Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem qualitativen Verfahren der Hermeneutik in den Sozialwissenschaften. Zunächst werden die Unterschiede zwischen Verstehen und Fremdverstehen in Alltag und Wissenschaft dargestellt, um schließlich auf die Besonderheiten des sozialwissenschaftlichen Verstehens einzugehen. "Sozialwissenschaftliches Verstehen soll dazu dienen, gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit(en) angemessen und stimmig, zuverlässig, gültig und überprüfbar zu rekonstruieren. Sozialwissenschaftliches Verstehen zielt, anders als andere artifizielle Verstehensformen auf die Erkenntnis des Typischen, und zwar sowohl des typischen Handelns als auch des mit diesem zusammenhängenden typischen Wissens, wie schließlich auch des typischen alltäglichen Verstehens. (...) Das hier vorgestellte interpretative Vorgehen ist mithin ein Interaktionsverstehen in grundsätzlicher (zeitlicher) Distanz zum Interaktionsgeschehen selber. D. h., daß das Verstehen des Sozialwissenschaftlers sich nicht auf eine aktuelle, lebendige Umwelt, sondern auf das erfahrungsgesättigte und kompetente Imaginieren einer Mit- oder Vorwelt bezieht. Sein Verstehen geschieht in einer besonderen Einstellung, die sich einerseits auf die allgemeinen Bedingungen und Verfahren sowohl alltäglicher als auch wissenschaftlicher Auslegungen und andererseits auf 'alle Probleme der Vernunft - der Vernunft in allen ihren Sondergestalten richtet'. Das aber impliziert eine Einstellung des prinzipiellen Zweifels an sozialen Selbstverständlichkeiten, eine Einstellung, die man als ,methodischen Skeptizismus' oder, etwas pointiert, auch als 'künstliche Dummheit' bezeichnen könnte. Die herkömmliche sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis klärt hingegen nicht, zumindest nicht genügend, wie ihr Wissen und Erkenntnis über die Lebenswelt des Anderen überhaupt möglich ist. Die herkömmliche Forschungspraxis setzt vielmehr ihre Gegenstände, ohne Rechenschaft darüber zu geben, wie sie sich konstituieren. Sie perpetuiert somit unreflektiert den 'gesunden Menschenverstand' des Alltags im sogenannten 'Fachverstand' der Sozialwissenschaften. Der Unterschied zwischen 'verstehenden' und 'nichtverstehenden' Verfahren besteht demnach also keineswegs darin, daß es die letzteren mit 'nackten Tatsachen' zu tun hätten, sondern eher darin, wie reflektiert bzw. unreflektiert von Beginn an die einzelnen Deutungsschritte absolviert werden." (FR2)

Inhaltsübersicht I. Überblick II. Das 1235er und das 1503er Verfahren 1) Entwicklung 2) Resolution 1235 3) Resolution 1503 a) Zielsetzung b) Voraussetzungen c) Ablauf d) Bewertung III. Thematische Mechanismen 1) Überblick 2) Arbeitsweise der thematischen Mechanismen

The OECD Budget Practices and Procedures Database provides detailed data on how budgets are made in OECD countries from formulation, to approval, execution and reporting based on surveys conducted every four to five years. This publication presents the results of the latest survey, conducted in 2012, and compares this with the previous survey, conducted in 2007. It finds that fiscal sustainability is a key issue for countries today. It also highlights the growing use of medium-term expenditure frameworks, capital budgeting and top-down budgeting, and it examines transparency of budgeting as well as budgeting flexibility.

Legislation is one of the fundamental state powers. Its importance is based on the fact that states legal order is created by laws. In Lithuania a law is defined as an act of primary legislation enacted under the procedure prescribed by the Constitution and the Statute of the Seimas, expressing the will of lawmaker and having the highest legal force. Laws are passed following legislative procedure which is the legitimacy of legislation. Legislation procedure can be described as the whole complex of legally significant acts necessary for the adoption of a law and performed in rigid sequence of logic and time. The following stages of the legislative procedure are recognized: the legislative initiative, the consideration of the draft law, the adoption of the draft law and the promulgation. Under Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania the right of legislative initiative belongs to the members of Seimas, The President of Republic, the Government and no less than 50 thousand Lithuanian citizens who are entitled to vote. The consideration of the draft law can be divided into the consideration of the draft law at the principal Committee and the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas. At the Seimas Committees the most thorough analysis of the legal act under preparation is made, consultations of specialists are provided and opinions are heard. Whereas the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas helps to realize the majority rule. During the adoption of the draft law the opinions of the members of Seimas are coordinated and single will is issued. The laws come into effect after they have been signed by the President and after they have been published in the "Official Gazette" ("Valstybės žinios"). The President can decide not to sign the law adopted by Seimas and return it to Seimas to repeat the consideration.

Legislation is one of the fundamental state powers. Its importance is based on the fact that states legal order is created by laws. In Lithuania a law is defined as an act of primary legislation enacted under the procedure prescribed by the Constitution and the Statute of the Seimas, expressing the will of lawmaker and having the highest legal force. Laws are passed following legislative procedure which is the legitimacy of legislation. Legislation procedure can be described as the whole complex of legally significant acts necessary for the adoption of a law and performed in rigid sequence of logic and time. The following stages of the legislative procedure are recognized: the legislative initiative, the consideration of the draft law, the adoption of the draft law and the promulgation. Under Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania the right of legislative initiative belongs to the members of Seimas, The President of Republic, the Government and no less than 50 thousand Lithuanian citizens who are entitled to vote. The consideration of the draft law can be divided into the consideration of the draft law at the principal Committee and the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas. At the Seimas Committees the most thorough analysis of the legal act under preparation is made, consultations of specialists are provided and opinions are heard. Whereas the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas helps to realize the majority rule. During the adoption of the draft law the opinions of the members of Seimas are coordinated and single will is issued. The laws come into effect after they have been signed by the President and after they have been published in the "Official Gazette" ("Valstybės žinios"). The President can decide not to sign the law adopted by Seimas and return it to Seimas to repeat the consideration.

Legislation is one of the fundamental state powers. Its importance is based on the fact that states legal order is created by laws. In Lithuania a law is defined as an act of primary legislation enacted under the procedure prescribed by the Constitution and the Statute of the Seimas, expressing the will of lawmaker and having the highest legal force. Laws are passed following legislative procedure which is the legitimacy of legislation. Legislation procedure can be described as the whole complex of legally significant acts necessary for the adoption of a law and performed in rigid sequence of logic and time. The following stages of the legislative procedure are recognized: the legislative initiative, the consideration of the draft law, the adoption of the draft law and the promulgation. Under Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania the right of legislative initiative belongs to the members of Seimas, The President of Republic, the Government and no less than 50 thousand Lithuanian citizens who are entitled to vote. The consideration of the draft law can be divided into the consideration of the draft law at the principal Committee and the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas. At the Seimas Committees the most thorough analysis of the legal act under preparation is made, consultations of specialists are provided and opinions are heard. Whereas the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas helps to realize the majority rule. During the adoption of the draft law the opinions of the members of Seimas are coordinated and single will is issued. The laws come into effect after they have been signed by the President and after they have been published in the "Official Gazette" ("Valstybės žinios"). The President can decide not to sign the law adopted by Seimas and return it to Seimas to repeat the consideration.

Legislation is one of the fundamental state powers. Its importance is based on the fact that states legal order is created by laws. In Lithuania a law is defined as an act of primary legislation enacted under the procedure prescribed by the Constitution and the Statute of the Seimas, expressing the will of lawmaker and having the highest legal force. Laws are passed following legislative procedure which is the legitimacy of legislation. Legislation procedure can be described as the whole complex of legally significant acts necessary for the adoption of a law and performed in rigid sequence of logic and time. The following stages of the legislative procedure are recognized: the legislative initiative, the consideration of the draft law, the adoption of the draft law and the promulgation. Under Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania the right of legislative initiative belongs to the members of Seimas, The President of Republic, the Government and no less than 50 thousand Lithuanian citizens who are entitled to vote. The consideration of the draft law can be divided into the consideration of the draft law at the principal Committee and the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas. At the Seimas Committees the most thorough analysis of the legal act under preparation is made, consultations of specialists are provided and opinions are heard. Whereas the consideration of the draft law at the Seimas helps to realize the majority rule. During the adoption of the draft law the opinions of the members of Seimas are coordinated and single will is issued. The laws come into effect after they have been signed by the President and after they have been published in the "Official Gazette" ("Valstybės žinios"). The President can decide not to sign the law adopted by Seimas and return it to Seimas to repeat the consideration.

Die Verfasserin setzt sich mit Repräsentanzproblemen im Zusammenhang mit Stichprobenverfahren bei Telefonumfragen auseinander. Repräsentanzprobleme werden auf vier Ebenen diskutiert: (1) unvollständige Ausstattung der Zielgruppenelemente mit Telefon als grundsätzliches Repräsentanzproblem; (2) Ziehung einer Telefonstichprobe als Repräsentanzproblem: Auswahl auf Listenbasis, zufällig generierte Telefonnummern; (3) Auswahl innerhalb eines 'Telefon-Haushaltes' als Repräsentanzproblem; (4) unvollständige Ausschöpfung der Stichprobe als Repräsentanzproblem. Abschließend werden weitere Forschungsfragen auf dem Gebiet der Telefonumfragen formuliert. (ICE)