Suchergebnisse

The author studied the huge work done by researchers on archival materials and sources related to the history of the economic and political life of Russia in the late XIX-early XX centuries, its institutions and representatives. At the same time, the study sometimes goes beyond the accumulated experience and views of Russian scientists (M. Delyagin, V. Katasonov, M. Khazin, A. Rode and others). The relevant opinions of historians are also presented on the subject indicated in the title of the article (N. Danilevsky, Yu. Zhukov, A. Pyzhikov, etc.). One of the results of the study is a brief analysis of the work on establishing large humanitarian-production complexes. The aim of the study was to systematize theoretical approaches to control for their further application in practice. The reasons for the existence of various conceptual approaches in Russia are the uncritical study and application of controlling by experts from different fields of knowledge and the insufficient, if not competent, filling of both curricula and practices. In addition, for a long time, the specific popular perception of private property and its derivative processes in society was not appreciated. In carrying out this study, the author used the methods of structural and functional analysis, historical-comparative and problem-chronological, as well as the epistemological method. The paper systematizes the existing approaches to the classification of controlling and proposes a format that takes into account the features of the model of the controlling system. It is recommended to use the results of theoretical and methodological studies for training specialists in the field of economics and management, as well as in the real practice of large industrial enterprises.

The Argentine monetary system was established by law Nº 1030 in 1881. This law adopted the bimetallism gold and silver, a system which was short lived, barely lasting two years until law 1354 disposed that the banks should only issue notes payable in national gold pesos, thus following the system of the countries of the Latin Union. A far reaching event was the creation of the Conversion Bank in 1890, an activity which was to last 45 years, and to which the country is indebted for its outstanding services. The object of its existence was the conversion (exchange of gold to notes) and the withdrawal of gold in circulation. In response to the necessity of carrying out a monetary security programme, in 1935 law 12155 created the Central Bank. It was not formed as an official entity, its aim being to assure independence from political powers. However, in 1946, due to contrary ideas, the Central Bank was nationalized together with the deposits of the commercial banks. When the Central Bank was created it had the exclusive privilege of issuing notes, but was obliged to maintain a minimum metallic reserve, thus responding to the ideas of that time, where metallic guarantee was considered to be the firmest support of currency value. Now days on the contrary it is considered to be a system in decline. However, money issuing should be limited in accordance with BENDIXEN'S words "Issue new money when progress of economic life increases production and withdraw it from circulation when production decreases". ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Este artículo discute los postulados teóricos de los wicked problems y la gobernanza, de manera que sea posible entender y abordar las problemáticas que se presentan en un destino turístico. El análisis parte de revisar la literatura que engloba los problemas generados por el turismo, su vínculo con otras áreas y su situación en materia política. Posteriormente se enlaza con el marco explicativo, de lo cual se identifica que la complejidad de los problemas es resultado de la diversidad de configuraciones propias de cada destino, las cuales están estrechamente relacionadas con el distanciamiento político entre los actores público-privados afectados por el turismo. Se concluye que, la comprensión del contexto donde se desenvuelve dicha actividad es importante para generar esquemas de cooperación, de tal forma que las redes establecidas en un destino puedan transitar hacia redes de gobernanza colaborativa donde predominen la confianza y los objetivos comunes, con la finalidad de tratar la complejidad de los problemas. ; This article discusses the theoretical principles of wicked problems and governance, in order to understand and address the problems that arise in a tourist destination. The analysis starts with a review of the literature including the problems generated by tourism, the way they are linked with other areas and their political condition. Subsequently, this situation is connected to the explanatory framework, which reveals that the complexity of the problems is the result of the diversity of settings of each tourist destination, which are closely related to the political distance between the public-private actors affected by the activity. The study concludes that understanding the context where tourism takes place is important to generate cooperative schemes that can evolve towards collaborative governance networks where trust and common objectives are established, in order to deal with the complexity of problems. ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)

This article discusses the theoretical principles of wicked problems and governance, in order to understand and address the problems that arise in a tourist destination. The analysis starts with a review of the literature including the problems generated by tourism, the way they are linked with other areas and their political condition. Subsequently, this situation is connected to the explanatory framework, which reveals that the complexity of the problems is the result of the diversity of settings of each tourist destination, which are closely related to the political distance between the public-private actors affected by the activity. The study concludes that understanding the context where tourism takes place is important to generate cooperative schemes that can evolve towards collaborative governance networks where trust and common objectives are established, in order to deal with the complexity of problems. ; Este artículo discute los postulados teóricos de los wicked problems y la gobernanza, de manera que sea posible entender y abordar las problemáticas que se presentan en un destino turístico. El análisis parte de revisar la literatura que engloba los problemas generados por el turismo, su vínculo con otras áreas y su situación en materia política. Posteriormente se enlaza con el marco explicativo, de lo cual se identifica que la complejidad de los problemas es resultado de la diversidad de configuraciones propias de cada destino, las cuales están estrechamente relacionadas con el distanciamiento político entre los actores público-privados afectados por el turismo. Se concluye que, la comprensión del contexto donde se desenvuelve dicha actividad es importante para generar esquemas de cooperación, de tal forma que las redes establecidas en un destino puedan transitar hacia redes de gobernanza colaborativa donde predominen la confianza y los objetivos comunes, con la finalidad de tratar la complejidad de los problemas.

The increase in the number of natural disasters that has been observed in recent decades around the world under the influence of increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, not only often causes significant damage to the economy and infrastructure of the territories, but also causes people to die and their mass migrations. In the light of these trends, the environmental situation is increasingly becoming the subject of scientific interest of researchers of various specialties: not only climatologists, but also economists and demographers. However, despite the increasing publication activity, in particular, on problems of population migration caused by climate change and environmental problems, there are significant gaps in the theoretical and methodological aspect. Our analysis of the scientific discourse (mostly English-speaking) showed that the discrepancies concern not only the question of which immigrants should be classified as environmental or climate migrants, but also the very term "environmental migrants", as well as the legal issue of the necessity and legality of providing such persons of refugee status. It has been established that at the moment "environmental refugees" do not actually have and never had refugee status, either in accordance with the relevant UN Convention or in accordance with the national legislation of any country. The article attempts to systematize and analyze the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to this problem and, on its basis, gives recommendations regarding their application. The features of statistical accounting for environmental migrants are established. The main difficulties of identifying and identifying those migration processes that resulted from changes in the environment are identified, since along with natural factors, a combination of other socio-economic factors, such as low living standards or poverty, often influence decision-making on resettlement. The principles that should be followed when organizing environmental migration statistics at the national level are given. Two groups of existing international sources of quantitative data on environmental migration are described: a bibliographic database containing materials and publications on environmental migration, as well as a database of quantitative data that provide information on the number of displaced persons. The relationship between climate change and the impact on the quality of life of the population has been identified. The negative impact of climate change on the level and quality of life of the population was identified primarily in rural areas, which led to an increase in the scale and deepening of poverty, and also caused the migration of the rural population.

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems of actively developing in modern conditions ecological culture, determining its place in the system of humanities. The growing importance of new conception of scientific research and sociocultural practices in the context of the global problems of our time is determined.It is necessary to know the experts' opinion which environmental problems are being identified as most significant. Only afterwards we can find the ways to solve them. Thereby based on the analysis of materials of the Russian scientific-practical conference with international participation "Environmental protection as a factor of the socio-economic development of municipalities: experience and problems" (2017, Rostov-on-Don, Kurgan), and the results of the Russian expert opinion research conducted by scientists of Rostov scientific elitological school it was concluded that there is an objective necessity to create a unified structure of natural resource management and environmental protection in territorial entities (Vorontsov, Mamychev, Ponedelkov, Yanguzin and Vildanov, 2017; Ponedelkov, Starostin, Mamychev, Grigoryan and Verenich, 2018). At the same time, the prerequisites and trends, the problematic aspects of the development of environmentally-oriented processes in modern Russian conditions determine that the organization of an effective environmental protection policy as a factor of socio-economic development and mechanisms of the implementation its strategic goals in the field of environmental development existing public administration system is possible only if appropriate conditions are created for the dynamic development of the system of environmental education and upbringing, as well as the necessity of developing the implementation of a new civilizational paradigm as a new eco-human behavioral paradigm

The article analyzes the fundamental issues of state evolution and typology. The authors justify that the state is an evolving phenomenon of social and legal reality. At that, it is shown that in the process of this evolution, along with the preservation of universal (essential) characteristics, conditioned by the nature and social purpose of the state, there is a modification of those properties and attributes that have a specific historical character and depend on a variety of factors that influence a state on an appropriate stage of development. The paper substantiates that the evolution of a state phenomenon must be considered in the context of general social evolution, which is, in the most general sense, the process of that intersubjective experience complication, accumulation and organization.The authors argue that any common (generic) concept of "state" is a conditional one to a certain extent, since it does not have a real ontological status, acting as the result of a series of typifications mediated by language and carried out in accordance with the relevances largely dictated by that practical life situation.

El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer y desarrollar el concepto de problemas complejos como herramienta epistemológica y política para repensar el vínculo entre la ciencia y la política, es decir, entre nuestras estrategias de construcción de conocimiento en el mundo y nuestras estrategias de transformación y acción en el mundo. Un problema complejo es una experiencia problematizada que busca ser conocida y transformada porque es evaluada como indeseable. Por tanto, un problema complejo se expresa conjuntamente como problema de conocimiento (dimensión epistémica), como problema de acción y decisión (dimensión pragmática) y como problema ético (dimensión axiológica). ; The objective of this work is to propose and develop the concept of complex problems as an epistemological and political tool to rethink the link between science and politics, that is, between our knowledge construction strategies in the world and our transformation and action strategies. in the world. A complex problem is a problematized experience that seeks to be known and transformed because it is evaluated as undesirable. Therefore, a complex problem is jointly expressed as a problem of knowledge (epistemic dimension), as a problem of action and decision (pragmatic dimension) and as an ethical problem (axiological dimension).

ABSTRACT The article analyzed the laws of the United States and the Russian Federation in order to determine the key points of protecting the interests of minor children in the divorce of their parents. The purpose is a comparative examination of theoretical and practical problems of the implementation of child support obligations of parents in Russia and the United States. The authors used a combination of philosophical, general and private, scientific methods of cognition of theoretical and empirical material, considering historical, political, and national characteristics. The study has allowed identifying some significant problems.RESUMEN El artículo analizó las leyes de los Estados Unidos y la Federación de Rusia con el fin de determinar los puntos clave para proteger los intereses de los menores en el divorcio de sus padres. El propósito es un examen comparativo de los problemas teóricos y prácticos de la implementación de las obligaciones de manutención infantil de los padres en Rusia y los Estados Unidos. Los autores utilizaron una combinación de métodos filosóficos, científicos generales y científicos privados de cognición de material teórico y empírico, considerando características históricas, políticas y nacionales. El estudio ha permitido identificar algunos problemas importantes.

W ostatnich dwóch dekadach nastąpił w Unii Europejskiej rozwój instytucji odpowiadających za bezpieczeństwo tych społeczeństw. W roku 2003 Rada Europy przyjęła pierwszą w historii tej organizacji międzynarodowej strategię bezpieczeństwa. Do zdecydowanych kroków zmusiły także zamachy terrorystyczne. Istotnego znaczenia nabrał proces tworzenia unijnych formacji wojskowych, głównie Grup Bojowych. Tworzenie tej formacji jest najważniejszą, podejmowaną przez UE inicjatywą militarną. Od 2010 roku pełnią one rotacyjne dyżury i są zdolne do szybkiego reagowania na kryzysy poza terytorium Europy. W procesie tym coraz aktywniej uczestniczy Polska, przyczyniając się do umacniania swej pozycji w strukturach UE. Polska tworzy z innymi krajami Weimarską i Wyszehradzką Grupę Bojową. Należy sądzić, że w najbliższych latach nie powstanie europejska armia pod jednolitym dowództwem i jednakowo umundurowana. Unia Europejska przyjęła na siebie zadania uzupełniające w stosunku do operacji wojskowych prowadzonych przez Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych, Stany Zjednoczone i Sojusz Północnoatlantycki. ; The institutions responsible for the security of those societies developed in the last two decades in the European Union. The Council of Europe accepted the first safety strategy in the history of this international organization. Terrorist attacks made taking forceful steps necessary. The process of creating union troops mainly in combat groups became significant. The creation of this group is the most important military initiative undertaken by the European Union. Since 2010 they have been working in rotation groups and with the ability to react quickly during a crisis outside European territory. Poland is taking part in this process with an increasingly active contribution to strengthen its position within EU structures. Poland is part of the Weimarsk and Visegrad combat group with other countries. There is no sign yet of the creation of a unileteral European army in the coming years. The European Union undertakes supplementary tasks in relation to military operations run by the United Nations and NATO.

The institutions responsible for the security of those societies developed in the last two decades in the European Union. The Council of Europ accepted the first safety strategy in the history of this international organization. Terrorist attacks made taking forceful steps necessary. The process of creating union troops mainly in combat groups became significant. The creation of this group is the most important military initiative undertaken by the European Union. Since 2010 they have been working in rotation groups and with the ability to react quickly during a crisis outside European territory. Poland is taking part in this process with an increasingly active contribution to strengthen its position within EU structures. Poland is part of the Weimarsk and Visegrad combat group with other countries. There is no sign yet of the creation of a unileteral European army in the coming years. The European Union undertakes supplementary tasks in relation to military operations run by the United Nations and NATO. ; The institutions responsible for the security of those societies developed in the last two decades in the European Union. The Council of Europ accepted the first safety strategy in the history of this international organization. Terrorist attacks made taking forceful steps necessary. The process of creating union troops mainly in combat groups became significant. The creation of this group is the most important military initiative undertaken by the European Union. Since 2010 they have been working in rotation groups and with the ability to react quickly during a crisis outside European territory. Poland is taking part in this process with an increasingly active contribution to strengthen its position within EU structures. Poland is part of the Weimarsk and Visegrad combat group with other countries. There is no sign yet of the creation of a unileteral European army in the coming years. The European Union undertakes supplementary tasks in relation to military operations run by the United Nations and NATO.

This article presents and explores, from a law and economics' perspective, the Colombian Constitutional structures that create potential for corruption by undermining the checks and balances, the accountability system over politicians and in particular, by altering the computation of the agent once is facing the decision to act according to principal interest or behave in a corrupt way. A case study from a Colombian high court is presented in order to illustrate the interaction between the identified constitutional provisions to generate a scope for corruption. Finally, possible constitutional amendments are suggested in order to overcome these system failures.

The article presents an analysis of problematic issues concerning the adaptation of the national accounting and financial reporting system of Ukraine to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The chosen topic is relevant because of the fact that the domestic economic system is increasingly dependent on the globalization of economic processes and information technologies in the world. The transition of Ukraine to the specified standards is a requirement of time and is conditioned by the necessity to fulfill the country's contractual obligations for further integration with the European Union. The authors considered such world systems as IFRS and the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The general features of these systems were analyzed.The authors have identified both the systematic advantages and the problems of adaptation of IFRS in Ukraine. Advantages include: providing more detailed, transparent, truthful and accessible information for users; raising the level of investment attractiveness of economic entities through the possibility of their entry into new capital markets, etc. Problems include: the complexity of the practical application of standards through the introduction of new terms, the need for restructuring the philosophy of accounting and management personnel, and so on.The paper notes that the successful adaptation of IFRS in Ukraine should be consistent with the general economic priorities of the country's development and is possible only under condition of well-considered actions of state legislatures and executive authorities, international cooperation within the framework of specialized professional organizations on the issues of elaboration of international standards of financial reporting.

The article analyzes the problems associated with the understanding of state power, as well as theoretical and methodological innovations and research tools used in the study of this political and legal phenomenon. The authors analyze various directions of the legal, political and socio-cultural definition of state power, identify and discuss various dimensions and levels in the conceptualization of the latter. In the context of the paper, the government is as a complex political and legal phenomenon, considered as a specific type of general system of public authority, which is implemented by various political subjects, which have a rigid link to the socio-cultural and territorial space.

El autor considera la educación superior como un potencial creativo culturalmente creativo y vital de la filosofía de la educación continua del individuo y centra la atención en la lógica interna y externa adicional de la transformación de las instituciones educativas que requieren coordinación, que no siempre es automática. El dominio de la lógica interna de las instituciones educativas conduce a la capsulización en el espacio social, provoca constituciones de provincias pedagógicas peculiares con pretensiones de una realidad social transtemporal alternativa. El dominio de la lógica externa en estas transformaciones oculta el peligro de subordinar la racionalidad pedagógica a la racionalidad económica y política. Advierte contra la comercialización de la educación, especialmente la educación superior, que está llena de peligros de su instrumentalidad, lo que contradice su propósito de civilización. ; The author considers higher education as a culturally creative and vital creative potential of the philosophy of continuing education of the individual. Focuses attention on the further internal and external logic of the transformation of educational institutions that require coordination, which is not always automatic. The dominance of the internal logic of educational institutions leads to the capsulization in the social space, causes constitutions of peculiar pedagogical provinces with claims to an alternative transtemporal social reality. The dominance of external logic in these transformations conceals the danger of subordinating the pedagogical rationality to economic and political rationality. Cautions against the commercialization of education, especially higher education, which fraught with danger of its instrumentality, which contradicts its civilization purpose.