The article covers the main medical and demographic problems of Ukraine: birth-rate decline, growth of mortality; moving of qualified personnel abroad, which led to a decrease in the population over the years of independence by more than 9.5 million people. The total birth rate in Ukraine in 2017 was 10.3 per 1000 people, which is 14.9% lower than in 1991. The lowest birth rate was observed in 2000-2002 (7.8, 7.7, 8.1). Then gradually there is an increase in the indicators in 2012 - 11.4 per 1000 people. The total mortality rate in 2017 is 14.4, which is 11.6% higher than in 1991. According to the analysis period, the lowest mortality rate was registered in 1991 - 12.9%. The most high-speed in the period 2005-2008. (16.6, 16.2, 16.4). The natural increase from -0.8 dropped to-4.1 (more than 5 times). The demographic situation in Ukraine is characterized by depopulation, it is characterized by demographic crisis, the main features of which are adverse changes not only in the number but also in the healthy of population, which is manifested in the decrease in the average life expectancy, the deterioration of the health of children and adolescents, the growth of malformations among newborns, high mortality rates from circulatory system diseases; oncological diseases, injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external causes; men's super mortality. The main causes of these phenomena are the protracted economic crisis, the ecological catastrophe (Chernobyl), the country's being in a state of hybrid war, which led to a sharp decline in living standards, uncertainty of the population in the future deaths of people. We offered some ways to over come the country's demographic crisis.
The lack of the necessary resources directed to innovations and technology at the enterprises is one of the main reasons explaining low effectiveness of the Belarusian innovative system. It demonstrates the need to accelerate an implementation of the state strategy of scientific research and innovations support in Belarus. Tax tools are the defining mechanism of stimulation of activity of the companies in the field of innovative development.Reference points in the sphere of innovative development in Belarus are fixed by a number of national regulations, in which are defined the tools and methods of the Belarusian state innovative policy. And it's main objective is to create favorable social-economical, organizational and legal conditions for innovative development and to increase the competitiveness of national economy.It is inefficient to make use of experience of application tax benefits by foreign countries directly, including those relatives of Belarus on structure of economy or on rates of development. It is necessary to define priorities of support in use of instruments of tax incentives from the point of view of subjects of support.The certain problems are peculiar to the granting privileges on payment of taxes and fees as the instrument of increase in innovative activity of economic entities in Republic of Belarus:- the increase in tax benefits can lead to abuses for reduction of the tax obligations by the companies;- direct stimulation of consumers of the knowledge-intensive production isn't provided in the existing Belarusian legislation, at the same time they define demand for this products.The article considers the economic maintenance and structure of tax benefits, which are applied in Belarus. The author offered to add them with tax incentives, which will contribute to more successful development of innovative activity. To stimulate the companies to participate in scientific, technical and innovative activity it is offered to grant the right for a privilege on scientific research and development to those employers, who carry out duties of tax agents on deduction of income tax from the salary and contributions to the Fund of social protection in case if such employers have employees who are carrying out scientific research and developments. Scientific research and developments to which such privilege can be applied have to be carried out at the expense of own company funds. To receive the privilege, the company and individual entrepreneurs have to submit independently applications to specially created organization at the Ministry of Economics of Republic of Belarus, which can define for each project the degree of novelty's compliance in comparison to the established requirements. The offered privilege can give an opportunity of reduction of a rate of contributions to the Fund of social protection for 40 percent, and for the newly created small and medium-sized innovative companies it is expedient to increase the amount of reduction to 60 percent. The proposed measure is aimed to stimulate the innovative activity by the companies, which have no profit or its level is insignificant. Besides, this privilege promotes additional investments into the human capital.It is also offered to include expenses, which are incurred by the taxpayer on the state registration of results of intellectual activity on inventions and useful models, at a rate of the actual expenses with coefficient 2 in the initial cost of a depreciable non-material asset. At the same time, it is offered to establish useful service of such objects of intangible assets no more than one year.For rendering targeted state support to subjects of small innovative business in the form of tax benefits, the establishment of the status of "the small innovative company" for small firms is offered, including newly created. Such status has to be provided for no more than for five years. It is necessary to define accurately the criteria of "the small innovative company", considering volumes of costs of research and development. For again created companies, which don't have financial history, such status can be awarded following the results of external audit.The proposed measures are designed to improve cash flows of the innovative companies and to lower their expenses.The formation of the concept of tax incentives of innovative activity and the development of methodical approaches for assessment of economic efficiency of tax methods of stimulation of innovative activity is necessary at the moment in Belarus.
Today, in the context of aggravation of socio–economic and political problems, the standard of living of the population is the indicator that reflects the development of the state. This category should become the main criterion for the development and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of socio–economic policies of Ukraine, both at the national and regional levels in particular. The main goal of the article is to study the methodological foundations of assessing the standard of living of the population, using the construction of integral indicators. A specific feature of Ukraine is a significant regional differentiation of the population by living standards, requiring an integrated assessment of the living standards of the population for individual regions of Ukraine. For this purpose, we proposed the use of a regional index of living standards, taking into account certain methodological recommendations for its calculation, associated with changes in the socio–economic situation in the country and corresponding changes in the methodology of statistical observations. And also, an analysis was made of the standard of living of the population of individual regions by such an integral indicator as the regional human development index. And the regions of Ukraine were grouped by the regional human development index, the leaders and outsiders were identified. The methodological tools of the study were methods of systematization, grouping and classification, average values, indicators of variation and analysis of the series of dynamics, index calculations, correlation analysis. The period of the study of the standard of living of the population in the regions of Ukraine was chosen for the period 2004–2017. The object of the study was Ukraine as a whole and its individual regions. Given the above, it should be noted that ensuring a decent standard of living of the population should become an unconditional priority of both state and regional policies, and the quality of life of citizens should meet the ...
The article is devoted to the topic of healthy eating of student youth and itscomponents. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the components of rational andbalanced diet and seeking to identify the accents of a conscious attitude to nutrition inidentifying its basic principles. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study were basicfactors of the theory of nutrition, regulatory and legislative acts of Ukraine, scientificpublications and works of domestic and foreign scientists on nutrition problems. To performthe tasks methods of scientific abstraction, synthesis, analysis, systematization andgeneralization of data were used in the article. Basic approaches to product consumption arediscussed, maximally balanced by the basic nutrients of animal and vegetable origin. Theissues of rational and balanced diet are covered, basic rules for maintaining a nutritionalbalance as well as its effect on the human body. Rational and balanced diet is an essentialcomponent of well-being and health of the young generation. A person who follows the rulesof a healthy diet has certain advantages: no excess weight; chronic diseases disappear or theremission period increases; good health; high endurance, resistance to stress; there is a senseof control over one's body. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that ahealthy diet problem is difficult and complex one and needs deep knowledge and skills invarious fields of science and practice. The results of the work will help to solve the currentproblem − prevention of occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases among young generation andstrengthening the general immunity of the students through adherence to the foundations ofrational and balanced diet and consumption of quality food products ; Стаття присвячена темі здорового харчування студентської молоді та його складовим. Основною метою проведеного дослідження є аналіз складових раціонального та збалансованого харчування та пошук визначення акцентів свідомого ставлення до харчування у виявленні його основних принципів. Теоретичною й методологічною основою дослідження стали фундаментальні положення теорії харчування, нормативні та законодавчі акти України, наукові публікації та праці вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених з проблем харчування. Для виконання поставлених завдань в роботі використано: методи наукової абстракції, синтезу, аналізу, систематизації та узагальнення даних.Розглянуто основні підходи до споживання продуктів, максимально збалансованих за основними харчовими речовинами тваринного та рослинного походження. Висвітлюються питання раціонального та збалансованого харчування, основні правила дотримання харчового балансу, а також його вплив на організм людини. Раціональне та збалансоване харчування є невід'ємним компонентом гарного самопочуття та здоров'я молодого покоління. Людина, яка харчується, дотримуючись правил здорового харчування, має переваги: відсутня зайва вага; зникають хронічні хвороби або ж збільшується період ремісії; гарне самопочуття; висока витривалість, стійкість до стресів; з'являється відчуття контролю над власним тілом. Дослідження емпірично підтверджує та теоретично доводить, що проблема здорового харчування – складна і комплексна проблема, яка потребує глибоких знань та навичок у різних областях науки і практики. Результати роботи будуть сприяти вирішенню актуальної проблеми – попередження виникнення та профілактики шлунково-кишкових захворювань молодого покоління та зміцнення загального імунітету студентства через дотримання основ раціонального і збалансованого харчування та вживання якісних продуктів харчування.
For a certain category of persons in particular cases legislator provides for a special procedure of criminal proceedings as well as mandatory participation of a defender (Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure) to create additional person defense guarantees in criminal proceedings. The article is devoted to study of problem aspects of legislative regulation of defense mandatory participation in criminal proceedings. The importance of defense mandatory participation is emphasized as rendering legal aid to a person in criminal proceedings. This article is devoted to study the importance of the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings and on the basis of obtained data, with due consideration of international standards of human rights protection in criminal proceedings, to submit substantiated author's proposals as regards the expansion of the circle of grounds for the mandatory participation of a defender in Ukrainian criminal proceedings. Within the topic of study we analyzed criminal procedural legislation in force, research works in this area, decisions of European Court oh Human Rights, aiming to reveal deficiencies in law and submit author's proposals as regards their elimination. According to normative sense of Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, the article gives classification of the grounds for mandatory participation of a defender depending on: 1) consideration of severity of a crime; 2) consideration of personal data of a defendant held criminally liable; 3) peculiarities of criminal proceedings. Proposals are presented aimed to improve legislative regulation of Ukrainian criminal procedural law. It is proposed to add one more reason connected to the circumstance that the defendant denies suspicion against him/her and/or denies his/her guilt in commission of criminal offense. The proposal consists in addition to Article 52, Part 2, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine of new Item 10 postulating the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal ...
The article deals with the problem of vocational training of degree professionals in conditions of information-oriented society. Taking into account transition period of Ukrainian society development from industrial to information (postindustrial) stage, its peculiarities have been analysed, specialists training requirements have been established. These requirements are caused by gender realities of information society development, its humanization, democratization, intellectual work predominance, creating conditions for personality efficiency. The theory of "human capital assets" the main role in which belongs to the system of education grows in the frame of information transformations.
Modern socio-economic and political conditions in our country greatly affect the psycho-emotional state of fertile aged women and their partners. Unfortunately, the concept of psychological security is not widespread in Ukraine today. The radical approaches to the formation of public opinions and approaches by opinion leaders, which are covered in the media and social networks, unfortunately, reduce the credibility of the doctor as a person who fulfills state guarantees of quality free medical care. Such features of changing attitudes towards doctors greatly affect the efficiency of the doctor's contact with the patient, which affects the effectiveness of treatment. In women of reproductive age with impaired reproductive health the strength of stressors that induce reproductive health disorders decreases in time to a certain level and goes into prolonged distress. Functioning of the central nervous system supports the formation of a negative internal dialogue in the patient because of interneuron interaction and passage of brain impulses by the shortest route and through areas of high vascularization. The article describes the main types of cognitive distortions that can interfere with the effective dialogue between doctor and patient. Cognitive distortions can be viewed as changes in the psycho-emotional state of women and as a result of the psycho-emotional pathology development, which is need parallel therapy or correction of the psycho-emotional state of such women addition to the treatment of reproductive disorders. The most common of cognitive distortions are mental filtering, positive deviations, maximization, minimization, dichotomous thinking, over-generalization, personalization, accusations, a sense of one's own self-righteousness, emotional thinking. Timely detection of cognitive impairment in patients with reproductive health disorders allows establishing a trusting relationship between doctor and woman, increasing the effectiveness of treatment and reducing the time of conversation with patient.
Analyzed the national legislation in the context of strategic targets and directions of state influence on the processes of population development, the population policy im-plementation in Ukraine. Considered a number of the approved by the government legal acts aimed at overcoming the negative tendencies in reproduction, at the overall changes in the demographic situation. Proved the insufficient and poor regulatory support for implementation of population policy. It is shown that the existing regulations do not pro-vide a sufficient legal basis for specific administrative or regulatory activity in this area, because they set neither the subject of the state population policy, nor its objects and legalentities. They also do not define the mechanisms for the adoption and implementation of appropriate solutions, the sources of necessary measures financing, and proper control procedures. Substantiated that their semantic fullness focused mainly on overcoming the unfavorable tendencies in some demographic processes and eliminating their negative ef-fects, rather than on the creation of social and economic conditions that are conducive to the population reproduction of higher quality in all social groups. It is proved that population policy is seen as a separate, special and specific component of social and eco-nomic policy, the implementation of which can not influence the overall changes in the demographic situation. It is concluded about the need to pass a proper law with a clear definition of the essence, goals, objectives, and principles of population policy. Thus the population policy should be formed on its understanding as a special demographic target-ing social and economic policy. This approach will provide improve the efficiency of state influence on the processes of population reproduction. ; Проаналізовано національне законодавство у контексті стратегічних орієнтирів, напрямів державного впливу на процеси демографічного розвитку, впровадження демографічної політики в Україні. Розглянуто низку прийнятих ...
Comics is one of the leading branches of modern mass culture, that has a great influence on mass consciousness. From the very beginning, comics combined entertainment and information. Throughout its existence, this genre played a big role in socio-political life. This experience is relevant for many countries of the world, including Ukraine. Over the past decade, a lot of political comics have been published in Ukraine. These specific publishing products require analysis and reflection. In the process of study of American and Ukrainian political comics, the method of analysis and synthesis were used. While studying individual American and Ukrainian comics, the description method was used. In the process of research, American superhero comics (Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, modern times) and Ukrainian comics were analyzed. It was determined that this genre was used to propagate different ideas from the very beginning of its existence. It is also shown how mainstream comics can change under the influence of various socio-political phenomena. The results can be used by people who study the history of comics and by those who investigate propaganda and its influence on the mass consciousness.
The role of education at the present stage of Ukrainian development is determined by the tasks of its transition to a democratic and legal state, to a market economy, the need to overcome the danger of the country's lagging behind global trends in economic and social development. In the modern world, the importance of education as the most important factor in the formation of a new quality economy and society increases along with the growth of the influence of human capital. Ukrainian educational system is able to compete with the educational systems of advanced countries. Wherein there is a need for broad public support for the educational policy, restoration of responsibility and the role of the state in this area, deep and comprehensive modernization of education with the allocation of the necessary resources and creation of mechanisms for their effective use.
Introduction. The current state of income distribution and the particularities of the labor market is a key indicator in identifying opportunities for ensuring the country's economic development and macroeconomic stability as a necessary basis for inclusive growth. In Ukraine, against the backdrop of an unbalanced economy, high unemployment, gender inequality, social stratification and increasing income inequality, the labor market needs to change the development vector, taking into account the demands of inclusive economic growth.Purpose. The purpose of our article is to investigate the state of distribution of population incomes and labor market features through the prism of an inclusive approach to economic growth and to identify basic principles for overcoming labor market imbalances, as well as to explore the key priorities of the Europe 2020 economic growth strategy. Methods. Based on the analysis of scientific-theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of the labor market, income distribution, the essence of inclusive growth and international methods of assessment and calculation of the index of inclusive development, we applied a systematic approach using analytical, monographic, macroeconomic, economic and mathematical methods of studying this problem. Results. Today, in the labor market of Ukraine, there is a balanced demand for labor, which is reflected in a shortage of workers of specialties and excess supply of workers with higher education, and there is still unmet demand for vacancies, one of the reasons for the mismatch of requirements, the offered professions and the level of qualification available in employees. It is confirmed that the vector of inclusive development of the economy of Ukraine will help to overcome imbalances in the labor market, will become one of the factors of balanced development and will increase the standard of living of the population and reduce the income gap. Reducing the income gap as one of the main priorities of inclusive growth should be realized through improving the social policy of the state, ensuring structural transformations in the Ukrainian economy, establishing a real minimum wage and the size of the consumer basket, improving the monitoring of labor market forecasting and education the labor market in skilled labor and the expansion of opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of the workforce through the improvement of educational services. Discussion. The basic principles of inclusive development should be the principles of equal opportunities; the principle of justice for all; the principle of openness; the principle of inclusive solutions; the rule of law; the principle of inclusive democracy; principles of decent work and decent living standards; the principle of entrepreneurial activity for all; the principle of social cohesion; principle of being scientific. The subject of our further research is to identify the infrastructure functions of an inclusive labor market.
В статті аналізуються науково-технічна діяльність, розробляються механізми по залученню та використанню, виявляються та аналізуються проблеми комерціалізації інтелектуальної власності в Україні. Виявлено проблеми, пов'язані з законодавчою базою інтелектуальної власності та рекомендації щодо покращення стану. ; In article are analyzed scientific and technical activity, mechanisms on attraction and use are developed, problems of commercialization of intellectual property in Ukraine appear and analyzed. The problems connected with legislative base of intellectual property and the recommendation concerning improvement of a state are revealed.
The subject of the research is export–import activity of Ukrainian enterprises in the conditions of integration and globalization. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problems of export–import activity of Ukrainian enterprises and to identify prospects for its improvement. Research methodology. The work used a set of scientific methods and approaches, including methods of analysis and synthesis; comparison and generalization. Results of work. The export–import activity of Ukrainian enterprises is investigated. The dynamics of export and import of goods and services is analyzed, the commodity and geographical structure of export and import of goods and services are determined, its main tendencies and characteristics are outlined. The problems of export–import activity of domestic enterprises are singled out. The directions of development and improvement of export–import activity of Ukrainian enterprises in terms of integration and globalization are determined. Conclusions. The main problems of export–import activity of Ukrainian enterprises are: instability of legislation and political situation in the country due to the military conflict with the Russian Federation and the annexation of the Crimea; underdeveloped system of international bank payments; a low level of investment attractiveness of domestic enterprises; a low competitiveness of domestic production; insufficient qualification of the personnel engaged in the management of export–import activities, etc. The prospects for its development are as follows: the creation of a flexible state policy that encourages the diversification of export–import activities; a state support for Ukrainian high–tech production in order to increase the access to European markets; the creation of export insurance and guarantee system; ensuring the competitiveness of the enterprise in the foreign market; a removal of existing barriers to trade and deepening of production cooperation; an approximation of national legislation to the standards of the European Union ...
The article deals with the issues of formation of the professional ethics of the teacher-engineer according to past and contemporary views on the professional and ethical competence of the specialist. Modern teacher-engineer must possess not only pedagogical, technical, methodological, psychological knowledge and skills, but also skills of culture of communication, interpersonal interaction; readiness to adhere to the rules and rules of etiquette, possess a number of professionally important personal qualities, which determines the level of professional and personal culture of a specialist. The author notes that professional ethics is an applied direction of ethics as a scientific field of knowledge about moral and morality, which is a set of moral and ethical norms and rules that determine the specifics of professional behavior and professional activity of modern technical specialists. The purpose of the article is theoretical analysis of ethical problems of professional activity of modern engineering and pedagogical specialist in the context of historical development and formation of ethical and pedagogical ideas. In order to determine the methodology of research an analysis of the principles, approaches and methods of studying the mentioned problem (analysis, synthesis, comparison, comparison, etc.) was conducted on the basis of scientific and methodological information. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author has determined, theoretically substantiated and developed the complex of knowledge about the professional ethics of the personality, its essence, principles and components; knowledge of the content of professional ethics as a component of professional culture, stimulating the success of the professional activity of future teacher-engineer. The author makes conclusions that consideration of the genesis of ethical and pedagogical ideas is essential for the content of modern professional education, which is developing through humanization and democratization, introduces the principles ...
PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL FATE OF LAND PARCELS, WHOSE OWNERS DIEDKovalenko T. O. Abstract: This article explores the requirements of Ukrainianland and civil legislation, which determines characteristics of the transfer to communal ownership of land parcels, whose owners are deadbut parcels are not transferred to heirs by will or by law because of their absence, removal of inheritance right, rejection of their heritage, as well as the rejection of its adoption.Positive and negative aspects of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Legal Fate of Land Parcels, whose Owners Died», dated September 20, 2016, are discovered.Keywords: land parcel; inheritance of land parcel; escheat; communal ownership of land. Problems of transfer of rights to land parcels, whose owners have died, urgently needed legislative regulation. This is especially noticeable now, in the conditions of the next extension of the moratorium on alienation of land parcels owned by individuals and legal entities for agricultural commodity production.In September 2016 the Parliament of Ukraine has made a number of changes to the Land Code of Ukraine on October 25 2001, the Civil Code of Ukraine on January 16, 2003, the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine on March 18, 2004, Laws of Ukraine «On Land Lease» as amended on October 2, 2003, «Оn State Registration of Civil Status» on July 1, 2010, «On State Land Cadastre» on July 7, 2011, «On Court Fee» on July 8, 2011, «On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and their Encumbrances» as amended on November 26, 2015 to determine the legal fate of land parcels, whose owners have died. These changes became effective on October 19, 2016.It is possible in general positively assess the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding the Legal Fate of Land Parcels whose Owners Died» of September 20, 2016, provisions of which greatly simplify the procedure of transfer of land parcels, heirs of which are missing, to communal property as escheat.Positive aspects of the mentioned Law include the following:- reasons for the acquisition of communalownership on land by territorial communities were supplemented by such reason as «transition in communal ownership of land parcels, recognized as escheat by the court»;- legal actions relating to the acquisition and registration of communal ownership on property, including land parcels, are committed not by the place of inheritance opening, but by the place of real estate location;- land parcels, recognized as escheat by the court, becomes property of territorial community based not on the place of inheritanceopening, but based on the location of such land parcels;- local governments are exempted from payment of court fee for filing an application for recognition of heritage as escheat in the proceedings in all courts;- applications on acknowledgment of heritage as escheat, if such heritage consists of agricultural lands, may be filed by owners or users of adjacent land parcels;- persons, who are entitled or required to apply for the recognition of heritage as escheat,receive the right to obtain free information from the State Register of Civil Status of Citizens about the state registration of the facts of citizens death;- features of formation of land parcels, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance, have been clearly regulated in the legislation;- legislation has regulated the procedure for taking measures to protect the ancestral property, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance, to save such property before the court decision on acknowledgment of heritage as escheat gain legal force. In the absence of heirs or testamentary executor, person that manages heritage, which includes land plots, becomes rural, village or city council at the location of such land plot;- the principle of unity of legal fate of land parcel and of located on it movable property is implemented in land legislation;- the Law of September 20, 2016regulates peculiarities of implementation of land lease rights to land parcels, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance.However, certain legal defects of the recognition of land parcels as escheat still remains, such as establishing of legal mechanisms to promptlocal governments to apply to the court for the recognition of land plots as escheat, expanding of the range of subjects, who are entitled to obtain extracts from the Inheritance register. Such legal defects should be eliminated by making changes and amendments to land and civil legislation.
