Suchergebnisse

Urlaubsverhalten, Freizeitaktivitäten am Wochenende und beabsichtigte
Urlaubsreisen im folgenden Jahr.

Themen: Zufriedenheit mit der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Situation und
Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Lage der BRD (Katona-Fragen) vermutete
Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse in den nächsten 5 Jahren;
präferierte Verkehrsmittel bei Urlaubsreisen; präferierte Urlaubsziele
und Urlaubszeit; Urlaubsdauer; Teilnahme an Gesellschaftsreisen;
Urlaubskosten; Informationsquellen für die Urlaubsreise; benutzte
Unterkunftsmöglichkeit; ausführliche Beschreibung der für die Zukunft
geplanten Reisen; präferierter Urlaubstyp und Urlaubsaktivitäten; Anzahl
der Urlaubsreisen im letzten Jahr; Wochenendausflüge und
Freizeitaktivitäten am Wochenende; benutztes Verkehrsmittel für
Wochenendausflüge; Ausflugsziele; zurückgelegte Entfernungen und
benötigte Zeit; KFZ-Besitz; Mediennutzung; Meinungsführerschaft und
Meinungsgefolgschaft, aufgegliedert nach Sachgebieten; Besitz
langlebiger Wirtschaftsgüter; geplante Anschaffungen für das kommende
Jahr; Alter des Ehepartners; Anzahl der zustehenden Urlaubstage;
Betriebsferien; Mitgliedschaft in Vereinen und Organisationen; Grad der
Aktivität im Verein; regionale Herkunft; Staatsangehörigkeit.

Bei Verheirateten wurde zusätzlich gefragt: detaillierte Angaben über
die Arbeitsteilung in der Familie; Entscheidungsstruktur bei
Geldausgaben.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl;
Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position;
Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße;
Haushaltszusammensetzung; Haushaltungsvorstand; soziale Herkunft.

Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten.

This paper uses the German Socio-Economic Panel to show that fathers – and to a lesser degree childless men and women, are most satisfied with life when working full-time or longer. In contrast, whether mothers spend more or less hours in employment hardly affects their life satisfaction. The rational maximization of income as postulated by family economics cannot explain these results, as they are even found in households where women earn more than men. Because they are also found among those who hold secure jobs and have very little household work and childcare duties, these results contradict the predictions by expansionist role theory that men and women are better off in egalitarian employment arrangements. The results change little over time, with cohorts or with educational group-membership. For men, the results therefore fit best with the predictions of traditional role theory, which suggests that people are most satisfied when adhering to stereotypical gender roles.

This data set provides predicted regional GDP per capita and weighted measures of regional inequality for 178 countries between 1992 and 2012. The income predictions are based on satellite night-time light data (stable lights from DMSP-OLS). A detailed description of the data set is available from the corresponding publication. Please quote our paper if you use the data for your research.

This dataset of soft skill phrases and their clusters was obtained based on the semi-automated approach using job-descriptions from Armenian job postings from 2004-2015.
https://www.kaggle.com/madhab/jobposts

This dataset was curated as a part of our journal publication "Responsible team players wanted: An analysis of soft skill requirements in job advertisements" being published in EPJ Data Science.

In addition we release job-skills matrix, where we matched the soft skills from our list to UK job ads for the analysis computed based on this dataset:
https://www.kaggle.com/c/job-salary-prediction

The present study investigates the impact of team preferences on the accuracy of offside judgments. In Experiments 1 and 2, supporters of two German soccer clubs (i.e. Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04) judged offside in artificial scenes from a match between the clubs. We expected that supporters of both clubs would less frequently report the offside position of a forward from the preferred team. The results of Experiment 1 partly confirmed the predictions. Both groups reported the offside position of a yellow forward less frequently than that of a blue forward, and this effect was much larger for supporters of Borussia Dortmund than for supporters of Schalke 04. The difference between groups could be attributed to team preferences. The fact that team preferences had a weaker effect in supporters of Schalke 04 was attributed to an unexpected perceptual effect that increased the accuracy of offside judgments for blue forwards in both groups. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the effect of team preferences and the perceptual effect, respectively, in isolation. In summary, the results of our experiments provide evidence for (a) an effect of team preferences and (b) an effect of shirt-background contrast on offside judgments in soccer.

Satellite nighttime lights open new opportunities for economic research. The data is objective and suitable to study regions at various territorial levels. Given missing reliable official data, nightlights often proxy for economic activity in particular in developing countries. However, the commonly used product, Stable Lights, has problems to separate background noise from economic activity at lower levels of light intensity. The problem is rooted in the aim of separating transient light from stable lights, even though light from economic activity can also be transient. We propose a new method that aims to identify lights emitted by human beings. We train a machine learning algorithm to learn light patterns in- and outside built up areas using GHSL data. Based on predicted probabilities we include lights in those places with a high likelihood of being man-made. We show that using regional light characteristics in the process increases accuracy of predictions at the cost of introducing a mechanical spatial correlation. We create two alternative products as proxies of economic activity. Global Human Lights minimizes the bias from using regional information, while Local Human Lights maximizes accuracy. The latter shows, that we can improve detection of human generated light especially in Africa.

Version 1.1.0: Wir haben die Rohdaten von Experiment 4 (das im Appendix von Wühr, Fasold & Memmert, 2020, berichtet wird) eingestellt.
Version 1.1.0: We added the raw data from Experiment 4 (which is reported in the Appendix to Wühr, Fasold & Memmert, 2020).

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The present study investigates the impact of team preferences on the accuracy of offside judgments. In Experiments 1 and 2, supporters of two German soccer clubs (i.e. Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04) judged offside in artificial scenes from a match between the clubs. We expected that supporters of both clubs would less frequently report the offside position of a forward from the preferred team. The results of Experiment 1 partly confirmed the predictions. Both groups reported the offside position of a yellow forward less frequently than that of a blue forward, and this effect was much larger for supporters of Borussia Dortmund than for supporters of Schalke 04. The difference between groups could be attributed to team preferences. The fact that team preferences had a weaker effect in supporters of Schalke 04 was attributed to an unexpected perceptual effect that increased the accuracy of offside judgments for blue forwards in both groups. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the effect of team preferences and the perceptual effect, respectively, in isolation. In summary, the results of our experiments provide evidence for (a) an effect of team preferences and (b) an effect of shirt-background contrast on offside judgments in soccer.

The LifE study is the continuation of the Constance longitudinal study of young people from 1979 to 1983 (head: Helmut Fend).
About 2000 children and young people from the city of Frankfurt and two rural regions in the federal state of Hesse took part in the annual youth study. The young people were interviewed in their classes from the 6th to the 10th school years. In addition to the main examination, two major parental surveys, three teacher surveys and several qualitative studies were carried out. In total, around 3,000 young people from lower secondary schools, secondary schools and college-preparatory high schools participated in at least one of the five surveys.
The youth study focused on the psychological and social course of development in adolescence and the prerequisites for productive or challenged coping with age-specific developmental tasks.
The data available from the longitudinal youth study comprise a detailed indicator system on the socialisation conditions and educational experiences in the school environment at the time, in the parents' home and in the peer group of adolescents. In addition, detailed information is available on performance behaviour, educational orientation, social embedding, psychological well-being and on intra- and interpersonal skills and motivations of young people.

The survey of the now 35-year-old former youths took place again in 2002. In essence, it continued this topic, but extended it into adulthood. One of the most important objectives of the follow-up study was to test theoretically established assumptions on the long-term effects of certain protection and risk factors in adolescence that had not yet been sufficiently tested with regard to their prognostic validity. For all areas of life, questions of continuity and discontinuity of development processes and the desistance and incidence of problems during the transition from adolescence to adulthood against the background of different personal and social resources were also the focus of interest.

Another focus of the follow-up study was the prediction of coping with life in early adulthood. When data on adulthood are available and we know what has happened, then we can ask the question in retrospect how the situation in adulthood could have come about. How can it be explained, for example, that young adults have a satisfactory partner relationship or get divorced, are depressed or highly satisfied with their life? Which personal requirements and social context conditions in adolescence and young adulthood, for example, lead to a high level of professional motivation and successful professional integration?

The LifE study thus tried to describe and explain the most important developmental paths from late childhood to early adulthood by looking forward (What has happened to young people?) and looking back (What is the history of adults?).
Life management in adulthood was indicated by characteristics of social, family, professional and health development. The retrospective recording of important events and sequences of the professional career, the choice of partner and the founding of a family also formed an important part of the re-interview. This laid the foundation for a differentiated description of different social and professional life courses and for their prediction through experience in adolescence.

One of the biggest challenges in resuming the study was to find the previous respondents almost twenty years after the last data collection. In several years of research, the addresses of 1850 persons could be determined. Thanks to the complex design with the allocation of monetary incentives as well as a written and a telephone reminder, 1527 test persons were finally persuaded to participate in the postal survey (82%).
In 2004, an additional study was conducted to gain addresses and basic information on those persons who could not be interviewed in the main study in 2002. As a result, around 130 additional persons were interviewed as well.

The phenomenon of descriptive and metalinguistic negation has been debated for a long time from a theoretical perspective. On the one hand, there are defenders of the ambiguist approach to negation, in which the descriptive negation basically serves to deny an utterance's propositional content, and that this takes place by default (Horn 1985; 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989), while the metalinguistic negation surfaces only when the descriptive negation cannot be applied, and targets the non-truth-conditional contents of the utterance (e.g. implicatures, its register, its morphology or its phonology). Only the former is truth-functional, and the latter is claimed to be non-truth-functional as it does not operate on propositions. On the other hand, there are proponents of the non-ambiguist approach, who maintain that both types of negation are truth-functional since, in the case of metalinguistic negation, the process of pragmatic enrichment guarantees that the full proposition on which negation can operate will be reached (Carston 1996; 2002; Noh 1998; 2000; Moeschler 2010; 2013; 2017). Regarding processing, the ambiguist account predicts that it will take more time to treat metalinguistic negation because it always occurs as the second of two steps; in contrast, the non-ambiguist account makes no such prediction, since the interpretation of negation is contextually driven and the right context will issue the correct interpretation from the start. This paper will be devoted to the presentation of two self-paced reading experiments and of one offline elicitation experiment we carried out on French descriptive and metalinguistic negation. Our findings provide evidence in favor of the non-ambiguist approach.

The phenomenon of descriptive and metalinguistic negation has been debated for a long time from a theoretical perspective. On the one hand, there are defenders of the ambiguist approach to negation, in which the descriptive negation basically serves to deny an utterance's propositional content, and that this takes place by default (Horn 1985; 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989), while the metalinguistic negation surfaces only when the descriptive negation cannot be applied, and targets the non-truth-conditional contents of the utterance (e.g. implicatures, its register, its morphology or its phonology). Only the former is truth-functional, and the latter is claimed to be non-truth-functional as it does not operate on propositions. On the other hand, there are proponents of the non-ambiguist approach, who maintain that both types of negation are truth-functional since, in the case of metalinguistic negation, the process of pragmatic enrichment guarantees that the full proposition on which negation can operate will be reached (Carston 1996; 2002; Noh 1998; 2000; Moeschler 2010; 2013; 2017). Regarding processing, the ambiguist account predicts that it will take more time to treat metalinguistic negation because it always occurs as the second of two steps; in contrast, the non-ambiguist account makes no such prediction, since the interpretation of negation is contextually driven and the right context will issue the correct interpretation from the start. This paper will be devoted to the presentation of two self-paced reading experiments and of one offline elicitation experiment we carried out on French descriptive and metalinguistic negation. Our findings provide evidence in favor of the non-ambiguist approach.

Existing research on the relationship between work and identity under conditions of increasing work flexibility has provided equivocal results on the threats and challenges for personal identity development within less continuous professional careers. New types of employment-related behaviour have been demanded, such as self-control, self-economisation, and self-rationalisation contained in the concept of "entreployee", in order to conform to requirements stemming from less stable, but also more autonomy-oriented, employment relationships. Some evidence for this new type of employee behaviour has been found, with questions arising about positive and negative effects for the individual having to handle employment risk more, while at the same time also being able to more autonomously organize work and life. Similarly, research on psychological contracts - as direct expression of the reciprocal expectations and obligations by employee and employer - in firms with high work flexibility has shown that employees only partially can gain from offers of competence development and delegation of responsibilities for their own personal development in compensation for increased job insecurity. Interestingly, it seems that those employees can gain more who conform to a traditional, i.e. very continuous, model of work biography and identity. This seeming inconsistency motivates the proposed study, in which hypotheses about different fits between more and less fluid identities in more and less traditional work settings will be explored in a longitudinal investigation. Also, individuals with a higher vs. lower level of personal resources in term of socio-economic status and qualification will be included in the sample in order to further test the assumption that work flexibility might mainly bear opportunities for those with high levels of personal resources for coping with instability and employment risk. A sample of about 250 individuals, equally distributed across these three factors (continuity-oriented vs. non-continuity-oriented identity; employment in one organization with medium to high level of flexibility vs. patchwork employment; low socio-economic status/very little formal vocational training vs. medium socio-economic status/formal vocation or professional training) will be studied in three waves by means of a questionnaire comprising questions on personal identity (biographical continuity, ecological consistency, control orientation, self-esteem), work biography, competence development, and psychological contract. The questions on personal identity will be used to assign the individuals to the two identity types "continuity-oriented" vs. "non-continuity-oriented", which are based on previous own research. Additionally, background information on the organizations, in which the individuals are employed, will be collected in order to determine the degree of flexibility, elements of the psychological contract from the employer's perspective, and measures for competence development undertaken in the companies. The longitudinal approach will permit to form and test predictions about coping patterns by different groups in the sample in view of demands arising from work flexibility, leading to a better understanding of personal, organizational and societal prerequisites for a sound personal identity development.