Suchergebnisse

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

The sharing economy phenomenon is among the developments the popularity of which has been growing the most in the present-day economy. Its expansion is promoted by the rapidly improving information and communication technology. The emergence and development of digital technology, in particular, the internet, has considerably expanded the extent of sharing. As a result, interest in the sharing economy based business models and their environmental impact has been increasingly growing in scientific literature as well. Using scientific publications the paper analyses the notion of the sharing economy, arranges the concepts and types of the sharing economy employed by different researchers, organisations and institutions, and examines the sharing economy business models and their environmental impact. The master thesis provides a detailed analysis of the sharing economy based business models which have developed throughout the European Union and have been actively functioning. Particular emphasis is put on revealing the trends in theoretical and practical research into the sharing economy.

The sharing economy phenomenon is among the developments the popularity of which has been growing the most in the present-day economy. Its expansion is promoted by the rapidly improving information and communication technology. The emergence and development of digital technology, in particular, the internet, has considerably expanded the extent of sharing. As a result, interest in the sharing economy based business models and their environmental impact has been increasingly growing in scientific literature as well. Using scientific publications the paper analyses the notion of the sharing economy, arranges the concepts and types of the sharing economy employed by different researchers, organisations and institutions, and examines the sharing economy business models and their environmental impact. The master thesis provides a detailed analysis of the sharing economy based business models which have developed throughout the European Union and have been actively functioning. Particular emphasis is put on revealing the trends in theoretical and practical research into the sharing economy.

The sharing economy phenomenon is among the developments the popularity of which has been growing the most in the present-day economy. Its expansion is promoted by the rapidly improving information and communication technology. The emergence and development of digital technology, in particular, the internet, has considerably expanded the extent of sharing. As a result, interest in the sharing economy based business models and their environmental impact has been increasingly growing in scientific literature as well. Using scientific publications the paper analyses the notion of the sharing economy, arranges the concepts and types of the sharing economy employed by different researchers, organisations and institutions, and examines the sharing economy business models and their environmental impact. The master thesis provides a detailed analysis of the sharing economy based business models which have developed throughout the European Union and have been actively functioning. Particular emphasis is put on revealing the trends in theoretical and practical research into the sharing economy.

The sharing economy phenomenon is among the developments the popularity of which has been growing the most in the present-day economy. Its expansion is promoted by the rapidly improving information and communication technology. The emergence and development of digital technology, in particular, the internet, has considerably expanded the extent of sharing. As a result, interest in the sharing economy based business models and their environmental impact has been increasingly growing in scientific literature as well. Using scientific publications the paper analyses the notion of the sharing economy, arranges the concepts and types of the sharing economy employed by different researchers, organisations and institutions, and examines the sharing economy business models and their environmental impact. The master thesis provides a detailed analysis of the sharing economy based business models which have developed throughout the European Union and have been actively functioning. Particular emphasis is put on revealing the trends in theoretical and practical research into the sharing economy.

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

Communitarianism emerged as a critique to liberalism. Communitarians are aiming to show that communitarianism is an alternative political theory which could successfully compete with other political theories. However, it is maintained that liberalism and communitarianism are not separate theories and they only disagree over the proper role of power. Thesis claims that the communitarian concept of power is liberal and, therefore, communitarianism is not a distinct political theory, but a liberal one. Communitarianism denies a liberal claim that it is possible to agree about the principles of justice. Moreover, communitarians maintain that a liberal concept of free individual is a false view. They emphasize the significance of the community in the life of an individual, because it helps one to become a real human being. On the other hand, if there are only communal values and we cannot commensurate them, because there are no universal principles then everything is possible. Thus it is impossible to criticize or condemn other communal practices. That is why communitarians claim that there are some non-communal principles, like "parity of participation" and "everyone has an equal rights". They emphasize that no community can be more superior than other, so power has to be neutral. Communitarian critique of liberalism is not irresistible. Firstly, it simplifies the liberal concept of an individual. Secondly, liberals agree with some of the communitarians proposals, like the role of community in the life of an individual. Furthermore, the communitarian theory rest on liberal assumptions – equality and freedom, neutrality of the state. The role which is attributed to the state is the same for communitarians and for liberals. Both liberals and communitarians claim that state has to secure conditions that would enable the right for all to participate in the governance. It also has to reform communities and other associations and should not try to implement any concept of good. Thus communitarian concept of power does not add anything to liberalism.

Communitarianism emerged as a critique to liberalism. Communitarians are aiming to show that communitarianism is an alternative political theory which could successfully compete with other political theories. However, it is maintained that liberalism and communitarianism are not separate theories and they only disagree over the proper role of power. Thesis claims that the communitarian concept of power is liberal and, therefore, communitarianism is not a distinct political theory, but a liberal one. Communitarianism denies a liberal claim that it is possible to agree about the principles of justice. Moreover, communitarians maintain that a liberal concept of free individual is a false view. They emphasize the significance of the community in the life of an individual, because it helps one to become a real human being. On the other hand, if there are only communal values and we cannot commensurate them, because there are no universal principles then everything is possible. Thus it is impossible to criticize or condemn other communal practices. That is why communitarians claim that there are some non-communal principles, like "parity of participation" and "everyone has an equal rights". They emphasize that no community can be more superior than other, so power has to be neutral. Communitarian critique of liberalism is not irresistible. Firstly, it simplifies the liberal concept of an individual. Secondly, liberals agree with some of the communitarians proposals, like the role of community in the life of an individual. Furthermore, the communitarian theory rest on liberal assumptions – equality and freedom, neutrality of the state. The role which is attributed to the state is the same for communitarians and for liberals. Both liberals and communitarians claim that state has to secure conditions that would enable the right for all to participate in the governance. It also has to reform communities and other associations and should not try to implement any concept of good. Thus communitarian concept of power does not add anything to liberalism.

The main objectives of the master thesis are to analyses the real state power of China and to compare it to the image that China's power has in the international arena. The first Chapter defines the concept of state power and it's components as well as the problems of the calculation of the state power. The second Chapter carries out the calculations of the real China's state power and it's evolution in the twenty-first century and also it provides information what image the US and Russian people have on the state power of China. Also in the same Chapter information is provided on how China views their power and how they position themselves in the world.