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Objective: to identify the criteria of the common sense of Thomas Reid to present a new resignification and characterize the critical dispute as a methodological mechanism to transform the views of the common sense and the knowledge of the legitimate doxa. In addition, it seeks to stablish how the democratization of knowledge enables the appropriation of the legitimate doxa.Methodology: the hermeneutical method was used as a conceptual selection tool, analysis and interpretation of categories and data.Results: it was found that common sense is not understood as a collection of self - evident principles, but as a series of basic assumptions used to establish complex conjectures, from which individuals and communities think and transform the world. Not all the common-sense beliefs are credible; it is necessary to filter out the false beliefs through a methodological mechanism called critical dispute, which intersects two types of methodologies: the justificationists and fallibilists.Conclusions: it is concluded that after the doxa has been legitimated, it is transferred to the society using a transfer system that involves to democratize, disclose, appropriate and popularize knowledge. ; Objetivo: identificar los criterios del sentido común de Tomás Reid para presentar una resignificación ycaracterizar la disputa crítica como un mecanismo metodológico que permite transformar las opiniones del sentido común y el conocimiento de la doxa legítima. Además, se busca establecer cómo la democratización del conocimiento posibilita la apropiación de la doxa legítima. Metodología: se usó el método hermenéutico como herramienta conceptual de selección, análisis e interpretación de categorías y datos. Resultados: se encontró que el sentido común no se entiende como una colección de principios autoevidentes, sino como una serie de conjeturas básicas que sirven para fundar conjeturas complejas, a partir de las cuales los individuos y las colectividades piensan y transforman el mundo. No todas las creencias del sentido común son verosímiles; es necesario filtrar las creencias falsas mediante un mecanismo metodológico denominado disputa crítica, el cual intersecciona dos tipos de metodologías las justificacionistas y las falibilistas.Conclusiones: se concluye que luego de que la doxa se haya legitimado se transfiere a la sociedad haciendo uso de un sistema de transferencia que implica democratizar, divulgar, apropiar y popularizar el conocimiento.

The unofficial, internal culture of An Garda Siochana is an area where there has been a deficit of academic research and scrutiny despite it being existential to the public discourse on garda reform, especially in recent years. It has been pointed out that the lack of data on the organisational value system of the Irish police is due in part to the nascent state of criminological research in Ireland and a reluctance on the part of the Garda authorities to co-operate in research studies. The primary objective of this study was to explore one aspect of police culture: the impact of working in a confrontational and conflicted environment on individual frontline gardai as seen through the lens of their lived experiences. The responses of the research participants were then analysed and considered in the context of the existing theoretical framework of police occupational culture. A qualitative approach was adopted using the format of semi-structured interviews in order to allow the interviewees greater flexibility and scope in expressing their experiences and perceptions. The data sample group consisted of eight serving members which was evenly divided between gender, rank (garda or sergeant) and geographical location (Northern and Southern Divisions of the Dublin Metropolitan Region). When the data were analysed a number of common cultural themes emerged from the responses of the individual participants which conflated with some of the main characteristics of police culture as identified in the literature including: social isolation/solidarity; 'gallows humour' as a coping mechanism for dealing with the stresses of the job; suspiciousness/wariness; cynicism; a desire for action; and an 'us versus them' division of the social world. The principle conclusion of the research is that police culture in An Garda Siochana is formed by the experiences of young officers working in a confrontational environment. It also supports the theory that police forces in modern liberal, capitalist democracies, which face similar societal tensions, also share a range of distinctive cultural characteristics which are universal, stable and lasting. The primary recommendation is that much more comprehensive and expansive research is required in order to gain a greater understanding of the multi-dimensional occupational culture of the Irish police. Such detailed investigation is capable of providing invaluable and more enlightened insights for policy makers and stakeholders involved in the criminal justice sector.

Con el ensayo se pretende demostrar que la discrecionalidad judicial en los procesos ordinarios denominados casos difíciles y/o trágicos está limitada por los diferentes valores y principios positivados en la Constitución Política, por el bloque de constitucionalidad estricto y por la determinación que de los textos constitucionales vagos hacen el Congreso y la Corte Constitucional.Para lograrlo, las contradicciones para definir los conceptos de moral, justicia y orden público, constituyen el basamento para afirmar que la Constitución Política de 1991 tiene gran carga valorativa, dejando abierta su precisión al Congreso y a la Corte Constitucional en cada momento histórico, respetando en todo caso los valores elegidos por consenso en el texto constitucional, por lo que considerar sus normas como reglas no tiene asidero alguno.Igualmente se harán explicitas las normas constitucionales que obligan a los jueces a realizar juicios de valor al decidir cada caso, más concretamente se demostrará que la validez de las normas jurídicas pende del cumplimiento de los procedimientos democráticos de expedición de normas, y del respeto por los contenidos valorativos de la dogmática constitucional. ; The purpose of the essay is to demonstrate that judicial discretion in ordinary processes named difficult cases and/or tragic, is limited by the various values and principles provided by the Political Constitution, by the strict block of constitutionality, and by determination of vague constitutional provisions made by the Congress and the Constitutional Court. In order to achieve it, contractions to defile the concepts of moral, justice and public order, are the basis to state that 1991 Political Constitution, bear a great valuation burden, by leaving its precision open to the Congress and the Constitutional Court, at each historical moment, respecting, in all cases, those values selected through consensus by the Constitutional text, therefore, considering its standards as rules, does not have any foundation. Likewise, this essay will unveil the Constitutional standards which force judges to produce valuable judgments when deciding each case, more concretely, it will be demonstrated that validity of legal provisions depend on compliance with democratic procedures to issued standards, and respect for valuating contents of the Constitutional dogmatic.

The live landscapes proposed from the inter-cultural view point imply a way of rethinking revitalizing the principles of the Andean thought to understand and learn the complex reality of a city such as Quito in which live traces of their ancestral cultures. The idea is to try to recuperate the esthetic emotion, in this case the barrio of San Isidro of El Inca, to generate a continued lively training of the places, re-evaluate the rites, myths and celebrations with the end of raising healthy landscapes. This implies an explicit recognition of the complex multi-dimensionality: socio-political, economic, cultural and spacial of the neighborhood, a city in relation to its territory. It supposes to question the city making shape with the finality of building platforms that provoque dialogues and political discussion. ; Los paisajes vivos propuestos desde la interculturalidad implican una manera de revitalizar los principios del pensamiento andino para comprender y aprehender la compleja realidad de una ciudad como Quito, donde perviven rezagos de culturas ancestrales. La idea es recuperar la emoción estética de un lugar—en este caso del barrio San Isidro de El Inca—; generar un continuo aprendizaje vivencial; y revalorar los ritos, mitos y celebraciones, con el fin de criar paisajes sanos. Esto conlleva un reconocimiento explícito de la multidimensionalidad (sociopolítica, económica, cultural y espacial) de un barrio o una ciudad con relación a su territorio. Se busca cuestionar la forma de hacer ciudades para construir plataformas que susciten diálogos y discusiones políticas. ; As paisagens vivas propostas por uma visão intercultural implicam em uma maneira de refletir, revitalizando os princípios do pensamento andino para compreender e apreender a complexa realidade de uma cidade como Quito, que sobrevive dos restos de suas culturas ancestrais. A ideia é tentar recuperar a emoção estética, neste caso, o bairro de San Isidro del Inca, gerar uma contínua aprendizagem vivencial dos lugares, revalorizar os ritos, mitos e celebrações com o objetivo de criar paisagens saudáveis. Isto implica em um reconhecimento explícito da complexa multidimensionalidade: sócio-política, econômica, cultural e espacial de um bairro, uma cidade em relação ao seu território. Pressupõe questionar a forma de fazer as cidades com a finalidade de construir plataformas que proporcionem diálogos e discussões políticas.

In general, the view of some college students of three public universities in Banjarmasin IAIN Antasari, Lambung Mangkurat University, and Banjarmasin Polytechnic, on Islamic radicalism is still open. Moreover, in view of the relationship between a religion and its state, most of the students have found that the option of setting Pancasila and democracy as the national principle is still very relevant to the context of Indonesia as a pluralistic country. Related to the notion, it has been considered inappropriate to enforce Islamic sharia as a solution to the problems faced by the nation. In response to the actions of certain groups of organizations calling for the enforcement of the Islamic sharia, some students in three public universities has stated their disagreement. However, as a democratic country, the struggle of the Islamic sharia enforcement is the right of every citizen. The students view is in line with the Rector policies to keep the campus atmosphere remains conducive. Yet, some students have also supported the enforcement of the Islamic law to be formalized within the state system. Nevertheless, the thought of radicalism among students at the three public universities is still limited to discourse. Keywords: Islamic radicalism, College studentsPandangan tentang radikalisme Islam di kalangan mahasiswa perguruan tinggi negeri di Banjarmasin baik di IAIN, Unlam maupun Politeknik Banjarmasin umumnya mempunyai pemikiran yang lebih terbuka dalam memandang hubungan agama dan negara. Sistem demokrasi dan Pancasila menurut sebagian besar mahasiswa yang sampai saat ini menjadi pilihan dasar negara masih sangat relevan untuk konteks Indonesia yang sangat majemuk. Oleh karena itu penegakan syariat Islam bukanlah jawaban atas persoalan yang terjadi dinegeri ini. Menyikapi adanya aksi-aksi kelompok organisasi tertentu yang menyerukan penegakan syariat Islam, mahasiswa di tiga perguruan tinggi negeri tersebut tidak setuju.Tetapi sebagai negara demokrasi, maka pilihan untuk memperjuangkan hal tersebut adalah hak semua warga negara. Pandangan mahasiswa tersebut selaras dengan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pihak Rektorat untuk menjaga suasana kampus agar tetap kondusif. Namun sebagian mahasiswa juga ada yang mendukung penegakan syariat Islam untuk diformalkan dalam sistem bernegara.Walaupun demikian pemikiran radikalisme di kalangan mahasiswa pada tiga perguruan tinggi negeri Banjarmasin tersebut masih sebatas wacana, belum sampai pada tahapan aksi.Kata Kunci : Radikalisme Islam dan Mahasiswa.

Islamic economists have always taken the position on the intrinsic capability of poverty alleviation in the Islamic economic model. The poverty, in economics and social sciences, is taken in the context of economic deprivation. Among the multitudinous meanings of poverty, generally it is defined as the lack of income, human underdevelopment, social exclusion, ill being, unsustainable livelihood, lack of basic needs, vulnerability and relative deprivation, while multifarious methodologies like head count ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio and Sen index are used to measure the poverty. The poverty in the developed countries mostly is identified relative to the average level of income as compared to developing countries which usually define it on the grounds of absolute standard of living. Islamic model clearly addresses poverty in number of ways and even considers it as a threat to faith and recommends alleviating it through different tools like zakat, which is the negative rate of return on savings. The tools prescribed in Islam for counteracting poverty are designed on different conceptual grounds to conventional poverty reduction tools, similarly Islam's conceptually constructed understanding on: lack of income, human underdevelopment, social exclusion, ill being, unsustainable livelihood, lack of basic needs, vulnerability and relative deprivation differs in its context and in its intrinsic intellectual positioning to the conventional interpretation of these concepts. Inductively therefore, Islam's idea of, 'what is poverty?' and 'How it can be measured', is distinct and different to the general perception of poverty. This paper objectively examines the subjective meaning of poverty within Islam, through analysing the intellectual rigour on poverty in the transcendental sources of Islam along with the conceptual construction of Al Ghazali's work on happiness. It further applies the uniform principles of maqasid al shariah (objectives of Islamic law) and nisab (standard for Zakat to be liable) in an attempt to develop the understanding of monetary measures, which can be used to identify 'poor and needy' within an economy. The results should provide the basic argument for the distinction on Islamic concept of poverty and a framework in which such definition can translate into the categorisation of 'poor' within an economy; along with some foundational understanding of Islamic value approach on monetary measurement of poverty.

Promotional competitions are competitions in which prizes are awarded by lot or chance in order to promote goods or services. In order to protect participants and consumers against abuse, these competitions are usually regulated by gambling or consumer protection legislation. However, the relevant legislation is often complemented by self-regulation, which is the focus of this contribution.Self-regulation entails the regulation or governing of an industry by the role players in that industry. This article commences by explaining the relevant terminology and exploring self-regulation in general, including the various forms of self-regulation and the binding force thereof. The nature of self-regulation is discussed together with the advantages and challenges associated with this form of regulation. This is followed by some examples of self-regulation on a global level in order to provide a comparative perspective on the topic. The provisions of the International Chamber of Commerce's Consolidated Code of Advertising and Marketing Communications Practice are summarised and the European Advertising Standards Alliance's role in self-regulation is considered. Attention is also given to the relevant industry codes in the United Kingdom in view of the comprehensive way in which promotional competitions are covered by self-regulation in that country.The main part of the article centres on the self-regulatory position in South Africa. A brief overview of the role and function of the Advertising Standards Authority of South Africa (ASASA) is provided. The provisions of the ASASA's Code of Advertising Practice are then examined and some ASASA rulings are discussed in order to illustrate the relevant principles. Thereafter, the focus shifts to the Code of Conduct of the Wireless Application Service Providers' Association, which contains detailed provisions relating to promotional competitions. Some relevant rulings are also considered. In conclusion, comments are made regarding the current state of the self-regulation of promotional competitions in South Africa.Keywords: Promotional competitions; prize competitions; consumer protection; self-regulation; advertising; sales promotion; ICC Consolidated Code of Advertising and Marketing Communications Practice; European Advertising Standards Alliance; Code of Non-Broadcast Advertising, Sales Promotion and Direct Marketing; Code of Advertising Practice of the Advertising Standards Authority of South Africa; Code of Conduct of the Wireless Application Service Providers' Association

In Central Africa, oil palm is a major food-crop used in everyday cooking. All the countries of the region are importing palm oil, often from south-east Asia, to cover their domestic demand. Palm oil production is dominated by small scale agriculture, with a diversity going from the small backyard garden to the monospecific plantation of several hundred hectares. Most of the industrial plantations date from colonial periods. New industrial plantations have been expanding in the last decade, with successes and failures, with the help of southeast Asian and European multinationals and domestic investors. The States want to increase their national palm oil production and industrial investments. They hope for socioeconomic benefits and food security. Such plans for agricultural development also present threats such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity and land use conflicts, and caution and planning are needed to avoid negative social and environmental impacts. In order to provide decision-makers with accurate information and useful decision-making tools to plan the development of the palm oil sector at national and subregional scales, the WWF asked CIRAD to map lands potentially favourable to the production of sustainable (P&C RSPO) palm oil in 5 countries of the Congo basin: Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Central Africa. We use a step by step method to 1/ measure and locate territories which are suitable for oil palm culture, 2/ prevent threats over biodiversity and land use by respecting the social and environmental constraints edited by the principles and criteria of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (P&C RSPO), 3/ plan development strategies for palm oil production which are coherent with the national context and specificities (through an evaluation of the adequacy of various production models). The maps resulting from this study are useful decision-making tools that allow analysing trade-offs between opportunities of production and prevention of threats on biodiversity and land use issues. These maps can be useful in the design of national programs of agricultural development that avoid deforestation and preserve biodiversity corridors. Our results in Gabon are consistent with the maps of biodiversity and conservation importance produced by the National Agency of National Parks. In Republic of Congo, they are used in the discussions on the agricultural component of the REDD+ program. (Texte intégral)

Soybean is a major ingredient for animal feeding in the EU, which is highly dependent on its import. Brazil is the main exporter of soy meal to Europe contributing to nearly 30% of EU total import of meal. The last ten years saw an increased demand from the EU feed and food industry in using sustainable raw material. In this context, the European Feed Manufacturer Federation (FEFAC) is currently discussing a guideline for the characteristics that sustainable soy production should have. At the same time, China has increased its share of import of soy and has become the main importer of soy in the world. Competition between Europe and Chine for the supply of soy is increasing. Trade barriers, due to complex sustainability requirements from the EU, could affect its import from Brazil. The SOJAPLUS program is a key initiative concerning the sustainability of soy production in Brazil. It was set up by the Brazilian Vegetable Oil Industries Association (ABIOVE) and by the Soybean Farmers Association (APROSOJA-MT). Considering the potential of this initiative to support the supply to the European market of significant amounts of sustainable soy, the objective of this paper is to discuss the possible harmonization of the sustainability criteria defined by these important EU and Brazilian soy market players. The two set of criteria have been compared, adopting the ITC data base and comparison method; the results show that SOJAPLUS comprises all FEFAC principles and most of its criteria. The main difference, however, is related to the verification system, which in SOJAPLUS is a 1st party system (self-verification) while the FEFAC guidelines consider a 3rd party system (audits); a relevant issue, common to both the FEFAC and SOJAPLUS approach, is related to the inclusion of GMO soy in the sustainability guidelines. As the FEFAC guidelines are still in discussion, there is a very interesting opportunity to harmonize both systems aiming at increasing the sustainability of soybean supply from Brazil to Europe by tackling the difficult challenges of 3rd party certification and GMO soy inclusion. The latter being a major concern for EU consumers, policy makers, farmers' associations and other stakeholders involved in the processing and consumption of soy.

The Role of Unasur in the Processof Political Dialogue in the BolivarianRepublic of VenezuelaResumenLa Unión de Naciones Suramericana (Unasur) desempeñó un papel relevante en el proceso de diálogopolítico iniciado el 10 de abril de 2014 entre elGobiernonacion al de Venezuela, representado por el presidente constitucional Nicolás Maduro Moros,y un sector que agrupa a partidos y organizacionesopositoras a los gobiernos del expresidente HugoChávez Frías (1999-2013) y, en la actualidad, algobierno del presidente Maduro. En este artículo se examina, desde la perspectiva sociológica del análisis de coyuntura, la participación de Unasur en atención a los fundamentos que dieron origen a su creación en 2008, el marco político para la acción de los cancilleres que integran la delegación de Unasur, así como también losavances y reveses del proceso de diálogo político. Se describe la situación coyuntural por la que atravesó el sistema político venezolano desde el 12 de febrero hasta el 31 de mayo de 2014, haciendo énfasis en el discurso oficial de los poderes públicos implicados y el papel de Unasur para la resolución del enfrentamiento político entre sectores de la oposición y el Gobierno nacional.AbstractThe Union of South American Nations (Unasur) played an important role during the process of politicaldialogue that began on April 10, 2014, between the Venezuelan government, represented by the constitutional president Nicolás Maduro Moros, and a sectorof the opposition, represented by the Coalition forDemocratic Unity (Mesa de Unidad Democrática,MUD), which includes the country's parties and organizations opposed to former President Hugo Chávez Frías's Administration (1999-2013), andcurrently to President Maduro's Government. In thisarticle, I will review the participation of Unasur froma sociological perspective of the analysis of crisis,taking into account the principles that served as basisfor the creation of this cooperation mechanism in2008, the political framework for the action by Foreign Ministers included in the Unasur delegation,and the progress and setbacks of the process ofpolitical dialogue. I will also describe the temporarysituation faced by the Venezuelan political systemfrom February 12thto May 312014, underlining both the official discourse of all political authorities involved and the role of Unasur in the resolution of the political conflict between opposition groups and the national government.

The article considers the little studied issue of Russia's penitentiary system development in the 1st quarter of the 18th century. Referring to a variety of sources, such as laws, documentary sources and memoirs of foreigners who visited Russia between the mid-17th — 1st quarter of the 18th century, the author reconstructs the living conditions of prisoners in order to determine the scale of influence of Peter the Great's reforms on the main principles of prison organization and the prisoners' confinement conditions. A comparative and historical analysis helps establish the frequency of imprisonment as a punishment during the period in question, and refers to the differences there existed in the confinement of convicts in the second half of the 17th and the 1st third of the 18th century. The study of primary sources and assessments of prisons contained in the historical books has shown no drastic changes in incarceration conditions during Petrine transformations. As in the previous century, the main contradiction in the life of prisons was the lack of the government's attention to the problem of funding and a tendency to dictate strict requirements to the guarding of convicts. Nevertheless, unlike in the 17th century, prisoners had more opportunities to earn their living as their labour was used in factories and they did other hard work. ; Статья посвящена малоизученным вопросам развития пенитенциарной системы в России первой четверти XVIII столетия. Основываясь на данных, содержащихся в нормативных правовых актах, документальных источниках и воспоминаниях иностранцев, побывавших в России в середине XVII — первой четверти XVIII в., автор реконструирует условия содержания заключенных с целью выяснить, насколько реформы Петра Великого повлияли на основные принципы организации тюрем и образ жизни заключенных в них арестантов. Сравнительно-исторический анализ позволил выявить частоту использования тюремного заключения как одного из видов наказаний того времени, а также обратиться к характеристике различий, существовавших в содержании колодников во второй половине XVII и первой трети XVIII в. Изучение источников и оценок состояния тюрем, содержащихся в историографии, показало отсутствие серьезных изменений условий содержания арестантов в России эпохи Петровских преобразований. Как и в предыдущем столетии, основным противоречием существования мест заключения являлось отсутствие внимания государства к проблеме их финансирования при стремлении диктовать жесткие требования к охране колодников. Правда, в отличие от XVII в. арестанты имели больше возможностей заработать на свое содержание, так как их труд очень часто использовался в заводских и иных вспомогательных работах.

Although the public generally looks to Cooperative Extension for answers, we also need to engage in leadership, and "leadership is not as much about knowing the right answers as it is knowing the right questions" (Tiede, 2013, p. 2). This session will highlight the practice of leading with questions and connect it directly to the work of Extension professionals. We will draw upon practical experience and related literature, such as Marquardt's (2014) book, "Leading with Questions: How Leaders Find the Right Solutions by Knowing What to Ask," and Marquet's (2012) book, "Turn the Ship Around!: A True Story of Turning Followers Into Leaders." Participants will engage in conversation about how the principles can be applied in their work with educational program participants, Extension Leadership Councils, administrators, program partners, potential donors, and more. People have the inherent capacity to solve their own problems and that social transformation is within the reach of all communities" (Kellogg Foundation, 2009). At the 2010 Virginia Rural Summit, Delegate R. Steve Landes noted the importance of empowering local governments to solve their economic and health care problems. Thus, there is a need to prepare volunteers, civic leaders, and elected and appointed officials to be the force for positive change within their communities. Research supports this notion that community leaders need to be involved in the decision-making process and problem solving to help organize and develop their communities. Furthermore, VCE professionals want to explore the opportunities for collaborations and partnerships, yet they are unsure how. The Unit Situation Analysis and Issues Reports revealed a clear need for more prepared community leaders and more representative civic engagement. in addition, the Early Careers Extension Agent focus groups revealed that VCE professionals want to explore positive examples of collaborative work between agents, agents and specialists, and faculty and external partners. This workshop will directly contribute to the outcomes identified for the Community Leadership subset of the Leadership, Volunteerism, and Civic Engagement Program Team: Increased knowledge of leadership skills and characteristics. Increased knowledge of the different types of leadership models. Increased capacity of VCE professionals to facilitate leadership trainings in the community. Increased participation in community leadership roles. Adopted shared leadership practices including coaching and collaborative decision making. ; Accepted (Publication status) ; Yes, abstract only (Peer reviewed?)

Історія виникнення світських навчальних закладів, поява нової, світської освіти потребує детального дослідження. Створення у Харкові «додаткових класів» 1768 р. — одна з перших спроб на шляху до світської школи на Слобожанщині. Від початку вона залежала від світської влади і мала широку палітру предметів, утримувала сиротинець. Однак протягом другої половини 1770-х рр. заклад набув і мілітарних рис, чому сприяв директор Іван Колбек, хоча й зберіг «класи» малювання та співів, власну структуру, принципи функціонування та матеріальне забезпечення. На відміну від багатьох інших світських навчальних осередків, харківський продовжував діяти, незважаючи на адміністративні реформи та зміни в керуванні губернією. Це училище також підтримувало досить жваві зв'язки із Харківським колегіумом, доповнюючи його богословські дисципліни світськими. На кінець 1780-х рр. Харків, завдяки училищу і колегіуму, залишався провідним освітнім центром регіону, що певною мірою сприяло відкриттю згодом у цьому місті університету. ; History and beginning of the secular schools, the beginnings of a new, secular education is one of the leading topics for this research. The emergence of the «additional classes» in 1768 was one of the first attempts in the secular educational establishment on the territory of Eastern Ukraine. From its beginning it depended on the civil power and had a broad range of subjects and an orphanage house. Special attention was paid to studying foreign languages and the basics of arithmetic and architecture. However, in the second half of the 1770s the school started to bear military characteristics. It was promoted by Headmaster Ivan Kolbek. In spite of these processes, the school retained the «classes» of drawing and singing, its structure and principles of operation. Unlike many other secular schools, the school remained, despite administrative reforms and changes in the management of the province. The school educated the future local officials. Kharkiv school also maintained vital contacts with Kharkiv Collegium, complementing the seminary by the presence of secular disciplines. The school had already had some experience and material provision before the imperial educational reform of 1782-1790.At the end of the 1780s, thanks to the school and collegium, Kharkiv was a leading educational center in the region, which to a certain extent predetermined the future opening of the University in the city.

This study is an approach to bid-rigging agreements from the perspective of competition law, analyzing the interrelation between free competition and public procurement considering that the public sector is the place in which bid-rigging agreements show its harmful effects and how competition rules can be an effective tool in the fight against this scourge, all in the context of finding a proper balance between the principles of free competition and objective selection. The methodology used in this research consists in an exhaustive analysis of the main resolutions issued by the Superintendency of Industry and Trade regarding the violation of Article 9 of Decree 2153 of 1992; the study of some constitutional and administrative court decisions in collusion, state procurement agreements, and restricted competition issues, and the study of the rules of law applicable to the aforementioned matters. Likewise, this research gives a general overview of domestic and international doctrine regarding the mentioned issues and of some studies conducted by national and international organizations regarding collusion, bid rigging, transparency and corruption. ; El presente artículo constituye un acercamiento al tema de los acuerdos colusorios desde la perspectiva del derecho de la competencia, da una mirada a la interrelación entre la libre competencia y la contratación estatal, y destaca precisamente cómo el terreno público es el escenario en el que los acuerdos colusorios exhiben sus efectos más nocivos y por ende, cómo las normas de competencia pueden constituir una herramienta eficaz para la lucha contra este flagelo, todo ello en el marco de un adecuado equilibrio entre los principios de libre concurrencia y selección objetiva. La metodología empleada en esta investigación ha partido de un exhaustivo análisis de las principales resoluciones sobre la violación del artículo 9 del Decreto 2153 de 1992 expedidas por la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio, y de algunos pronunciamientos sobre colusión, contratación estatal, acuerdos restrictivos de la competencia, libre competencia y derecho administrativo sancionador expedidos tanto por la jurisprudencia constitucional como por la administrativa, con especial mención de las normas legales aplicables a estas materias. Así mismo, se ha realizado un barrido general respecto de la doctrina nacional e internacional sobre estas materias, y de algunos de los estudios de organismos nacionales e internacionales sobre colusión, manipulación de licitaciones, transparencia y corrupción.

The development of approaches to the use of criminal repression, in the context of substantive criminal, law for many years, was a question a lot of controversy, both in defining the crime of terrorism, and with setting the boundaries of criminal repression in this area. Terrorism, which essentially has the potential to undermine democracy and the rule of law by encouraging autoriternih tendency of authorities to fight this negative social - pathological phenomena, imposing views of the minority to the majority, without limits in achieving their goals, more than any other part of the world has hit Europe, which through its mechanisms, including the European court of Human rights and its practice, has developed specific counter-measures aimed at ensuring the libertarian political and cultural values of Europe. The rulings and case law related to combating terrorism have been set certain principles relating to the establishment of a balance between the effective response of the state and protection of human rights. Terrorism attacks the basics of democracy and the rule of law, a state against these attacks need to defend themselves while balancing the need to respect human rights and the response to terrorism. ; Razvoj pristupa u korišćenju krivičnopravne represije u okviru materijalnog krivičnog prava, dugi niz godina, bilo je pitanje puno kontroverzi, kako u vezi sa definisanjem samog krivičnog dela terorizma, tako i sa postavljanjem granica krivičnopravne represije u ovoj oblasti. Terorizam koji u svojoj suštini poseduje potencijal da podrije demokratiju i vladavinu prava pospešivanjem autoritarnih tendencija vlasti u borbi protiv ove negativne socijalno - patološke pojave, nametanjem stavova manjine većini, bez granica u ostvarivanju svojih ciljeva, više nego bilo koji drugi deo sveta pogodio je Evropu, koja je kroz svoje mehanizme uključujući Evropski sud za ljudska prava i njegovu praksu razvila određene kontraterorističke mere namenjene obezbeđivanju slobodarskih političkih i kulturnih vrednosti Evrope. U presudama i praksi Suda u vezi sa suprotstavljanjem terorizmu postavljeni su određeni načelni principi, koji se odnose na uspostavljanje ravnoteže između efikasne reakcije države i zaštite ljudskih prava. Terorizam napada osnove demokratije i vladavine zakona, a države protiv ovih napada moraju da se brane uz balansiranje potrebe poštovanja ljudskih prava i odgovora na terorizam.