Suchergebnisse

The creation of noncompliance procedures that address the failure of contracting parties to adhere to international climate-control treaties is examined. An overview of noncompliance procedures is presented, emphasizing how they are created & monitored. An additional overview of the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is provided, focusing on its establishment of dispute-settlement & noncompliance mechanisms. Articles of the Kyoto Protocol that stipulate courses of action to be carried out against contracting parties that fail to meet joint implementation, emissions trading, & clean development mechanism obligations are identified & discussed. It is claimed that noncompliance procedures that combine assistance & coercion are most effective in getting contracting parties to comply with international treaties. Several issues concerning the formation of noncompliance procedures that require future attention are noted, eg, creating a list on noncompliance behaviors. J. W. Parker

Draws on data from the 1991 National Organizations Study to examine two aspects of the formalization of employment relations: firm internal labor markets & formal dispute resolution procedures. It is found that these elements tend to be found in large, formalized establishments, in the public & nonprofit sectors, in unionized workplaces, & in units of larger firms. The presence of these elements is interpreted as part of the coordination/control structure of establishments in that they foster longer-term & closer ties to employees. More simple types of these coordination/control structures are found to be associated with smaller, independent, & younger establishments, while more complex, bureaucratic structures are more associated with larger & older establishments. It is concluded that internal labor markets & dispute resolution procedures are key dimensions of the corporatist organization of modern US establishments. 4 Tables, 6 Figures. D. M.Smith

Der Autor gibt einen historischen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Datenbearbeitung, Aufbewahrung und Verbreitung der National Archives and Records Services in den USA. Dabei wird die Einführung der computerlesbaren Datenverarbeitung in den Vordergrund gestellt. Daran anschließend werden Probleme, Zielstellungen und konkrete Verfahrensweisen bei der Sammlung und Verarbeitung computerlesbarer Daten angesprochen. (BG)

Die Autoren entwickeln anhand konkreter Untersuchungen Vorschläge zum Problem der Periodisierung historischer Zeitabschnitte. Die theoretischen und methodischen Implikationen dieses Problems werden im Rahmen der Untersuchung des Wachstums der staatlichen Ausgaben für Erziehung, Gesundheit, Wohlfahrt und soziale Sicherung in den Ländern Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien von 1870 bis 1965 dargestellt. Dieser Gegenstandsbereich wurde ausgewählt, weil sich an den Wandlungen in diesem Sektor auch die gesellschaftlichen Wandlungen ablesen lassen. Die Darstellung der Untersuchung umfaßt neben konkreten Ergebnissen die Analyse der methodischen und theoretischen Probleme, insbesondere die Behandlung der Daten und die alternativen Möglichkeiten der Periodisierung anhand einer Variable und mittels multipler Zeitläufe. Die Untersuchung ergibt, daß die traditionelle Chronologie nur in Einzelfällen zur Periodisierung ausreicht. (BG)

The possibility of eliminating genocide on an international level is explored. Following an overview of international legal treatments of genocide, a definitional matrix for genocidal crimes that provides a legal structure for assessing degrees of guilt is provided. A review of contemporary genocide scholarship illustrates how such research has improved understanding of genocidal violence. The introduction of a world genocide early warning system is supported, focusing on such an organization's conceptual structure & role in preventing genocide. Ten early warning processes that will indicate potential genocidal situations are discussed, eg, determination of whether certain groups are being dehumanized & targeted for genocide. Although some societies are too self-absorbed to prevent future instances of genocidal violence, it is concluded that past instances have induced the international community to seriously address the issue of preventing genocide in the future. 2 Figures, 91 References. J. W. Parker

It is argued that the selection of a diplomatic venue, both in terms of physical location & the surrounding environment, is of much greater significance than has been acknowledged. The dynamics of a "geography of diplomacy" are examined here, exploring why diplomatic encounters occur in the locations where they do & considering reasons for (& effects of) the selection of particular discussion sites over others. The function of site selection in the negotiation process is discussed & the relationship between choice of locale & whether an international negotiation is expected to be conflict/cooperation-focused is considered. Twelve types of diplomatic sites are identified & illustrated with historical & contemporary examples. Discussion is based on historical scholarship on key diplomatic meetings, grounded in analysis of private papers & personal interviews. References. K. Hyatt Stewart