai, kurie priklauso subjekto imanencijai.Postmodernioji semiotika daro prielaidą, kad, viena vertus, nėra "vietų", kuriose įsikūrusi galia, tačiau, kita vertus, ji visur ir visada įgyvendinama pasitelkiant diskursą. Nors tokia prielaida yra tinkama, vis dėlto svarbu suprasti pagrindžiamuosius galios suvokimo principus. Kaip įrodinėja Edmundas Husserlis, technologizacija numato formalias operacijas, visiškai nepaisydama gyvenamojo pasaulio prasmės struktūrų. Toks formalizmas, suporuotas su homogeniška ir indiferentiška tikrove, galiausiai baigiasi dviem struktūriniais procesais. Pirma, visiškai nepaisoma konkrečių gyvenamojo pasaulio prasmių ir jų horizontų, o antra, formalūs ir technologiniai principai atsiejami nuo konkrečių intencionalumo formų, kurios susieja subjektą su gyvenamojo pasaulio morfologijomis.Kultūra gali stiprinti savo šeimininkavimą ir praktinę kontrolę plėsdama formaliosios diferenciacijos žymenis ir technologinį aplinkos suvaržymą, stiprindama materialiųjų išteklių vartojimo efektyvumą. Tačiau tai – krizės pagrindas, nes mokslas įtraukiamas į žmonių gyvenimą remiantis technologiniu materialiųjų išteklių "vartojimu", įgyvendinant tas pačias operacijas, kaip ir gamtos pasaulio atžvilgiu.
Economic and environmental pressures require the development of technologies that are compatible with the Earth's environment and acceptable to society. An emerging power supply option based on Nikola Tesla's concept of wireless power transmission (WPT) can be applied to transmit power over intercontinental distances with power relay satellites (PRS) [1] to access renewable energy sources at undeveloped or underutilized remote sites, and to convert solar energy in space for use on Earth on a global scale with solar power satellites (SPS) [2] that may not be achievable with known power generating systems relying on finite terrestrial energy sources. International efforts to develop key advanced technologies and adapt existing technologies, to plan and carry out supporting experiments on Earth and in space, to analyze WPT system performance for PRS and SPS applications, and to assess economic viability, compatibility with the global legal and regulatory framework, and potential societal issues, have been and are continuing at academic institutions, industry' and government agencies in Europe, Japan, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. The results of these efforts were presented in specialists' conferences, meetings of professional societies, and under the auspices of agencies of the United Nations. The expanding knowledge base is contributing to the growing acceptance of WPT applications as one of the few global power supply options that can achieve global sustainable development on a scale significant enough to meet the aspirations of the global community and ensure that the Earth will remain a planet hospitable to all forms of life. My best wishes to the attendees at the International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques. The advancements in this field are already making significant contributions to the realization of the applications of WPT for PRS and SPS to meet future global energy demands.
