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The Government of India recently announced $34 million for setting up a "Producers Development and Upliftment Corpus (PRODUCE)" under the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD). Marketing of agricultural produce is a complex process in India. Farmers do not have access to market, they are selling their produce to the intermediaries operate in the market because of this their profit margin is reduced and their farming business becomes a non-viable one. We can mobilize farmers in groups and build their associations called as Farmer Producer Organization (FPOs). FPO is a means to bring together the small and marginal farmers and other small producers to build their own business enterprise that will be managed by professionals. FPO offer small farmers to participate in the market more effectively and help to enhance agricultural production, productivity and profitability. This paper examines current mode of operation of FPO and effectiveness of the FPO with reference to the small farmers in India. This article studies the potential role of Farmer Producer Organisations (POs; and more generally, Producer Organisations) in the context of large prevalence of smallholder agriculture in India.

Indian economy was already in the grip of a prolonged slowdown before the coronavirus hits the country The total lockdown due to this Covid19 outbreak damages economic structure (rural and urban) of country. Indian agriculture severely faced problem due to this lockdown by hampering on supply chain, production, harvesting etc. Agriculture and its allied sectors is the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. Farmers from small and marginal land holding face various challenges in having access to inputs and marketing facilities. In the last several years Government of India has encouraged farmer producer organizations (FPOs) to help small and medium farmers. There are number of study have been conducted on impact of FPOs on farmers income and their standard of living. This paper tried to capture insights of FPOs and its challenges. Paper also suggested some measures to improve the condition of FPOs.

Organization is essential for family farming, and producers had organized themselves long before the advent of development institutions. Rural societies still have forms of organization inherited from the past, and some are more vibrant than others. Their purpose is to deal with the many variables of farming life, to stabilize production conditions, and to manage peak labor demands. These organizations were developed to "regulate the relationships" between their members, and to provide access to means of production (land and water), the farming calendar, and farming practices. Their purpose, an inward rather than an outward one, was to forestall and resolve conflicts between members of the local society; depending on other forms of social control, the producer organizations are subject to the power relationships within that society. [.] The new producers' organizations (POs) are of a "radically different nature." Their function is not to "regulate international relationships in the groups concerned" Their "essential function is to organize relationships with the outside." They are interface structures conceived as being: - Either a means of facilitating/accelerating the integration of rural dwellers into the market and into society at large, or - A means of improving the relationships of rural societies with their environments (market, society at large). Thus, producers' organizations are (or would like to be) intermediaries between the rural producers and the other stakeholders in their economic, institutional, and political environment. They are, in fact, "hybrid" structures governed, each in their own way, by two types of thinking and two "meaning systems." They are generally organized around two types of issues: - First, creation/managing the services producers now need due to modernization in techniques (for example procurement of supplies and equipment, loans) and to their integration into the market (product marketing); and - Second, representing the producers and defending their interests to other economic and institutional stakeholders, and the government.

ABSTRACTWhile the capital structure irrelevance proposition is the point of departure in corporate finance, it is unknown if debt‐or‐equity decisions matter to farm producer organizations. To inform decisions of capital acquisition, a panel study is conducted to estimate the relationships of different types of debt (current, long‐term) and equity (allocated, unallocated) to the financial performance of 707 farm producer organizations in the United States during the 2005–2011 period. Using 3,120 observations, the panel analysis indicates net sales in period t is increased by $1.97, $9.59, and $4.01 with an addition of $1 in current debt, allocated equity, or unallocated equity in period t‐1. Furthermore, the magnitude of the positive relationship of an additional dollar of allocated (unallocated) equity to net income is estimated at $0.32 ($0.14). We thus reject the notion managers and directors of farm producer organizations should decide to use debt or equity with a coin toss.

Farmer Producer organization is a cooperative form of business organization. It is registered under Indian Companies Act. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India launched a pilot programme for promoting member-based Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) during 2011-12, in partnership with state governments, which was implemented through the Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC). It is an organization of the producers, specifically the primary producers. All primary producers residing in the relevant geography, and producing the same or similar produce, for which the FPO has been formed, can become member of the FPO. Membership is voluntary. The procedure for obtaining FPO membership depends on the bye-laws of the FPO. The founder-members are those who were there at the time of formation of the FPO. However, all members enjoy equal rights. A primary producer can become member of a FPO by submitting an application and a nominal membership fee. The FPOs are dealing with operations viz., procurement, production, processing, marketing of the commodities or products and also financial management.

Das Werk befasst sich mit der wettbewerbsrechtlichen Position der Erzeugerorganisationen auf dem europäischen Agrarmarkt. Als Beispiel wird die mögliche marktregulierende Rolle der Erzeugerorganisationen auf dem gemeinsamen Milchmarkt nach dem geplanten Auslaufen der EU-Milchquotenregelung untersucht. Zum Vergleich wird die rechtliche Lage der Schweizerischen Milcherzeuger – die schon ohne Quoten produzieren – dargestellt.Die Autorin arbeitet seit 2010 als Lehrbeauftragte für Europarecht an der Yeditepe Universität, Istanbul (TR)

Since the 1980s, many countries have become aware that, since agricultural producers are the beneficiaries of technology, they must be more effectively involved in generating and disseminating it. Research and extension institutions have changed the way they approach and link up with producers, and the institutions themselves have changed under pressure from increasingly well-organized producers. In some instances, the producers have organized themselves to fill the void left by ineffectual research and extension institutions. Financing mechanisms have also changed as a result of steps taken by stakeholders, mainly donors, but also by governments and organized producers. The circumstances conducive to such change and are discussed, as is the extent to which effective partnerships can survive in times of change.