Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 431 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area is having clayey soils at the surface.  About 68 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) .  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 86 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  An area of about 95 per cent soils are non saline (337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 47 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 49 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable class (S1) and moderately suitable class (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 128(30) 123(28) Pomegranate - 245(57) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 128 (30) Jamun - 69(16) Bengal gram 128(30) 122(28) Musambi 69(16) 177(41) Groundnut - - Lime 69(16) 177(41) Sunflower 69 (16) 177(41) Cashew - - Cotton 128 (30) 122(28) Custard apple 128(30) 123(28) Chilli - - Amla - 251 (58) Tomato - - Tamarind 69(16) Drumstick - 246 (57) Marigold - 252 (58) Mulbery - 246 (57) Chrysanthemum - 252 (58) Mango - - Jasmine - 6(1) Sapota - - Crossandra - 186(43) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Kavalur East-3 micro-watershed indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Kavalur East-3 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 5 (14.29 %) were marginal farmers, 12 (34.29 %) were small farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 64 (45.71 %) men and 76 (54.29 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 3.83, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 4.50.  The data indicated that, 31 (22.14 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 61 (43.57 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (25.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kavalur East-3 had 30 per cent illiterates, 32.86 per cent of them had primary school education, 5 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.57 per cent of them had high school education, 11.43 per cent of them did ITI education, 4.29 per cent of them had Degree and 0.71 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of household heads were practicing Private Service and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 22.86 per cent of the household members, 45.71 per cent were agricultural labourers, 27.86 per cent were students, 0.71 per cent were Private Service and 2.86 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Radio, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, per cent of the households possess 11.43 mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of them possess bicycle, 25.71 per cent of them possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of them possess Auto and 85.71 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of Radio was Rs.1,000, television was Rs.5,407, mixer grinder was Rs.1,300, bicycle was 1,750, motor cycle was Rs. 31,000, Auto was Rs.180,000 and mobile phones was 3,387. 2  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough, 8.57 per cent of them possess Tractor and 20 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.30,000, plough was Rs.2,666, Tractor was Rs. 400,000 and weeder was Rs. 285.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of them possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.46, average own labour (women) available was 1.09, average hired labour (men) available was 13.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.31.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kavalur East-3 micro-watershed possess 56.76 ha (97.71 %) of dry land, 1.21 ha (2.09 %) of irrigated land and 0.12 ha (0.20 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 4.48 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.14 ha (99.32 %) of dry land and 0.12 ha (0.68 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 26.90 ha (95.68 %) of dry land and 1.21 (4.32 %) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.24 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 207,814.62, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 4,116,666.67 and permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,703,448.32. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 435,488.25 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 297,379.61 for dry land and Rs. 1,703,448.32 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 146,758.42 for dry land and Rs. 4,116,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 97,100.74 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Sunflower (20.75 ha), maize (3 ha), Sorghum (17.4 ha), Bengal gram (9.13 ha), Greengram (3.77 ha), Jowar (3.07 ha) and groundnut (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers had grown Sunflower, maize, Sorghum and Jowar. Small farmers had Sunflower, maize, Bengal gram and Greengram. Semi medium farmers had grown Sunflower, maize, Jowar, Bengal gram and Greengram. Medium farmers had grown Sorghum and Bengal gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kavalur East-3 microwatershed was found to be 99.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 17.86 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 3.57 per cent of the households have borrowed from Grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 19,285.71.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 83.33 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 24783.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30208.41. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 5425.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.22.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 24738.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42471.13. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 17732.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.72.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 18346.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45430.36. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 27083.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.48.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 23436.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61641.48. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 38205.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.63.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 31136.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86907.40. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs.55770.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.79.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 22937.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39299.74. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 16362.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.71. 4  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent each of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was inadequate and dry fodder was inadequate of the households respectively.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 25,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 66,070, for small farmers it was Rs. 80,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,636.36 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 125,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,943.25. For landless households it was Rs. 1,880, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,100, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,979.17, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,805.79 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 18,750.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 neem tree in their field.  The results indicated that, Sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 96.06 percent, Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 76.53 percent, Greengram was sold to the extent of 71.43 percent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 58.33 percent and Sorghum was sold to the extent of 79.04 percent.  The results indicated that, about 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 88.57 per cent of the sold their produce to regulated market, 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society and Contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and Piped supply was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 85.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 57.14 per cent, milk were adequate for 14.29 per cent and egg and meat were adequate for 28.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereal were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, egg were inadequate were 65.71 per cent and meat were inadequate were 48.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Cereals were market surplus for 2.86 per cent, Pulses were market surplus for 2.86 per cent, oilseeds were market surplus for 11.43 per cent, vegetables and fruits were market surplus for 8.57 per cent, Milk was market surplus for 2.86 per cent, Egg was market surplus for 11.43 per cent and meat were market surplus of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 74.29 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (25.71 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (28.57 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (5.71 %), high rate of interest on credit (14.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43 %), inadequate extension services (14.29 %), less rainfall (28.57 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (17.14 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatersheds was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 509 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in about 45 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 48 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 20 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 16 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatersheds were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatersheds Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 105 (21) 139 (27) Pomegranate - 142 (28) Maize - 147 (29) Guava - 78 (15) Bajra 43 (8) 103 (20) Jackfruit - 78 (15) Red gram - 142 (28) Jamun - 78 (15) Bengalgram 98 (19) 146 (29) Musambi - 141 (28) Groundnut 1 (<1) 180 (35) Lime - 176 (35) Sunflower - 177 (35) Cashew - 77 (15) Cotton 98 (19) 146 (29) Custard apple 141 (28) 138 (27) Chilli 42 (8) 104 (20) Amla 43 (8) 237 (46) Tomato 42 (8) 104 (20) Tamarind - 1 (<1) Drumstick - 141 (28) Marigold - 245 (48) Mulbery 1 (<1) 176 (34) Chrysanthemum - 245 (48) Mango - 1 (<1) Jasmine - 146 (29) Sapota - 43 (8) Crossandra - 146 (29) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatersheds.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (56.55%) men and 73 (43.45%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.92, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 5.2 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.67%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (27.38%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (12.50%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 had 26.79 per cent illiterates, 1.19 per cent of them had functional illiterates, 24.40 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.43 per cent of them had high school education, 10.12 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.79 per cent of them had ITI, 5.95 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent did master's and Ph.D.  The results indicate that, 48.65 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 45.95 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 8.11 per cent of the households were general labourers and 2.70 per cent of them were student.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.14 per cent of the household members, 29.76 per cent were agricultural laborers, 5.36 per cent were general labourers, 0.60 per cent were in government service, 3.57 per cent were in private service, 25.60 per cent were students, 1.19 per cent were housewives and 1.79 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.70 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 86.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 10.81 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 62.16 per cent of the households possess TV, 54.05 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.11 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 18.92 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,782, mixer/grinder was Rs.2,075, bivycle was Rs. 11,166, motor cycle was Rs. 34,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,807.  About 2.70 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.92 per cent of the households possess plough, 56.76 per cent of them weeder and 8.11 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21,000, plough was Rs.1,000, average value of weeder was Rs.48 and chaff cutter was Rs. 266. 2  The results indicate that, 24.32 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16.22 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.70 per cent of them possess crossbreed cow and sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 6.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.73.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatershed possess 28.39 ha (83.86%) of dry land and 5.46 ha (16.14%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.341 ha (87.81%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (12.19%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 1.34 ha (11.15%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (100.00%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (68.17%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 417,241.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 402,518.52. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 771,388.01 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.97 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,707.23 for dry land and Rs. 523,939.40 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 299,928.57 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500.00 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 13.51 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 14.42 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.91 ha, 1.34 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (2.64 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), cotton (2.43 ha), green gram (1.26 ha), groundnut (4.53 ha), maize (15.96 ha) and sorghum (5.83 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, maize and sunflower. Small farmers had grown bajra, cotton, greengram, groundnut, maize and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown groundnut, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers had grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatershed was found to be 99.93 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.70 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 2.70 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 79762.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59035.76. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -20726.64, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 60725.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93860.00. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 33134.13, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 22926.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39838.71. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 16912.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 40061.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28619.46. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -11442.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 50934.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58580.03. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.7645.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 37226.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58951.17. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21724.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The results indicate that, 37.84 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 43.24 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 52,857.14 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 79,121.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 88,395, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 118,570 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 75,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,554.34. For landless households it was Rs. 6,020.41, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,974.49, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,572.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 46,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 80 coconut tree and 1 mango trees in the field. Also, 1 coconut tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 16 teak and 65 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent and cotton, green gram, groundnut, maize, and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 78.38 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.70 per cent of their produce to regulated markets. 4  The results indicated that, 81.08 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 62.16 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 78.38 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 83.72 per cent of the households used firewood and 16.22 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.19 per cent and bore well and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 5.41 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 54.05 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 24.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.89 per cent, vegetables and fruits were adequate for 5.41 per cent, milk and meat was adequate for 97.30 per cent and eggs were adequate for 94.59 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 8.11 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 97.30 per cent, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 94.59 per cent, milk and eggs were inadequate for 2.70 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 81.08 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 78.38 per cent of the households, high rate of interest on credit (62.16%), low price for the agricultural commodities (56.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.73%), inadequate extension services (18.92%), lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (10.81 %) and source of agri technology information (2.70 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Narayanpet-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 83 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 87 per cent has non-gravelly lands.  About 75 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 2 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 9 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 10 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 77 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Narayanpet-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 506 (85) Sapota - - Maize - 519 (87) Guava - - Red gram - 490 (82) Pomegranate - 490 (82) Bajra - 504 (84) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 450 (75) Sunflower - 490 (82) Musambi - 490 (82) Cotton - 505 (85) Lime - 490 (82) Bengalgram - 505 (85) Cashew - - Chilli - 503 (84) Custard apple - 505 (85) Tomato - - Amla - 505 (85) Drumstick - 490 (82) Tamarind - 450 (75) Mulberry - - Marigold - 505 (85) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 505 (85) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land.  The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shahpura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 403 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soils, 21 per cent is covered by mining/industrial, 1 per cent is covered by railway track, 5 per cent is covered by rockout crops and 5 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 28 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 41 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 35 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 41 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 0.75%) in 66 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 4 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 65 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 65 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 3 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in the available iron content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 137(34) 84(21) Sapota 23(6) 65(16) Maize 22(6) 198(49) Pomegranate 23(6) 180(45) Bajra 77(19) 199(49) Guava 22(5) 66(16) Groundnut 54(13) 91(22) Jackfruit 23(6) 65(16) Sunflower 138(34) 54(13) Jamun <1(<1) 202(50) Cotton 116(29) 104(26) Musambi 138(34) 65(16) Red gram 23(6) 169(42) Lime 138(34) 65(16) Bengalgram 115(29) 150(37) Cashew 22(5) 66(16) Chilli 23(6) 83(20) Custard apple 191(48) 83(20) Tomato 23(6) 83(20) Amla 77(19) 198(49) Brinjal 76(19) 116(29) Tamarind <1(<1) 138(34) Onion 76(19) 2(<1) Marigold 22(6) 198(49) Bhendi 76(19) 116(29) Chrysanthemum 22(6) 198(49) Drumstick 23(6) 169(42) Jasmine 22(6) 84(21) Mulberry 23(6) 180(45) Crossandra 22(6) 198(49) Mango <1(<1) 23(6)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (51.70%) men and 85 (48.30%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers' was 6.63, small farmers' was 5.28 and semi medium farmers' was 4.63.  The data indicated that, 35 (19.89%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.59%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.14%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.39%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Shahpura had 30.11 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literate, 27.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.70 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.91 per cent of them had high school education, 7.95 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.41 per cent of them had degree education, 3.98 per cent of them did ITI, 0.57 per cent of them did masters and 3.98 per cent of them did diploma.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 50 per cent of them were agricultural labourers and 5.88 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 13.64 per cent of the household members, 51.14 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.14 per cent were general labourers, 9.66 per cent were in private service, 0.57 per cent were into trade and business, 19.32 per cent were students, 1.70 per cent were housewives and 2.27 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 73.53 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.65 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 41.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,903, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,934, motor cycle was Rs. 40,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,150.  About 64.71 per cent of the households possess plough and 88.24 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 1,536 and the average value of weeder was Rs.53.  The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent possess buffalo, 2.94 per cent possess crossbred cow and 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 15.07 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.48.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Shahpura micro-watershed possess 10.34 ha (35.61%) of dry land and 18.70 ha (64.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.24 ha (71.43%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (28.57%). Small farmers possess 7.10 ha (50.80%) of dry land and 6.88 ha (49.20%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.52 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 560,704.50 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 652,251.08. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 771,875 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.98 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 464,444.45 for dry land and was Rs. 799,117.65 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 484,500 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 58.82 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 90.99 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.30 ha, 6.88 ha and 10.53 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (12.64 ha), maize (11.43 ha) and paddy (4.98 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Shahpura micro-watershed was found to be 94.72 per cent. In case of marginal farmers, it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent and in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.67 per cent.  The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank and 50 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 27,500.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. 3  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 50 per cent of them opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30405.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47384.46. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 16979.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 25680.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45670.48. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 19990.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 81971.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75345.68. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 6625.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 26.47 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 100,500 for landless households, Rs. 91,375 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,071.43 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 128,375.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,268.44. For landless households it was Rs. 37,583.33, marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,750, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,429.71 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 12,347.22.  The results indicate that, households have planted 74 coconut trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 10 neem trees, 1 tamarind tree and 4 teak trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 205.88 and for improved crop production Rs. 1,470.59.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Bajra was sold to the extent of 97.59 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 97.46 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 70.59 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. 4  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20.59 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.06 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 97.06 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.47 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 70.59 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.94%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf4Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 506 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 168 ha area is covered by rock outcrops and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 506 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 35 per cent loamy soils and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 27 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 8 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 26 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 72 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 1 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in 48 per cent area and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 10 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34 (5) 67 (10) Guava - 34 (5) Maize 34 (5) 67 (10) Sapota - 34 (5) Bajra 34 (5) 67 (10) Pomegranate - 93 (13) Groundnut - 34 (5) Musambi - 93 (13) Sunflower - 93 (13) Lime - 93 (13) Redgram - 101 (15) Amla 34 (5) - Bengal gram - 59 (9) Cashew - - Cotton - 93 (13) Jackfruit - 34 (5) Chilli 34 (5) 59 (9) Jamun - - Tomato 34 (5) - Custard apple - 93 (13) Brinjal 34 (5) - Tamarind - - Onion 34 (5) - Mulberry - 34 (5) Bhendi 34 (5) 59 (9) Marigold 34 (5) 59 (9) Drumstick 34 (5) - Chrysanthemum 34 (5) 59 (9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (55.62%) men and 75 (44.38%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers were 7.  The data indicated that, 29 (17.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (49.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-4 had 56.83 per cent illiterates, 14.79 per cent of them had primary school, 11.83 per cent of them had Middle school education, 11.83 per cent of them had high school, 4.73 per cent of them had PUC, 4.14 per cent of them had diploma, 1.18 per cent of them had ITI and 0.59 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.97 per cent of the household members, 24.85 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.59 per cent were government and private service, 18.34 per cent student, 4.73per cent were housewives and 5.92 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,812, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,240, motor cycle was Rs. 47,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,682.  About 37.14 per cent each of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent each of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and sprayer, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2,750, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,500, sprayer was Rs. 2,866, sprinkler was Rs. 5,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 89.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep, 11.43 per cent of the households possess goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available was 9.1 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.67.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 2.96 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 1950 kms and average duration of migration was 12 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed possess 34.42 ha (81.17%) of dry land and 7.98 ha (18.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.43 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 21.08 ha (96.3%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.7%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.91 ha (60.55%) of dry land and 5.15 ha (39.45%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 364,516.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 400,608.21.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent and open well was the source in the micro watershed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.80 meters and depth of open well was found to be 2.35 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.38 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.27%), green gram (0.81 ha), groundnut (5.96 ha) and red gram (21.08 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed was found to be 95.76 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have bank account and 17.14 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 30741.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49327.74. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18586.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 21020.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20254. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -766.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 45728.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35678.40. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. - 10050.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 47989.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104205.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 56215.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 153,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 69,662.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,186.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 201,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 332,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,292.50. For landless farmers it was Rs. 31,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,678.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,998.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,138.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 153,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 coconut and 3 lemon trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak and 49 neem trees in their field and also 6 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13,314.29 for land development, Rs.285.71 for irrigation facility, Rs.1,914.29 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 45.71 per cent for land development, 37.14 per cent for improved crop production and 8.57 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut and maize was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, paddy was sold to extent of 61.4 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 91.29 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households used fire wood, 2.86 per cent of the households used kerosene and 48.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 71.43 per cent, 22.86 per cent of the households used bore well, 5.71 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households does not possessed PDS cards.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA Programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 48.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 34.29 per cent, fruits and milk were adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 14.29 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and egg were inadequate for 65.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (51.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40%), inadequate extension service (31.43%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Malraddipalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 538 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 430 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 10 ha covered by rock outcrops and 98 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 16 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 46 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 60 per cent area.  52 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 3 per area is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent.  About 8 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 33 per cent.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 42(8) 139(26) Guava - 81(15) Maize 81(15) 100(19) Sapota - 81(15) Bajra 81(15) 100(19) Pomegranate - 86(16) Groundnut 45(8) 81(15) Musambi 5(<1) 81(15) Sunflower 5(<1) 82(15) Lime 5(<1) 81(15) Redgram - 138(26) Amla 81(15) 49(9) Bengal gram 5(<1) - Cashew - 0.14 Cotton 5(<1) 37(7) Jackfruit - 81(15) Chilli 81(15) 49(9) Jamun - 5(<1) Tomato 81(15) 44(8) Custard apple 50(9) 81(15) Brinjal 81(15) 44(8) Tamarind - 5(<1) Onion 81(15) 44(8) Mulberry - 81(15) Bhendi 81(15) 49(9) Marigold 81(15) 49(9) Drumstick - 86(16) Chrysanthemum 81(15) 49(9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 25 (71.43 %) were marginal farmers, 3 (8.57 %) were small farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 98 (68.06 %) men and 46 (31.94 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4.24, small farmers' was 4 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 10 (6.94 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (43.06 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (34.72 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (15.28 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Malraddipalli-1 had 48.61 per cent illiterates, 12.50 per cent of them had Primary School, 15.97 per cent of them had High School, 6.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.78 per cent of them had diploma education, 2.08 per cent of them had ITI education, 10.42 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.75 per cent of the household members, 0.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.33 per cent were General labourers, 5.56 per cent were Private Service, 13.89 per cent were students and 0.69 per cent were Housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any institutions.  The results indicate that 60 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 40 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bicycle and Auto, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,642, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,411, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, Bicycle was Rs. 1,000, Auto was Rs. 30,000, Motor Cycle was Rs. 37,916, Auto was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,015.  About 40 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 51.43 per cent of them possess plough and seed/ fertilizer drill, 25.71 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent of them possess Tractor, 45.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 71.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 26,360, plough was Rs. 3,050, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,066, irrigation pump was Rs. 42,272, Sprayer was Rs. 2,325, Tractor was Rs. 500,000 and weeder was Rs. 35.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and sheep and 14.29 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.70.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed possess 19.02 ha (98.72 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (1.28 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.49 ha (97.17 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (2.83 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.39 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.14 ha (100 %) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 519,336.03 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 2,672,459.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 845,309.81 for dry land and Rs. 2,672,459.02 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 273,431.74 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 244,232.04 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.37 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.18 meters .  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.74 ha, 2.61 ha and 2.90 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.08 ha), paddy (4.97 ha), red gram (11.55 ha), green gram (1.49 ha) and Black gram (0.15 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 86.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.86 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 124230.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 206773.78. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 82543.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.66.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 128097.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 126829.38. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1267.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.99.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 164537.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132462.09. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -32075.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.81.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Black gram was Rs. 124556.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104000. The net income from Black gram cultivation was Rs. -20556.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.83.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 266666.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86085.69. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86085.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.48.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,232 marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 206,666.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 1,619.60. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,777.78 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 245 Custard apple, 13 Jack fruit and 6 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 Teak, 48 neem and 2 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,937.14 for land development.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 68.57 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 8.57per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Cotton, Black gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 89.58 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 93.6 per cent and red gram to the extent of 89.88 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 82.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck and Cart and 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.57 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 5.71 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards .  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables and meat were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 91.43 per cent, Egg were adequate for 2.86 per cent and Egg were adequate for 20 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and milk were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 80 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 97.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Wild animal menace on farm field were the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Inadequate extension services and Less rainfall (5.71 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (71.43 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 21 per cent loamy soils and 75 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 24 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 19 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 77 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 53 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 43 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in 82 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 15 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 55 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 41 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 68 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 71 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 61 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 98 (22) 84(20) Pomegranate - 120(27) Maize - 67(16) Guava - 14(3) Bajra - 111(25) Jackfruit - 14(3) Redgram - 106(24) Jamun - 100(23) Bengal gram 98(22) 113 (26) Musambi 98(22) 10(2) Groundnut - 95(22) Lime 98(22) 10(2) Sunflower 98(22) 20(5) Cashew - 37(8) Cotton 98(22) 72(17) Custard apple 98(22) 176(40) Chilli - 67(16) Amla - 274(62) Tomato - 67(16) Tamarind - 98(22) Drumstick - 142(32) Marigold - 182(42) Mulbery - 169(38) Chrysanthemum - 182(42) Mango - - Jasmine - 76(18) Sapota - 14(3) Crossandra - 153(35) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (50%) men and 79 (50.65%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of large farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 4.09, small farmers' was 4.60, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 22 (13.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (42.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (34.18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Adavalli-4 had 28.48 per cent illiterates, 0.63 per cent were functional literate, 29.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.92 per cent of them had high school education, 11.39 per cent of them had PUC education, 7.59 per cent of them had degree education and 0.63 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 25.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 47.47 per cent of the household members, 23.42 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.53 per cent had household industry, 0.63 per cent were in government service, 1.90 per cent were in private service, 0.63 per cent were in trade and business, 20.25 per cent were students, 1.27 per cent were housewives and 1.90 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 62.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 7,354, mixer grinder was Rs 1,255, bicycle was Rs 928, motor cycle was Rs. 29,556 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,539.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 37.14 per cent of them possess weeder, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 9,916, plough was Rs. 1,800, tractor was Rs 200,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,900, average value of weeder was Rs.36, average value of chaff cutter was 1880 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs.11,000. 2  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.66, average hired labour (men) available was 8.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.66.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Adavalli-4 micro-watershed possess 32.97 ha (80.30%) of dry land and 8.09 ha (19.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.26 ha (94.72%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (5.28%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 19.09 ha (91.52%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (8.48%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.61 ha (80.02%) of dry land and 1.65 ha (19.98%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 336,570.10 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,320.33. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 592,028.99 for dry land and Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 282,704.54 for dry land and Rs. 339,130.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,627.91 for dry land and Rs. 302,696.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 351,851.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 17.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.39 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.77 ha, 1.65 and 4.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown sunflower (3.36 ha), sorghum (13.47 ha), maize (9.22 ha), cotton (2.15 ha), Bengalgram (2.07 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), bajra (2.14 ha) and onion (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Adavalli-4 micro-watershed was found to be 101.58 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 25277.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26408.02. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1130.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 29007.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47510.22. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 18502.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. 3  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 15886.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69774.01. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 53887.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.39.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42207.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36720.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -5486.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 49938.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 11811.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 49188.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36406.81. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 12781.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 23869.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34526.55. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10656.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33227.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50544.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 17316.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 20 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 18,000 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 33,900, for small farmers it was Rs. 93,948, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,550 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 342,840.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,075.41. For landless households it was Rs. 3,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,842.98, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,535.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,041.67 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 129,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut trees in their field and 3 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 48 neem, 6 tamarind and 2 banyan trees in their field. Also, 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, cotton, onion and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, bajra was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 52.63 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.87 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 46.19 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 45.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 54.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 91.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 91.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (77.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), less rainfall (8.57%) and source of agri-technology information (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devarapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 506 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 467(92%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 30 ha (6%) covered by rock outcrops and others covers an area of 9 ha (2%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 467 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 48 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 1.0 ppm) is about 4 per cent soils.  Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) covering an area of 91per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) covers an area of about 33 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 5(<1) 292(58) Guava - 5(<1) Maize 5(<1) 292(58) Sapota - 5(<1) Bajra 5(<1) 292(58) Pomegranate - 60(12) Groundnut - 98(19) Musambi - 60(12) Sunflower - 60(12) Lime - 60(12) Redgram - 60(12) Amla 5(<1) 237(47) Bengal gram - 55(11) Cashew - 5(<1) Cotton - 204(40) Jackfruit - 5(<1) Chilli 5(<1) 292(58) Jamun - - Tomato 5(<1) 237(47) Custard apple 5(<1) 292(58) Brinjal 5(<1) 237(47) Tamarind - - Onion 5(<1) 237(47) Mulberry - 5(<1) Bhendi 5(<1) 292(58) Marigold 5(<1) 292(58) Drumstick - 5(<1) Chrysanthemum 5(<1) 292(58) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 92 (57.14%) men and 69 (42.86%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.38, marginal farmers' was 4.46, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.33 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (35.40%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (33.54%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.45%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Devarapalli-1 had 60.25 per cent illiterates, 19.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.11 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.83 per cent of them had high school education, 2.48 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.35 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.25 per cent of the household members, 61.49 per cent were agricultural laborers, 14.91 per cent were students and 4.35 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,375, motor cycle was Rs.65,000 and mobile phone was Rs.3,929.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20,666, plough was Rs.7,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs.28.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.24, average own labour (women) available was 1.15, average hired labour (men) available was 6.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. 2  The results indicate that, households of the Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed possess 26.24 ha (87.69%) of dry land and 3.68 ha (12.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.32 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.16 ha (71.51%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (28.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 380,937.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 325,714.29. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 624,708.17 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 290,673.73 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,031.10 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 361,463.42 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.74 meters.  The results indicate that semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4 ha and 4.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (23.74 ha), green gram (2.11 ha), sorghum (1.7 ha), paddy (1.62 ha) and groundnut (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram and greengram. Small farmers possess redgram, greebgram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 16.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.6000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 60 per cent opined that they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 41283.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65617.09. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24333.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 26494.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30538.18. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 4043.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21908.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91390. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 69481.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.17.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13704.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29404.76. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15700.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 37359.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75582. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 38222.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 63,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 105,230.77, for small farmers it was Rs. 137,800, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,833.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 206,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,450.71. For landless households it was Rs. 5,781.25, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,369.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,105.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 37,888.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak, 1 banyan and 58 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,571.43 for land development.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 31.43 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 62.50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 56.25 per cent, red gram to the extent of 80.31 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 28.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 48.57 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 5.71 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and borewell was the source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 65.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 91.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 80 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 54.29 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk was inadequate for 25.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 42.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (31.43%) and inadequate extension services (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.

Relevance of the research. Recognition and education of children and teenagers gifted in sporting activity is an important part of the attainment of particular results in sports. Identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a process, when athletes are recognised at the early stage of their development and have a possibility to attain high results in adulthood (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008). It means that individually or in combination, their physical, physiological, psychological and social features, as well as technical capabilities can help to predict their potential in the future (Williams, Reilly, 2000). Some scientists maintain that aiming to achieve high results in sports gifted athletes should be selected by appropriate methods at an early age and involved into a long and systematically planned training (Sevim, 2007; Bompa, Haff, 2009). However, recognition of young gifted athletes is a complex process, since the results of teenagers' physical development, as well as their value-based provisions, attitudes and motives change in the process of growing and development (Callender, 2010; Gonçalves, Rama, Figueriredo, 2012). According to some scientists (Byrne, Davenport, Mazanov, 2007), adolescence is a specific and rather complicated age period, when rapid and big changes occur not only in physical development, but also in psycho-social maturity. Therefore, recognition and selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports is a multi-faceted process, when it is important not only to evaluate an athlete's present appearance considering their physical, physiological, psychological, cognitive and sociological features, and technical capacities, but also evacuating such important aspects as social, emotional, motivational and temperamental factors (Pruna, Tribaldos, Bahdur, 2018). Whether the talents will be disclosed depends not only on an athlete's innate capabilities, but also on the educational factors affecting them. A great influence is made by the coach and educational environment created by the school, which allows developing and growing an athlete's personality (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Pensgaard, Roberts, 2002). However, it is not the school that affects the educational environment and motivational climate. The attitude of family members towards physical activity, their support for an athlete, the coach and his/her ability to appropriately plan the training content, teammates, facilities, attention from the media and other people, as well as values and social provisions also contribute to this process (Hassandra, Goudas, Chroni, 2003; Lenzen, Brouwers, Dejardin et al., 2004). An effective programme of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports can help to recognize talents at an early stage, which can become a vitally important element when trying to enhance successful competitiveness of the country (Vaeyens, Gullich, Warr, Philippaerts, 2009). The programmes of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports facilitate the process of athlete selection, which maximizes the number of gifted persons (Anshel, Lidor, 2012). Early recognition of gifted athletes can attract funding and training opportunities for athletes having the greatest potential for success (Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001). Countries are concerned with creating research-based methods to select the most gifted athletes that could successfully compete on the international sports arena. Over the past two decades, the increasing number of studies have been accomplished trying to understand the issues concerning experience in the identification and education of children and teenagers gifted for sports (Williams, Reilly, 2000; Abbott, Button, Pepping et al., 2005; De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, Shibli, 2006; Pearson, Naughton, Torode, 2006; Lidor, Cote, Hackfort, 2009; Anshel, Lidor, 2012; Roth, 2012; Brouwers, De Bosscher, Sotiriadou, 2012; Nijs, Gallardo-Gallardo, Dries, Sels, 2014; Swann, Moran, Piggott, 2015). However, despite considerable achievements in the process of identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports, a universally recognized model of the identification of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist Hohmann, 2001; Abbott, Collins, 2004; Vaeyens, Lenoir, Williams, Philippaerts, 2008; Davids, Araujo, Vilar, Pinder, 2013; Louzada, Maiorano, Ara, 2016). There are cases when decisions concerning the selection of athletes are made subjectively, without scientific validation (Regnier, Salmela, Russell, 1993; Williams, Franks, 1998; Abbott, Button, Pepping, Collins, 2005), whereas a lot of potentially gifted athletes are not selected due to inappropriate selection criteria or applying no selection criteria at all, as well as due to athletes changing a sports branch or a large number of drop-outs from sports (Abbott, Collins, 2004; MacNamara, Collins, 2011; Tranckle, Cushion, 2006; Winfried, 2001). It is important that children and teenagers get interested in sports, are selected to appropriate sport branches, as well as attempts are made so that they do not break their sporting career too early (Schiffer, 2013); every year approximately 35% of young athletes quit sports and it is not clear if they ever resume their sporting activity again (Purcell, 2005; Breunner, 2012). Therefore, the application of these selection criteria and a large drop-out of athletes from sports can be partly justified in countries with high population. The principle of natural selection can have a greater influence. In the case of a small country (for instance, Lithuania), such a selection is not suitable. Trying to avoid subjectivity, the majority of the latest scientific studies in sports science are related to the investigation of the influence of innate (natural) and acquired (educated) features on sporting results (Baker, Bagats, Büsch, Schorer, 2012; Coutinho, Mesquita, Fonseca, De Martin-Silva, 2014; Davids, Baker, 2007). With the increasing competition among athletes over the past period (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and sports becoming a political and commercial phenomenon (Green, Oakley, 2001), there appears a necessity for timely and appropriate choice of a specific branch of sports, which would help to achieve good results in the future. Different methods and programmes of selecting the most capable athletes are applied all over the world. In the majority of countries, selection models consisting of several stages are applied, which rely on a coach's competence, test results and analysis of competition results, whereas the selected athletes are invited to learn and do sports in specialised schools. Similarly to some other countries, in Lithuania concern about (self-) education of children gifted for sports has led to the emergence of sports gymnasiums. Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium is one of the three general education schools of Lithuania that implement basic and general education alongside with sports education, and in which a part of sports education in the field of specialized education aims at training students that have special educational needs due to their giftedness in sports for high excellence and results (Order No. V-1010 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, 24 October 2014). The programme outlines the knowledge, abilities and attitudes that athletes should acquire to comply with physical, technical, tactical requirements, as well as requirements for fitness and achievements. The purpose of Panevėžys Raimundas Sargūnas Sports Gymnasium gives a possibility to analyse the gymnasium as a case revealing the aspects of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports, which can help to better understand what educational preconditions are created and how to select teenagers gifted for sports and to disclose their talents, as well as to help create and improve practical models for schools educating teenagers gifted for sports. Therefore, the research question was formulated: how does the selection of teenagers gifted for sports occur and how are the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports created? The problem-based question and the fact that a universal and effective model of the selection of children and teenagers gifted for sports does not exist, highlight the research object, i. e. the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The aim of the research is to reveal the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. The research objectives: 1. To theoretically validate the educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 2. To identify the educational factors and notice of the choice of sporting activity by athletes. 3. To explore the physical and functional fitness of athletes and its dynamics. 4. To determine the attitudes of athletes as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. 5. To determine the attitudes of coaches as educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the doctoral research ● The validated educational factors that influence the selection of teenagers gifted for sports allow better understanding of the factors of choosing a sporting activity and survival in sports as educational preconditions for the development of capabilities. ● The determined dynamics of physical and functional fitness of teenage athletes in an educational environment beneficial to the development of their innate capabilities for sports helps to understand the dynamics and multi-dimensionality of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports as a process, as well as problematic control of its components when identifying and developing their capabilities. The case of one of the three sports gymnasiums of Lithuania has been explored in terms of the selection of teenagers gifted for sports – such studies have not been performed in Lithuania so far. ● The results of the theoretical and empirical research complement the theory of sports science with innovative and original data on the expression of the educational preconditions affecting the selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Practical significance. The educational preconditions for the selection of teenagers gifted for sports that affect athletes' decision to choose a sporting activity from other spheres of supplementary education have been analysed and generalised. The determined peculiarities of motivation will help coaches to select appropriate pedagogical and psychological tools to motivate athletes to seek for high results in sports. The educational factors stimulating and aggravating athletes' selection and motivation to seek for high results in sports have been distinguished during the research, the role of a coach as one of educational factors has been revealed in the process of selecting and training athletes – these findings will allow a more purposeful planning of the (self-) development of coaches' competences and provision of all the necessary support concerning the selection of athletes to them. The analysis of the changes in the results of athletes' physical and functional fitness will give a possibility to make a more thorough selection of teenagers gifted for sports to 12 sports branches, as well as to train them more purposefully and effectively for national and international competitions. The research data can be applied in compiling model characteristics of different age periods and different sports branches by specifying training programmes and evaluating the changes in athletes' individual fitness. The research results can be used by the administration, coaches and other employees of athletes' educational centres, federations and sports schools. CONCLUSIONS 1. The search and selection of gifted children is a complex, dynamic, long-lasting, and special educational process that depends on a variety of factors interacting and constantly changing in the process. The factors influencing the selection and results in the sporting activity can be divided into four groups: genetic-physiological, psychological, social, and educational factors. The genetic potential, anthropometric data and physical abilities are essential indicators for the identification and selection of teenagers gifted for sports. Psychological features, such as perseverance, self-confidence, positive attitude, devotion, dedication, strong intrinsic motivation, concentration, attentiveness, and emotional control, are important in selecting gifted teenagers. Social factors include sports policy, culture, natural conditions, geographical location of the country, various opportunities, specific tendencies in the development of modern sports, and support rendered to the participants of the educational process. Educational factors – educational environments, parent support, practice, the coach and teammates, have an educational impact on athletes and can influence their decision making, motivation, habits, training and skills.Therefore, the selection of gifted teenagers should be specific to each sports branch and include a multi-disciplinary approach when clearing out athletes' motives, the attitudes of athletes and coaches, as well as implementing the monitoring athletes. 2. Regardless of gender and a group of sports branches, the main factors that motivate the choice of sports activities include educational (motivation of the coach, parents and friends) and internal cognitive motives (desire to master a sports technique). The least important motives involve material (possession of own inventory, good facilities for training), geographical (a sports school close to home), not being admitted into another sports branch, or lack of other choices. The choice of a sport from other areas of supplementary education is determined by a desire to be physically fit and a desire to engage in leisure activities. The least important motives are the desire to become famous and the desire to be attractive. Intrinsic motivation is more pronounced than extrinsic.The boys' external motivation is stronger than that of girls. Amotivation is more characteristic of the girls. The internal and external motivation is more expressed by the athletes of team sports; external motivation in individual sports appears to be the weakest, whereas the weakest intrinsic motivation and the strongest amotivation is revealed in duelling sports. 3. The results of physical development, physical fitness and functional capacity of stronger athletes are not always statistically significantly different from those of other athletes or control group athletes. A part of the indicators of stronger athletes are better, which leads to an assumption that alongside with psychosocial abilities, social factors, educational factors, and high motivation, they are essential to achieve high results. The correlation study reveals which indicators need to be taken into account and developed when selecting teenagers gifted for sports and achieving high results. 4. The most important factors for teenagers' decision to start doing sports and choose a sports branch include the surrounding environment, where the most important roles are ascribed to the coach, family members and friends. The genetic-physiological and psychological factors that are affected by the coaching and environmental factors are considered as the main factors determining success in sports. The coach is identified as the most important educational factor in the selection of gifted teenagers, whereas a favourable climate, motivating influence of the coach, his/her competence and ideal conditions help to disclose the athletes' talents and achieve high results. While choosing a sport and training, the self-educational factor is distinguished seeking to change oneself, as well as to change own or others' future relating it to sports. The factors that reduce the motivation of athletes and thus prevent the full potential of talented athletes, as well as leading them to end their sporting careers are highlighted: stabilisation of their progress in the results, injuries and high loads of physical activity. 5. The coaches distinguish the importance of psychological and physiological factors in selecting teenagers gifted for sports. The coaches consider the teenagers to be prospective athletes who have a strong internal and external motivation to train, innate capabilities, and physical abilities that are influenced by environmental factors, coaching competence, and practice. The role of the coach as the most important educational factor is highlighted in the search for gifted athletes among those already in the sport or referring to the competence of other coaches, recommending athletes who can achieve higher results in other sports branches. Identifying gifted teenagers-athletes, the coaches look for dedicated, hardworking and goal-seeking athletes with strong motivation. Family members and peers are recognised as educational factors that have a significant impact on athlete selection. The research also highlights the problems faced by coaches in the selection process. These are physiological and psychological changes in the body and the priorities of teenage athletes, which are influenced by their surrounding environment.

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm) in soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 8 per cent area, 86 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 5 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 25 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 315 (61) 153 (30) Pomegranate - 358 (70) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 357 (70) Jamun - 232 (45) Bengalgram 357 (70) 110 (21) Musambi 190 (37) 168 (33) Groundnut - - Lime 190 (37) 168 (33) Sunflower 190 (37) 168 (33) Cashew - - Cotton 357 (70) 110 (21) Custard apple 357 (70) 110 (21) Chilli - - Amla - 467 (91) Tomato - - Tamarind - 232 (45) Drumstick - 358 (70) Marigold - 468 (91) Mulberry - 265 (52) Chrysanthemum - 468 (91) Mango - - Jasmine - 110 (21) Sapota - - Crossandra - 233 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (57.23%) men and 71(42.77%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 5.4, small farmers' was 4.5, semi medium farmers' was 3, medium farmers' was 6.6 and large farmers' were 3.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.87%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (31.93%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.23%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Daddegallu-2 had 22.89 per cent illiterates, 25.90 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.86 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.67 per cent of them had high school education, 7.83 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent had ITI, 4.82 per cent had degree and 1.20 per cent had masters education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.53 per cent of the household members, 39.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.20 per cent were in private service, trade and business and housewives, 18.07 per cent were in students and 4.22 per cent were in children.  The results show that, 0.60 per cent of the population has participated in gram panchayat, sthree shakthi sangha and user group and 98.19 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 20 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 82.86 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 8.57 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 40 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,187, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1,500, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,172, refrigerator was 13,666, bicycle was 1,033, motor cycle was Rs. 29,235 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,053.  About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller and earth 2 mover/duster, 8.57 per cent of them possess tractor, 17.14 per cent of them possess sprayer, 62.86 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 2,208, power tiller was Rs.6,000, tractor was Rs. 266,666, sprayer was Rs. 2,266, weeder was Rs.34, chaff cutter was Rs.1,575, and the average value of harvester was Rs. 9,000.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.64, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 6.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.83.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 65.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed possess 43.91 ha (89.15%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (10.85%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.70 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 114.31 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 19.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.55 ha (46.01%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (53.99%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 1 ha (100%).  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293,641.14 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 168,409.09. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 658,950.09 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 286,478.08 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 201,442.91 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 219,555.56 for dry land and Rs. 168,409.09 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 799,999.98 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.66 meters.  The results indicate that medium farmers had an irrigated area of 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.45 ha), Bengal gram (18.93 ha), maize (21.68 ha), red gram (0.83 ha), sugarcane (2.91 ha), sunflower (2.43 ha) and sorghum (1.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, red gram, and Bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, Bengal gram and 3 sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown maize, sugarcane and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed was found to be 88.24 per cent.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 33.33 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 11.11 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 20,555.56.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 52976.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27566.96. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -25409.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 31340.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48747.50. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 17406.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33306.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31811.29. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -1494.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 23431.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 120069.45. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 96638.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.12.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33305.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43032.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 9727.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13117.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21660. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8542.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65. 4  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 47,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 80,880, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 166,400, for medium farmers it was Rs.309,533.33 and large farmers it was Rs. 50,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,197.07. For landless households it was Rs. 3,480, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,950, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,740, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,221.09, for medium farmers it was Rs. 66,666.67 and for large farmers Rs. 22,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, sorghum, sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 111.03 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 98.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 20 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 54.29 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.86 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households used cart, 80 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cent of the households used open well in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households not possessed PDS card.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 62.86 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 51.43 per cent, egg were adequate for 28.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 37.14 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, egg were inadequate for 60 per cent and meat were inadequate for 51.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (28.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and source of Agri-technology information (37.14%), inadequate extension services (34.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40%) and less rainfall (60%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 233 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 81 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 43 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 86 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent of the area and sufficient in <1 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 62 (26) 107(46) Pomegranate - 123(52) Maize - 169(72) Guava - - Bajra - 169(72) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 74(31) Jamun - 5(2) Bengal gram 62(26) 108(46) Musambi 5(2) 118(50) Groundnut - - Lime 5(2) 118(50) Sunflower 5(2) 118 (50) Cashew - - Cotton 62(26) 107(46) Custard apple 62(26) 107(46) Chilli - - Amla - 169(72) Tomato - 1(<1) Tamarind - 5(2) Drumstick - 122(52) Marigold - 169(72) Mulberry - 117(50) Chrysanthemum - 169(72) Mango - - Jasmine - 46(20) Sapota - 1(<1) Crossandra - 54(23) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. The data indicated that there were 109 (53.23%) men and 94 (46.77%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.6, small farmers' was 1.6, semi medium farmers' was 2 and medium farmers' was 1.3.  The data indicated that, 52 (25.87%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (40.8%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (26.87%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.47%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Daddegallu-4 had 20.40 per cent illiterates, 38.31per cent of them had primary school education, 9.45 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.42 per cent of them had high school education, 4.98 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.99 per cent of them had diploma education, 1.99 per cent of them had degree education and 6.47 per cent of them did others.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.70 per cent of the household members, 4.98 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.99 per cent were in private service, 24.38 per cent were students, 0.50 per cent were housewives and 6.47 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 85.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of them possess bicycle, 20.00 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Auto and 35 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5071, mixer grinder was Rs 1,463, bicycle was Rs 1,480 motor cycle was Rs. 37,857, auto was Rs 48,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,268.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess Irrigation Pump, 8.57 per cent of them possess tractor, 11.23 per cent of them possess sprayer, 45.71 per cent of them possess weeder, 2.86 per cent of them harvester, 2.86 per cent of them thresher, 5.71 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.40,000 , plough was Rs. 2,380, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs,3,500 irrigation pump was Rs,10,00,000, 2 power tiller was 25,000, tractor was Rs 3,66,666, sprayer was Rs. 2,250, average value of weeder was Rs.33, average value of harvester was 30,000, the average value of thresher was Rs, 25 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs.36,500.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cows and 8.57 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.63, average hired labour (men) available was 9.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.34.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Daddegallu-4 micro-watershed possess 22.19 ha (53.79%) of dry land and 19.06 ha (46.21%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.80 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 6.40 ha (77.12%) of dry land and 1.90 ha (22.88%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.98 ha (34.72%) of dry land and 5.61 ha (65.28%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.55 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 455,071.14 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 471,974.53. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 554,266.75 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 312,460.47 for dry land and Rs. 1,053,304.89 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 335,142.47 for dry land and Rs. 498,989.91 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 363,362.53 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 15.41 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.46 ha, 5.91 ha and 4.27 ha respectively  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (28.05 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha), wheat (0.40 ha), cotton (1.72 ha) and sorghum (1.62 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Daddegallu-4 micro-watershed was found to be 77.81 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 37329.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35299.26. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -2030.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 25088.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32604.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 7515.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3.  The total cost of cultivation for wheat was Rs. 39197.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from wheat cultivation was Rs. - 20672.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.47.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 250587.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70269.08. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -180318.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.28.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 14835.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21211.13. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6375.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 38,015.79 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 45,771.43, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 84,120, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 82,550.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,261.33. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,222.00, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,718.37, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,780.00 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 5,750.00.  . The results indicate that, households have planted 32 neem, 2 banyan and 1 peepul trees in their field  The results indicate that, households average additional investment capacity of Rs, 5,960.00 for land development, for Rs,458.71 for irrigation facility, Rs, 4325.71 for improved crop production and Rs,657.14 for Improved livestock management.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 80 per cent for land development, 8.57 per cent for irrigation facility, 71.43 per cent for improved crop production and 17.14 improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent of the households for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton, sorghum, maize and wheat were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, about 20 per cent of the former sold their produce to Agent/ traders and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, about 91 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, about 20 per cent of the former sold their produce to 4 Agent/ traders and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 25.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 74.29 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.14 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 8.57 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 22.86 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 80 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (97.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (68.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), less rainfall (20%) and source of agri-technology information (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundal-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 490 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 443 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by railway line, 8 ha by rock outcrops and 33 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 91 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 21 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 38 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 27 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 45 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 21 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum area of about 89 percent soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 percent soils are medium (51-100), 38 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent area is very low (9.0), soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominately 337kg/ha) and 73 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 24 percent is medium (10-20ppm), 60 percent area is low (20ppm) in available sulphur  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 62 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 29 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 176(36) 136(28) Guava - 7(1) Maize 49(10) 151(31) Sapota - 161(33) Bajra 162(33) 151(31) Pomegranate - 288(59) Groundnut - 161(33) Musambi 94(19) 284(40) Sunflower 66(14) 222(45) Lime 94(19) 284(40) Redgram - 288(59) Amla 103(21) 209(43) Bengal gram 127(26) 73(15) Cashew - 49(10) Cotton 101(21) 99(20) Jackfruit - 161(33) Chilli - 312(64) Jamun - 101(21) Tomato 49(10) 175(36) Custard apple 169(35) 143(29) Brinjal 57(12) 256(52) Tamarind - 101(21) Onion 46(10) 185(38) Mulberry - 161(33) Bhendi 7(1) 305(62) Marigold - 312(64) Drumstick - 288(59) Chrysanthemum - 312(64) Mango - 7(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Findings of the socio-economic survey  The survey was conducted in Mundal-1 is located at 16047'57.577'' to 160 45'44.961'' and East longitude 770 6'21.991'' to 7705'11.137'' covering an area of about 487.74 ha coming under Mudhanala, Bheemanagara and Yadgiri B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) were landless, 22 (55%) were marginal, 7 (17.5%) were small farmers and 6 (15%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 122 (58.94%) men and 85 (41.06%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 5.6 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  Majority of the respondents 52 (25.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (41.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (26.57%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (6.76%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 10.14 per cent of them had primary school, 10.63 per cent of them had Middle school education, 19.81 per cent of them had high school, 6.28 per cent of them had PUC, 4.83 per cent of them had degree and 0.48 per cent of them had masters education.  About, 12.50 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 85 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.50 per cent of the household heads were government services.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 5.8 per cent of the household members, 46.86 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.48 per cent were general labour, 1.45 per cent were government service, 1.93 per cent were were private service, 28.5 per cent student and 2.90 per cent were housewives and children.  100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 15 per cent of the households possess thatched, 40 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 45 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.5 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 7.5 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.5 per cent of the households posses auto and 87.5 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 35 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough and weeder, 2.50 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, sprinkler and harvester, and 12.5 per cent of the households possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 30 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo, goat and poultry birds, 2.50 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, sheep and pigs.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.75, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 8.3 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.55.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 32.43 ha (95.25%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (4.75%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 11.85 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.9 ha (100%) of dry land.  Semi medium farmers possess 10.68 ha (86.83%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (13.17 %) of irrigated land.  There were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 1 functioning and de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.5 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown cotton (10.62%), green gram (6.83 ha), horse gram (0.46 ha), jowar (3.44 ha), marry gold (0.13 ha), paddy (0.94 ha), red gram (7.06 ha), sorghum (1.2 ha).  The cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 97.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 82.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 50 per cent have savings.  About 15 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The sample households have borrowed 25 per cent from commercial and cooperative bank, 6.25 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends/relatives and SHGs/CBOs.  The average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 30,875.  The households possessed, 83.33 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possessed, 50 per cent of the households borrowed from Private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possessed, 50 per cent of the households fully paid and do not repay their loan from institutional sources.  The households possessed, 25 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 12.5 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from easy accessibility of credit and forced to sell the 3 produce at low price to repay loan in time and 37.5 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from higher rate of interest.  The households possessed, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Green gram, Red gram, Horse gram, Jowar, paddy and Sorghum was Rs. 28607.12, 94010.18, 49250.98, 53641.09, 33369.24, 81933.24 and 24536.53 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.05, 1:0.94, 1:2.04, 1:0.61, 1:1.36, 1:0.59 and 1:1.08, respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 7.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 10 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 87,545.45 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,428.57 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,583.33.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,982.72. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,505.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,442.18and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,847.22.  Sampled households have planted 2 coconut trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 1 eucalyptus and tamarind, 49 neem and 4 banyan trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,150 for land development, Rs. 125 for irrigation facility, Rs.600 for improved crop production and Rs.225 for improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 7.32 per cent for land development and 2.44 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock managemnet.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 12.2 per cent for land development, 7.32 per cent for improved crop production and 2.44 per cent for improved livestock management.  Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.44 for irrigation facility and improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 2.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders and cooperative marketing society, 70 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 17.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 22.50 per cent of the households have used truck and 70 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. 4  Majority of the households 67.5 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85%) were interested towards soil testing. and 12.5 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 95 per cent and 5 per cent of the households used used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  cereals were adequate for 92.5 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 52.5 per cent, milk were adequate for 82.5 per cent and egg were adequate for 65 per cent and meat were adequate for 32.5 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 7.5 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 10 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 82.5 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 47.5 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.5 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.50 per cent, egg were inadequate for 32.5 per cent and meat were inadequate for 67.5 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 90 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (87.5%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (35 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, high rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (82.5%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.5%), inadequate extension service (15%), less rainfall (12.5%) and Source of Agri-technology information (7.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 333 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 305 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 46 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent is very low (57 kg/ha) in an area of 27 per cent.  About 72 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116(35) 48(14) Guava - 98(29) Maize 53 (16) 112(33) Sapota - 98(29) Bajra 53 (16) 144(43) Pomegranate - 161(48) Groundnut - 116(35) Musambi 50(15) 112(34) Sunflower 63(19) 65(19) Lime 50(15) 112(34) Red gram - 161(48) Amla 65(19) 99(30) Bengal gram 63(19) 101(30) Cashew - 65(19) Cotton 63(19) 101(30) Jackfruit - 65(19) Chilli - 197(59) Jamun - 96(29) Tomato 53 (16) 98(29) Custard apple 81(24) 83(25) Brinjal 128(38) 69(21) Tamarind - 99(29) Onion 108(33) 89(27) Mulberry - 65(19) Bhendi 75(23) 122(37) Marigold - 197(59) Drumstick - 161(48) Chrysanthemum - 197(59) Mango - 63(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were small farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05 %) men and 73 (41.95 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 19 (10.92 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (54.60 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (25.86 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.62 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-2 had 62.64 per cent illiterates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school, 13.22 per cent of them had high school education, 5.75 per cent of them had PUC, 1.72 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.02 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.57 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.86 cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.62 per cent of the household members, 5.17 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.45 per cent were in general labour, 2.30 per cent were private service, 20.69 per cent were Student, 8.05 per cent were housewives and 1.72 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 57.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,275, mixer/grinder was Rs. 5,300, Bicycle was Rs. 3,750, motor cycle was Rs. 63,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,832. 2  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 8.57 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,000, plough was Rs. 3,528, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 4,000, Tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900, sprinkler was Rs. 9,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 90.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat, 8.57 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 11.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.61.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.61 ha (69.06 %) of dry land, 12.37 ha (30.94 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 418,122.53 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 476,709.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 633,479.67 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 401,853.96 for dry land and Rs. 893,239.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 438,461.54 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 191,878.53 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 De-functioning and 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and marginal had an irrigated area of 0.85 ha, 2.43 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (16.81 ha), green gram (10.84 ha), Paddy (6.72 ha) and red gram (2.09 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-2 microwatershed was found to be 87.01 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 26607.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91581.57. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 64974.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 25425.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133070.48. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 107644.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 5.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 19845.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24572.82. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 4727.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 34785.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 209260.05. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 174474.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 6.02.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 154,283.33for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 179,458.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 521,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 443,541.67. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 64,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 7 Coconut and 5 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 Neem, 1 Acacia, 1 Banyan, 4 Pongamia and 11 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,242.86 for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and Green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 86.57 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and Pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, Egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (85.71 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.86 %) and Less Rainfall (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosakanakapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 39 per cent is covered by soil, 19 per cent by Mining/Industrial area, 38 per cent by rock out crops and 4 per cent by water bodies,. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 45(9) Sapota - 16(3) Maize - 45(9) Pomegranate - 16(3) Bajra - 61(12) Guava - 16(3) Redgram - - Jackfruit - 16(3) Bengal gram - 45(9) Jamun - 16(3) Groundnut - 64(13) Musambi - 16(3) Sunflower - - Lime - 16(3) Cotton - 45(9) Cashew - 102(20) Chilli - 45(9) Custard apple - 151(29) Tomato - 49(9) Amla - 151(29) Brinjal - 90(18) Tamarind - - Onion - 90(18) Marigold - 45(9) Bhendi - 90(18) Chrysanthemum - 45 (9) Drumstick - 3(<1) Jasmine 45(9) Mulberry - 106(21) Crossandra 45(9) Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (57.89%) men and 80 (42.11%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 2.1, small farmers' was 3.3, semi medium farmers' was 11.5 and medium farmers' was 0.60.  The data indicated that, 35 (18.42%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.63%) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (30%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (8.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hosakanakapura had 36.53 per cent illiterates, 0.53 per cent them had functional literate, 13.68 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.63 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.32 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.58 per cent had diploma 2.11 per cent them had ITI, 4.21 per cent of them had degree and 7.89 per cent of them had others education.  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 73.68 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent of households head were private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 13.68 per cent of the household members, 53.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.53 per cent were household industry, 3.68 per cent were private service 0.53 per cent were trade & business, 17.37 per cent were student, 3.68 per cent were housewife and 6.84 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 76.32 per cent of the households posses Katcha house, 10.53 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of the households possess semi Pucca houses.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 60.53 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 18.42 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 92.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,696, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,847, motor cycle was Rs.45, 714, and mobile phone was Rs.2, 308.  About 71.05 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of weeder was Rs. 56.  The results indicate that, 2.63 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.05 per cent of the households possess local cow 7.89 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 8.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.53.  The results indicate that 94.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hosakanakapura micro-watershed possess 20.24 ha (54.21%) of dry land and 17.10 ha (45.79%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.04 ha (86.14%) of dry land and 0.97 ha (13.86%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.60 ha (54.26%) of dry land and 6.41 ha (45.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.60 ha (54.44%) of dry land and 5.52 ha (45.56%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.20ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 503,779.24 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 643,076.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 927,077.74 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,068.13 for dry land and Rs. 826,452.02 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,760.73 for dry land and Rs. 543,255.14 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 357,280.62 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.11 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.92 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.97 ha, 6.41ha, 5.52ha and 2.17 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.16 ha), bajra (13.53ha), groundnut (4.05 ha), paddy (2.26 ha), sesamum (0.81ha), sugarcane (0.81 ha) and navane (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, groundnut, navane and bajra, while small farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hosakanakapura micro-watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34602.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62407.45. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 27804.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 42894.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27481.15. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -15413.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 20830.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13183.63. The net income from 3 Sesamum cultivation was Rs. -7646.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 26857.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 17569.93. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. -9287.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 31054.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000.00. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 215945.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.95.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 55327.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 131419.02. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 76091.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38.  The results indicate that, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was adequate for 18.42 per cent of the households  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 32,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 53,727.27, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,776.92, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 91,714.29and for medium farmers it was Rs. 121,312.50.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,322.43. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,812.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,935.90, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,448.98 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,000  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 17coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem, 2 tamarind and 12 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households average additional investment capacity of Rs, 5,026.32 for land development, Rs, 2,605.26 for irrigation facility, Rs, 2,868.42 for improved crop production, Rs, 657.89 for improved livestock management and Rs.736.84 for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 65.79 per cent for land development, 50 per cent for irrigation facility, 44.74 per cent for improved crop production and 13.16 improved livestock management. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 5.26 per cent of the households for land development, 2.63 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane were sold to the extent 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 94.37 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 68.42 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 21.05 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market.  The results indicated that, 76.32 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.79 per cent of them used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.63 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.47 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent of the households and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 2.63 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 55.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent of the sampled households not possessed card.  The results indicated that, 47.37 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.84 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 94.74 per cent and meat were adequate for 92.11 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.16 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.84 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.26 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.26 per cent and meat was inadequate for 7.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.79%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.95%), inadequacy of irrigation water (71.05%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.32%), low price for the agricultural commodities (15.79%), inadequate extension services (5.26%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (15.79%), less rainfall (15.79%) and Source of Agri-technology information (5.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project