Suchergebnisse

В статье аналитически комментируются такие категориальные понятия, как «общество», «публичная сфера», «медийно-коммуникативный средства» с позиций их этимологической предопределенности. Определяя общество как сложносоставную, развивающуюся по собственной интроспективной основе определенную качественность, объединяющую людей в целостную структурно-функциональную систему, авторы подчеркивают, что приоритетным предназначением диалектики общественной организации в деятельностном процессе является всеобщая социальная удовлетворенность. Огромная роль в данном смысле возлагается на политическую журналистику медийно-коммуникативного посредника, являющегося мощным ресурсом демократизации. ; The article commented analytically such categorical terms as «society», «public sphere», «media-communicative tools» in terms of their etymological predestination. Defining society as a composite, evolving on its own introspective basis certain qualitative, brings people together in a coherent structural and functional system, the authors emphasize that the priority purpose of the dialectic of social organization in the active process is a universal social satisfaction. A huge role in this sense rests with the political journalism media-communicative mediator, is a powerful resource democratization.

В статье аналитически комментируются такие категориальные понятия, как «общество», «публичная сфера», «медийно-коммуникативный средства» с позиций их этимологической предопределенности. Определяя общество как сложносоставную, развивающуюся по собственной интроспективной основе определенную качественность, объединяющую людей в целостную структурно-функциональную систему, авторы подчеркивают, что приоритетным предназначением диалектики общественной организации в деятельностном процессе является всеобщая социальная удовлетворенность. Огромная роль в данном смысле возлагается на политическую журналистику медийно-коммуникативного посредника, являющегося мощным ресурсом демократизации. ; The article commented analytically such categorical terms as «society», «public sphere», «media-communicative tools» in terms of their etymological predestination. Defining society as a composite, evolving on its own introspective basis certain qualitative, brings people together in a coherent structural and functional system, the authors emphasize that the priority purpose of the dialectic of social organization in the active process is a universal social satisfaction. A huge role in this sense rests with the political journalism media-communicative mediator, is a powerful resource democratization.

Religion was integral to the conduct of war in the ancient world and the Greeks were certainly no exception. No campaign was undertaken, no battle risked, without first making sacrifice to propitiate the appropriate gods (such as Ares, god of War) or consulting oracles and omens to divine their plans. Yet the link between war and religion is an area that has been regularly overlooked by modern scholars examining the conflicts of these times. This volume addresses that omission by drawing together the work of experts from across the globe. The chapters have been carefully structured by the editors so that this wide array of scholarship combines to give a coherent, comprehensive study of the role of religion in the wars of the Archaic and Classical Greek world. Aspects considered in depth will include: Greek writers on religion and war; declarations of war; fate and predestination, the sphagia and pre-battle sacrifices; omens, oracles and portents, trophies and dedications to cult centres; militarized deities; sacred truces and festivals; oaths and vows; religion & Greek military medicine

This paper analyzes the theory of Islam as a religion that could have formed a rationalistic civilization, based on scientific progress, individualism and democracy. One of the representative studies on this topic is the work of Mustafa Akyol Reopening of Muslim Minds, in which the author uses the method of counterfactual analysis, posing the fundamental question: what would Islamic civilization look like if in the Sunni majority had not prevailed Ash'ari theology, but rationalistic, Mu'tazili theology? Although it could be said that the author of this study does not err when he concludes that Ash'ari occasionalism stopped the development of science in Islam, he nevertheless errs when he claims that the doctrines of voluntarism, predestination, and uncreatedness of the Qur'an, were generators of injustice in Islamic society. In this paper we tried to analyze the metaphysical foundations of these doctrines, re-examine the validity of the hypothesis about their harmfulness, and re-examine whether the observed harmful effects come from Islamic tradition or from the more recent attempts of modernization of Islam.

The article analyzes public discourses on political leadership of women in the post-communist Russia. Based on her sociological research the author differentiates two main strategies of female politicians and women's organizations. The first "professional" group of activists considers women's interests or women's rights issues as marginal for their democratic agenda. The second "maternalistic" strategy insists on the essentialist women's political "predestination" to be responsible only for social and family policy. The analysis of these discourses gives the understanding of the perspectives for political empowerment of Russian women in the context of democratic transition. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami viešieji politinio moterų vadovavimo diskursai postkomunistinėje Rusijoje. Autorė, remdamasi sociologiniu tyrimu, skiria dvi pagrindines – moterų politikių ir moterų organizatorių – strategijas. Pirmoji, "profesionali", aktyvisčių grupė svarsto moterų interesus arba moterų teisių problemas, kaip šalutinius demokratinės darbotvarkės klausimus. Antroji, "maternalistinė", strategija pabrėžia prigimtinę moterų politinę "lemtį", kurios paskirtis – rūpintis socialine ir šeimos politika. Šių diskursų nagrinėjimas padeda suprasti Rusijos moterų politinės galios raiškos perspektyvas, susijusias su demokratiniais pertvarkymais.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Fate, Providence, and Free Will: Why Bother? -- Chapter 2. Divine and Human Will in Imperial Stoicism -- Chapter 3. Epictetus on What Is in Our Power: Modal versus Epistemic Conceptions -- Chapter 4. Providence and Cosmology in Philo of Alexandria -- Chapter 5. Providence and Responsibility in Philo of Alexandria. An Analysis of Genesis 2.9 -- Chapter 6. Stoic Freedom in Paul's Letter to the Romans 6.1-8.30 and Epictetus, Dissertation 4.1: from Being under an Obligation to Wanting -- Chapter 7. Middle Platonists on Fate and Providence. God, Creation, and the Governance of the World -- Chapter 8. Determinism and Deliberation in Alexander of Aphrodisias -- Chapter 9. Alexander of Aphrodisias on Fate as a Problem in Epistemology and Moral Psychology -- Chapter 10. Free Will According to the Gnostics -- Chapter 11. Providence, Fate and Freedom of the Hermetic Sage -- Chapter 12. Early Christian Philosophers on Free Will -- Chapter 13. Divine Causality. Demiurge and Providence in Plotinus -- Chapter 14. Lithoi Pheromenoi. Fate, Soul and Self-Determination in Enneads 3.1 -- Chapter 15. ``Both Sun and Night Are Servants for Mortals''? Providence in Celsus' True Account -- Chapter 16. Providence, Free Will and Predestination in Origen -- Index of Passages -- General Ιndex.

Abstract
In this paper, the theory of necessity proposed by Robert Grosseteste is presented. After showing the wide range of various kinds of determination discussed by him (connected with: (1) one's knowledge about the future, (2) predestination, (3) fate, (4) grace, (5) sin and temptation), a different context of Grosseteste's use of the notion of necessity is analyzed (within logical and metaphysical approaches). At the heart of his theory lie: the definition of necessity, which is that something lacks the capacity (posse) for its opposite, and the distinction between two perspectives within which we can consider necessity: (1) the one according to which the truthfulness of a dictum determines that it cannot be the opposite, (2) a pre- or atemporal one, as if something had not yet begun. On these grounds, Robert explains that God's omniscience is compatible with contingency, including human free decisions. Robert's theory is still relevant and useful in contemporary debates, as it can provide strong arguments and enrich discussions, thanks to the twoperspectives approach, which generates nine kinds of positions on the spectrum of determinism and indeterminism.

The project aims to investigate by means of conceptual and intellectual history some of the various ways in which the significations and the intellectual and political meanings of a problematic cohabitation appear in the Romanian political thought. Namely, the questions raised concern two apparently incompatible concepts, revolution and representation/legitimacy of the political power through the individual expression of citizenship or through the collective expression of the general will. For the 1848 generation, the main difficulty stays in a certain confusion between the heritage of "the ancient" political philosophy, transmitted through an entire generation nourished at the beginning of the century with Aristotle and his classification of political regimes and with a whole range of seventeenth century contractualist philosophers. This background didn't meet a coherent project of rational management of politics and production of the future as the post revolutionary nineteenth century European thought had intended to. In the intellectual and political Romanian debate, the idea of predestination in the "national revolution" encountered a fertile ground and faced apperceptions - methodological or philosophical - and a welcoming "field of experience" with an intellectual background in need of hasted "Western-isation". The result was a mixture between several political models, combined with the revolutionary discourse.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Theoretical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- Empirical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- Advances in Religion and Political Economy -- References -- Part I Theoretical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- 2 Religious Clubs: The Strategic Role of Religious Identity -- Introduction -- The Canonical Model -- Religious Identity: Further Strategic Functions -- Social Sorting -- Esteem Maintenance -- Religious Commitment -- Cultural Transmission -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatial Models of Religious Market Competition: A Critical Assessment -- Introduction -- Differentiation in Religious Strictness -- A Basic Model -- Two Applications -- Assessment -- Differentiation Similar to Strictness -- Differentiation Dissimilar to Strictness -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 When Average Is Irrelevant: Computational Modeling of Religious Groups -- Agent-Based Computational Models -- The Club Theory of Religion -- Fundamentally Extreme -- The Church-Sect Cycle -- The Value of Free Riders -- Religion as a Network Good -- The Cults Are Alright -- Final Thoughts -- References -- 5 The Intelligent Design of Religious Beliefs -- Introduction -- Systems of Religious Beliefs -- Beliefs in Reward and Punishment -- Predestination -- How Rituals and Beliefs Combine to Enhance Cooperation -- Intelligent Design of Religious Beliefs -- Atonement, Repentance, and Forgiveness -- Religious Intolerance due to Pressures to Survive -- Miracles -- Doctrine Adaptation -- Motivated Beliefs -- Conclusion: Joint Design of Beliefs and Institutions -- Technical Appendix -- References -- 6 Religion and Segregation -- Religion as a Club Good -- The Nature and Role of Religious Beliefs.

Intro -- A Companion to John Scottus Eriugena -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Eriugena's Works -- Abbreviations for Commonly Cited Secondary Sources -- Introduction -- Part 1: Background and Context -- 1 Eriugena's Irish Background -- 2 John Scottus, Nutritor, and the Liberal Arts -- 3 Eriugena and the Neoplatonic Tradition -- 4 Between Greek and Latin: Eriugena on Logic -- Part 2: Perspectives on the Periphyseon -- 5 A Thematic Introduction to and Outline of the Periphyseon for the Alumnus -- 6 A Theologian's Itinerary: John Scottus Eriugena's Christological Ascent -- 7 The Periphyseon as Hexaemeral Commentary -- 8 Suspended between Cosmology and Anthropology: Natura's Bond in Eriugena's Periphyseon -- 9 The Speculative System of John Scottus Eriugena and the Tradition of Vera Philosophia -- Part 3: The Other Eriugena -- 10 Eriugena's Intervention in the Debate on Predestination -- 11 Eriugena as Translator and Interpreter of the Greek Fathers -- 12 Eriugena Reads Maximus Confessor: Christology as Cosmic Theophany -- 13 Eriugena the Exegete: Hermeneutics in a Biblical Context -- Part 4: The Aftermath of Eriugena -- 14 Eriugena's Influence on the 12th Century -- 15 Echoes of Eriugena in Renaissance Philosophy: Negation, Theophany, Anthropology -- 16 The Reception of Eriugena in Modernity: A Critical Appraisal of Eriugena's Dialectical Philosophy Of Infinite Nature -- 17 Eriugena's Condemnation and His Idealism -- Appendix: Benedict XVI Assesses Eriugena -- Bibliography -- Ancient and Medieval Names and Sources -- Modern Authors -- Subjects related to Eriugena.

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Book Abstract -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Population, Globalization, the Market and the Environment -- World Population Dynamics -- Aggregate Analysis -- Components Analysis -- Population Projection -- Globalization -- The Neoliberal Economy -- The Natural Environment -- References -- 2: The Foundations of Urban Modeling -- World Urbanization -- Modeling: Theoretical Preliminaries -- General Systems and Chaos Theories -- Toward a Working Ontology -- Utopian Options -- 'City'-Themed Texts -- General Urbanist Accounts -- Leads in Modeling -- References -- 3: Beyond Goodness and Greatness: Desperately Seeking Grace -- Grace and the Spiritual -- The Hebrew Scriptures -- Free Will and Predestination -- Beneficence and Faith -- Good Works and Divine Tailoring -- Emanence and Immanence -- The Numinous -- Gratuitousness, Liberation and Transcendence -- Healing, Conversion, Redemption -- Contemporary Interpretations -- Grace and the Ascetic -- Freedom Reinterpreted -- Truth and the Intellect -- Grace and the Aesthetic -- Platonic Form -- Pleasure, Calming Desire -- Measuring Beauty, Locating Taste -- The Criterion of Disinterest -- The Sublime -- Empirics of Beauty -- Continental Rationalists -- Challenging Kant -- Grace and the Material -- Leads in Modeling -- References -- 4: Modeling The City of Grace -- Preliminaries -- Searching in the Real World -- Outreach on the Street -- Approaching the Modeling -- Model Foundations -- Model Components -- Framework of the Model -- Aspirational Outputs -- Vision and Mission -- Necessary Processing Elements: Precepts -- First Precept: A Rational Context -- Second Precept: Sustainability -- Third Precept: Low Entropy -- Sufficient Processing Elements: Strategies -- First Strategy: Health -- Second Strategy: Wealth -- Third Strategy: Innovation.

This article aims to introduce the activities of selected Central Asian countries – having a direct border with Afghanistan, i.e. Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – to ensure security after the change of power in Kabul. Familiarisation with the subject matter made it possible to pose the following research questions: 1) Do the selected Central Asian states show predestination to pursue an independent policy towards the Afghan problem? 2) Has the Taliban's seizure of control of the country been reflected in the strengthening of the position of China, the United States and Russia in the region? 3) ) Has the Taliban's seizure of control of the country been reflected in the strengthening of the position of China, the United States and Russia in the region?? The collected materials in the form of official government communiqués and press releases provided the key to analyzing the selected actions of state bodies in the situation of increasing threat, tracing the attempts to expand cooperation with subjects of international law understood as states and international organizations. While highlighting the issues of maintaining internal order, it was impossible to omit the issue of the military potential of the state, influencing the security strategy planning process. The main research methods used while creating the article were: synthesis through causal association, analogy, induction and deduction.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il libro IV come introduzione al tema - 3. I magna latrocinia - 4. Lo svolgimento logico della tesi agostiniana sul rapporto tra Stato e giustizia - 5. Cristo come unico criterio per la giustizia/virtù/felicità - 6. Il libro XIX come allargamento dei confini della legittimità dello Stato - 7. Le due civitates - 8. L'assetto delle due città nel saeculum - 9. L'identificazione della CD con la Chiesa - 10. La predestinazione quale criterio di ascrizione alle due civitates - 11. Il DcD come strumento politico - 12. Una conseguenza imprevedibile (?): la secolarizzazione - 13. Conclusione.
Augustine's De civitate Dei and its influence on the process of secularization of the State
ABSTRACT: Is justice essential to State? Augustine, in the fourth book of the City of God, starts with a strict idea of State, but then widens the definition: he grants that also an unjust - not based on the real God - State may be a real State. This option seems to be prominent in the process of secularization enacted in the last centuries, but it's also connected to other matter: the predestination, the identification (or not) between the City of God and the Church, and so on. Methodologically, I tried to read what Augustine really wrote and not what others said about his works.

• Summary: This article explores the historical and contemporary philosophical and religious influences of social welfare policy and programs in the United States. A discussion of Weber's critique of Calvin's Reformed theology and the profound influence of Calvin's Reformed theology, including the concept of predestination and the Protestant work ethic, as well as the influence of Spencer's social Darwinism on US social policy. Elements of early ideological bias that reflected the moral failure of the poor are discussed with regard to early poor care and the Charity Organization Society movement, and are contrasted with the more pragmatic and compassionate approach of Jane Addams's Settlement House movement.• Findings: An argument is made that a resurgence of social Darwinism and secularized Reformed theology is currently reflected in contemporary political and economic movements, including welfare reform measures in PRWORA of 1996, and the related TANF program, which has had a devastating effect on the economically disadvantaged populations in the United States.• Application: Since social workers are on the front lines of social welfare policy development and practice, implication for social work education and practice are discussed emphasizing the importance of increased awareness of such damaging ideologies. Such awareness will lead to increased political discourse and advocacy for social welfare policy development and practice congruent with social work values.