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The effects of ex situ annealing in N ambient and in situ annealing in As ambient on GaNSbAs/GaAs structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated by low temperature cross-sectional cathodoluminescence (CL). The amount and distribution of Sb was measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The cross-sectional CL analysis of all samples reveals a shift of the near band edge (NBE) emission along the growth axis, presumably associated with a non-uniform incorporation of Sb during the growth process, in agreement with the Sb distribution measured by EDS in the as-grown sample. The NBE emission in the annealed samples presents a redshift with respect to the as-grown sample. This effect might be explained by a redistribution/activation of N in the GaNSbAs lattice since the Sb distribution measured by EDS does not reveal significant changes, within the error margin, with respect to the as-grown sample. The in situ annealed in the As overpressure sample shows the best properties for solar cells applications, i.e., a NBE peak position close to 1.0 eV and the lowest full width at half maximum of this emission. ; Spanish Government (MINECO Project ENE2014- 56069-C4-4-R) and Junta de Castilla y Leo´n (VA293U13 and VA081U16 Projects). The Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO supports this work through Projects TEC2014-54260- C3-1-P, TEC2014-54260-C3-2-P, TEC2014-54260- C3-3-P, PCIN-2015-181-C02-01 and PCIN-2015- 181-C02-02.

Community network (CN) initiatives have been around for roughly two decades, evangelizing a distinctly different paradigm for building, maintaining, and sharing network infrastructure but also defending the basic human right to Internet access. Over this time they have evolved into a mosaic of systems that vary widely with respect to their network technologies, their offered services, their organizational structure, and the way they position themselves in the overall telecommunications' ecosystem. Common to all these highly differentiated initiatives is the sustainability challenge. We approach sustainability as a broad term with an economical, political, and cultural context. We first review the different perceptions of the term. These vary both across and within the different types of stakeholders involved in CNs and are reflected in their motivation to join such initiatives. Then, we study the diverse approaches of CN operators towards the sustainability goal. Given the rich context of the term, these range all the way from mechanisms to fund their activities, to organizational structures and social activities serving as incentives for the engagement of their members. We iterate on incentive mechanisms that have been proposed and theoretically analyzed in the literature for CNs as well as tools and processes that have been actually implemented in them. Finally, we enumerate lessons that have been learned out of these two decades of CNs' operation and discuss additional technological and regulatory issues that are key to their longer-term sustainability. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

The construction of high capacity data sharing networks to support increasing government and commercial data exchange has highlighted a key roadblock: the content of existing Internet-connected information remains siloed due to a multiplicity of local languages and data dictionaries. This lack of a digital lingua franca is obvious in the domain of human food as materials travel from their wild or farm origin, through processing and distribution chains, to consumers. Well defined, hierarchical vocabulary, connected with logical relationships—in other words, an ontology—is urgently needed to help tackle data harmonization problems that span the domains of food security, safety, quality, production, distribution, and consumer health and convenience. FoodOn (http://foodon.org) is a consortium-driven project to build a comprehensive and easily accessible global farm-to-fork ontology about food, that accurately and consistently describes foods commonly known in cultures from around the world. FoodOn addresses food product terminology gaps and supports food traceability. Focusing on human and domesticated animal food description, FoodOn contains animal and plant food sources, food categories and products, and other facets like preservation processes, contact surfaces, and packaging. Much of FoodOn's vocabulary comes from transforming LanguaL, a mature and popular food indexing thesaurus, into a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) OWL Web Ontology Language-formatted vocabulary that provides system interoperability, quality control, and software-driven intelligence. FoodOn compliments other technologies facilitating food traceability, which is becoming critical in this age of increasing globalization of food networks.

Between 1843 and 1861, the role of the Italian moderates was decisive in the process of the country's unification. The latest historiography has extensively analyzed such a role in all of its internal and international implications and has often emphasized a kind of cultural backwardness on the part of the Italian moderates with respect to the major European currents of thought. This essay aims to contribute to eliminating such prejudice against the Italian moderates of this historical period by analyzing a fundamental aspect of their politics connected to beliefs and theoretical intuitions that would prove to be decisive in the transition from the old monarchic and aristocratic world to the new democratic one. My aim in this essay is to show how the Italian moderates, from the most conservative to the most progressive, succeeded, from 1843, in controlling the patriotic movement, rejecting the republican option as unfeasible in a country that was still profoundly monarchical. They were also able to limit the democratic thrust, which came from the epic deeds of the revolutionary period, channeling it within the idea of a representative government led by public opinion and by the higher ranking monarchical power. They could benefit both from the English and French experience, the latter after the Restoration, and understood, only after the institution of a constitutional monarchy and only under its protective shield, that some of the achievements of the French Revolution, from the point of view of freedom, civil rights and political participation, could have been preserved.

Vericor Power Systems is introducing remote performance monitoring capabilities for their aero-derivative commercial marine and industrial gas turbine product lines. Historically, Vericor has been focused primarily as an OEM of military marine engines and is now looking to expand their footprint into non-military markets. The expectation from industrial customers is that remote performance monitoring is not only a desired feature, but a necessary minimum capability. Vericor has provided custom remote monitoring solutions on an as needed basis in the past. However, in order to stay competitive, the need was identified to provide a standardized remote performance monitoring offering. A development program was initiated with the intent to rapidly bring to market a robust, quick to deploy solution. During the conceptual design phase, existing technologies were evaluated for suitability as a platform for data storage and analytics. Traditional solutions relied on the incorporation of a network server housed within Vericor's corporate IT infrastructure for field data collection. A data historian software package would be used for analytics and reporting functions. Recent trends in the internet technology space have made cloud computing more prevalent than ever. Cloud based platforms were evaluated during the conceptual design phase and were found to have several advantages over corporate based servers. Ultimately Vericor elected to proceed with the development of a cloud based platform for their remote performance monitoring system. This paper dives into the selection process, reviewing the relative strengths and weaknesses of each platform type in the areas of availability, maintainability, analytic capability and cyber security.

In the present context of women's socio-economic empowerment, Bangladesh has played a revolutionary role in microcredit movement and has proved that the poor women are creditworthy and they can even do better in repaying the debt. This movement is no longer limited to only microcredit program; rather it includes more service-oriented in the frame of microfinance operation. Microcredit institutions in Bangladesh have dramatically increased the credit available to poor rural women since the mid-1980s. Moreover, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have become a dominant financial institution for the poor section of people, especially women who cannot access formal financial institutions in a large extent. Though poor women have access to microfinance, later it has been explored that due to various kind of patriarchal norms and other socio-economical constraints, women in most cases lose the control on proper utilization of debt. Even though, sometimes women's decision-making power and the expansion of enterprise became shrink due to lack of control over the loan utilization process. This paper mainly focuses on how microfinance intervention in Bangladesh played a decisive role in women's economic empowerment and to what extent government policy initiatives and institutional building approach assist in flourishing microfinance discourse more friendly for the most vulnerable poor women. Moreover, this paper also evaluates the most prominent two selected institutions named BRAC and Grameen Bank's microfinance operation from a critical viewpoint and assess to what are the existing ambiguity in the arena of microfinance operation at the field level.

Worldwide electricity markets are undergoing a major restructuring process. One of the main reasons for the ongoing changes is to enable the adaptation of current market models to the new paradigm that arises from the large-scale integration of distributed generation sources. In order to deal with the unpredictability caused by the intermittent nature of the distributed generation and the large number of variables that contribute to the energy sector balance, it is extremely important to use simulation systems that are capable of dealing with the required complexity. This paper presents the Tools Control Center (TOOCC), a framework that allows the interoperability between heterogeneous energy and power simulation systems through the use of ontologies, allowing the simulation of scenarios with a high degree of complexity, through the cooperation of the individual capacities of each system. A case study based on real data is presented in order to demonstrate the interoperability capabilities of TOOCC. The simulation considers the energy management of a microgrid of a real university campus, from the perspective of the network manager and also of its consumers/producers, in a projection for a typical day of the winter of 2050. ; This work has been developed in the scope of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 641794 (project DREAM-GO); CONTEST project - SAICT-POL/23575/2016; and has also been supported by FEDER Funds through COMPETE program and from National Funds through FCT under the project UID/EEA/00760/2013.

The importance of mass media in shaping citizens' attitudes towards various political issues is well-documented in political communication and media studies. Moreover, mass media play an important role in the process of identity formation by influencing individual judgements towards the community and stimulating a sense of belonging in a group. Bearing these postulations in mind, it is clear that European integration and the formation of European identity can be affected by media representations of the EU and its policies. Following this logic, this research paper explores how media represent EU Cohesion policy and whether these representations can affect the formation of European identity. To address these goals, we undertake a framing analysis of 2714 media articles selected from European, national and regional media outlets over a 10-year period (2007-2017). The analysis revealed eight culturally-embedded frames producing news on Cohesion policy issues. The majority of the media articles had a positive valence, especially in relation to the EU. However, despite the positive valence of the analysed news articles, the analysis unfolded a low degree of Europeanisation of the public discourse. Overall, the results suggest that although media representations of Cohesion Policy can reflect a positive stance towards EU Cohesion policy, this does (yet) fully translate into the promotion of European identity mainly due to the fragmented and nationalised discourses employed by the media outlets that were investigated in this research. ; COHESIFY Research paper 9. COHESIFY WP4 -- Task 4.1: Output 4.2

ABSTRACT Quality in health services may be expressed as an equilibrium scale of measurement of both dimensions, ie physical and mental. It is an individual but also a collective search for securing personal prosperity and social solidarity respectively. Its assurance stems from the assessment of basic, customized and predefined criteria based on structures, processes and results. The quality of mental health is still considered an underestimated concept, which will be an element of our larger focus, as its servicing resources remain elementary and therefore inadequate in many countries. The effects of mental health on the public health system are maximized by the impact of their direct and indirect costs. To address the cumulative effects of mental disorders, the World Health Organization issued in 2003 a package of instructions to deal with them. In Greece, the improvement of the quality of mental health has been a priority in recent years with the legislative initiative of Law 4421/2017 being an important step. The mental health policies of the states of the world community can exploit quality perspectives in mental health services as the key to safeguarding prosperity results, expressed in principle by deterring human rights abuses and secondly by smoothly reintegrating people facing mental disorders into society. A basic prerequisite for policymaking is therefore the awareness of the entire community of the burdens caused by mental disorders. Establishing more effective measures and mechanisms adapted to Greek standards, will contribute to further improvement of quality and normalization of mental disorders.

In the post-Soviet era, the Nagorno Karabagh conflict has been a major source of tension in the South Caucasus. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia, the United States, and France have all been involved in the mediation process between Nagorno Karabagh, Armenia, and Azerbaijan over the resolution of the conflict. Russia, given its historical ties, economic interests, political clout, and military relations with Armenia and Azerbaijan, appears to be the most influential and vital moderator in this conflict. This dates back to the outbreak of violence in early 1990s. Russia has tried to help the participants in the Nagorno Karabagh conflict to maintain the status quo, and has provided a framework of dialogue for Armenia and Azerbaijan. Russia has been the main supplier of arms to both sides, which calls into question Russia's motive and goals in its role as a mediator, and its role is subject of much controversy in the Nagorno Karabagh conflict. This paper argues that Russia's role as a mediator is primarily focused on maintaining the status quo, and ensuring the equilibrium of military capabilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan, in order to discourage any military escalations between the two states. We assert that despite the fact that this strategy has been successful for Russia in maintaining the status quo, a different approach, which moves beyond military balancing, is required in order to reach a long-term solution for the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno Karabagh.

Abstract : This research is based on the handling of public complaints that can not be handled properly by thepuskesmas. The public service system is still constrained, resulting in a demanding society for thedissatisfaction of the services provided. The unavailability of places or containers in receiving variouscomplaints from the community directly, even the unavailability of suggestion boxes or input from thecommunity on services provided by the puskesmas. This research intends to know the Handling of PublicComplaints on Health Service at Puskesmas Pasan District of Southeastern Minahasa. The theory used is thetheory of complaints handling according to Dyah Hariani is the problem of delay in service process, lessfriendly officers, and information that is not clear. The method used is qualitative method with descriptiveapproach. With his instrument as a researcher himself with informants seven people. Data analyst techniquessuch as observation, interview, and documentation. Research location at Puskesmas Kecamatan Pasanlocated in Towuntu Timur village. The result of the research shows that the problem that raises thecomplaints in the community about the health services provided by the puskesmas has not been in accordancewith the expectations of the community. This can be seen from the fact that the problems or complaintssubmitted by the community are handled or responded quickly by the puskesmas. Researchers provide adviceon this research that the importance of paying attention and manage complaints from the public to improvethe quality of public services better. So every government administration needs to pay attention to complaintsfrom the community especially on health services by puskesmas.Keywords: Handling Complaints, Society, Health Services

Am Beispiel der Strafvollzugsreform in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland thematisiert der Aufsatz Gewalt als Problem in Prozessen sozialer Ordnungsbildung, konkret: beim Umbau der westdeutschen Gesellschaft zu einem demokratischen Gemeinwesen. Gewalt als Handlungsoption war (und ist) in der Haft allgegenwärtig – nicht nur, weil die Insassen einander verletzen und sogar töten können, sondern auch, weil Gefangene potentiellen Übergriffen von Wärtern ausgesetzt waren. Auf welche Weise war die Bundesrepublik seit den späten 1960er-Jahren bemüht, insbesondere staatliche Gewalt gegen Gefangene einzuhegen und auch das Gefängnis als eine vom Liberalisierungsparadigma erfasste Institution erscheinen zu lassen? In welchem Maße wandelten sich Vorstellungen und Bewertungen von legitimer und illegitimer Gewalt? Durch mehrere Gefängnisskandale wuchs die Sensibilität der Medienöffentlichkeit und der Politik für Gewaltakte in Haftanstalten. Diesen sollte mit neuen Ansätzen der »Resozialisierung« begegnet werden, wozu unter anderem eine bessere Schulung des Personals zählte. Die Erfolge blieben freilich begrenzt, die Konzepte strittig. Das Gefängnis ist bis in die Gegenwart gleichermaßen ein Ort der Einhegung und der Entgrenzung von Gewalt. ; Looking at prison reform in the Federal Republic of Germany, the article investigates violence as a problem in processes of creating social order, specifically the restructuring of West German society into a democratic polity. Violence was (and is) ubiquitous in detention – not only because the inmates can injure and even kill each other, but also because prisoners were exposed to potential assaults by guards. How did West Germany endeavour to contain state violence against prisoners from the late 1960s onwards, and to present even prisons as institutions that reflected the paradigm of liberalisation? To what extent did ideas and perceptions regarding legitimate and illegitimate violence change? A number of prison scandals led to increased sensitivity in media coverage and in politics regarding acts of violence in prisons. These were to be countered through new ›social rehabilitation‹ approaches, including better staff training. But the success of such approaches remained limited, the ideas controversial. To this day, prisons are places where violence is both contained and unconstrained.

International research suggests that access to higher education has a significant impact on individuals' life chances and their standard of living, yet university student populations often do not reflect the broader societies from which they are drawn. In Scotland, where students from wealthy backgrounds are four times more likely than students from lower income backgrounds to go to university, reducing the higher education access gap has become a key government policy priority. This study investigates synergies and tensions in contemporary Scottish policies aimed at widening access to higher education. The data for analysis consisted of 35 key Scottish policy documents on widening access to university published from 2011 to 2016. Drawing on the work of key social justice theorists (Rawls, Young and Sen) as our analytic framework, we identified important synergies which include policy interventions targeting the multiple causes of the access gap. We also identified tensions in the form of widening access policy ambitions being tempered by meritocratic admissions processes that do not favour the most disadvantaged, as well as financial support systems that may lead to higher debt burden for students from low income households. We make recommendations for financial support and high-quality guidance for students from low income families and call for regulations requiring universities to demonstrate the impact of their access policies and strategies. Attending to these synergies and tensions will contribute to increased equity and access to university for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds.

High levels of trade costs persist in the world trading system, despite recent progress in tariff reduction, trade facilitation, and logistics. At least some of these costs can be attributed to non-tariff measures (NTMs), policies imposed by governments other than ordinary customs duties which have an impact on the price at which exports and imports are traded, the quantities traded, or both. Such costs are particularly worrisome if they have a discriminatory or protectionist effect, or violate countries' international commitments. However, even NTMs designed to carry out domestic regulatory objectives – for example, protection of human, animal or plant health, consumer or workplace safety, or the environment – can have substantial effects on international trade, which should be considered when such policies are developed. This book discusses some of the analytical methods that can be used to accompany the process of policy development for NTMs. It discusses the broad economic rationale for improving the design of NTMs;, illustrates the main forms of quantification of NTMs and their effects, including inventory approaches, price-based approaches, and quantity-based approaches; proposes a new analytical and measurable concept of "regulatory distance" to help guide deep integration efforts at the regional level; provides a discussion of the effects of NTMs on household expenditures, poverty, and firm competitiveness; and shows how empirical analysis of NTMs can be used to inform policy advice. As such, it should provide a valuable addition to the arsenal of tools available for applied analysis of international trade policy.

Vietnam stands out as one of the most dynamic emerging countries in the East Asia and Pacific region. Since major reforms in the 1990s, the country has experienced an annual average growth rate of 6-7 percent, and extreme poverty rate has fallen from over 50 percent to 3 percent. Yet, the rapid growth and decentralization process have brought significant pressure on provincial governments in terms of local infrastructure investments and urban services delivery. With an annual shortfall of US$9 billion in funding for local infrastructure investments, provincial governments in Vietnam need to move toward a more market-driven financing model. This transition will require enhanced financial and technical capacity of local governments as well as an enabling environment for subnational borrowing. This report explores the development of a pilot financial instrument that could catalyze the subnational borrowing market in Vietnam. The report presents the findings of three assessments, which focused on (a) the borrowing capacity and creditworthiness of selected provincial governments, (b) the capacity of the commercial banking sector to invest in provincial governments, and (c) the current status of Vietnam's regulatory framework. The findings of this report will be useful to policy makers in Vietnam, providing an understanding of the key issues associated with a shift toward a more affordable and efficient local infrastructure financing model and presenting a preliminary roadmap for development of a pilot instrument. The report will also be of interest to policy makers in other transition countries that are facing similar challenges.